¿Cómo influyen los determinantes sociales de la salud en el cáncer de mama? / How do social determinants of health influence breast cancer?

Objetivo: explorar la influencia de los determinantes sociales de la salud en la etiología, el proceso diagnóstico, el tratamiento, la vivencia de la enfermedad y la supervivencia del cáncer de mama. Métodos: revisión exploratoria de la literatura. Se consultó la base Pubmed, donde se identificaron artículos publicados entre los años 2019 y 2022. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: sexo femenino y artículos del tipo revisión, los informes de casos y/o la revisión sistemática. Resultados: la edad avanzada, la obesidad, el consumo de alcohol y/o tabaco aumentaron el riesgo de esta enfermedad. La pobreza se asoció con un diagnóstico premenopáusico más agresivo y con una supervivencia más pobre, el bajo nivel educativo derivó en un diagnóstico tardío y una tasa de supervivencia más baja, la raza negra se asoció a un diagnóstico tardío, estadios más avanzados y subtipos más agresivos del mismo. La dieta mediterránea y la actividad física fueron factores protectores. Otros determinantes sociales como la religión, el apoyo social o las condiciones laborales influyeron en menor o mayor medida en el cáncer de mama. Conclusiones: los determinantes sociales contribuyen a las desigualdades existentes en cada una de las etapas del proceso que esta enfermedad conlleva. Se necesitan intervenciones eficaces que tengan en cuenta los contextos sociales y ambientales. (AU)

Objective: To explore the influence of the social determinants of health in the etiology, diagnostic process, treatment, experience of disease and survival of breast cancer. Methods: Exploratory review of the literature. The Pubmed database was consulted, where articles published between 2019-2022 were identified. The inclusion criteria were female gender and articles of the review, case report and/or systematic review type. Results: Advanced age, obesity, alcohol and/or tobacco consumption increased the risk of this disease. Poverty was associated with more aggressive premenopausal diagnosis and poorer survival, low educational level led to later diagnosis and lower survival rate, black race was associated with later diagnosis, more advanced stages, and more subtypes aggressive of it. The Mediterranean diet and physical activity were protective factors. Other social determinants such as religion, social support or working conditions influenced breast cancer to a lesser or greater extent. Conclusions: Social determinants contribute to the existing inequalities in each of the stages of the process that this disease entails. Effective interventions are needed that take into account social and environmental contexts. (AU)

Amine variations in faecal content in the first weeks of life of newborns in relation to breast-feeding or infant formulas.

Breast-feeding is the ideal nutrition for a newborn's integral necessities. It seems crucial therefore to know its composition in order to provide suitable infant formula when required. Of these, polyamines (with lactation and the microbiota being its intestinal source) are involved in the development of gut epithelium and immunity. Safety concerns limit human intervention studies. Therefore, we studied the amounts of polyamines supplied by breast milk (varying among mothers) or infant formula feeding, up to day 30 postpartum, in the faeces of newborns. Independent samples (68) of breast milk from fifty-nine healthy Caucasian woman (day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 15 and 30 postpartum) who had natural deliveries after week 38, same-day faeces of newborns when available (eighty-one from breast milk and fifty-five from infant formula fed) and six infant formulas were collected and the polyamine content was determined by HPLC. In breast milk, polyamines and isoamylamine (a primary amine), with inter-individual variations, increased over time (with a higher content of spermidine; no other amines were present). Overall, they were much higher than in infant formula. By the 2nd week after birth, polyamines, cadaverine and tyramine, but not isoamylamine, were higher in the faeces of those fed infant formula compared with those fed breast milk. Cadaverine and tyramine could be used to predict the feeding type used for newborns. The differences in the content may be related to distinct colonisation of amine-producing bacteria, which can be established by polyamines. Further studies are required to determine the clinical utility of these findings.

Antenatal cytogenetic testing in Havana, Cuba.

INTRODUCTION Antenatal cytogenetic testing was started in Havana in 1984, as a diagnostic option for fetal chromosome complement. The techniques applied are amniocyte culture, chorionic villus sampling, cordocentesis and fluorescence in situ hybridization in interphase cells. OBJECTIVE Describe the results of antenatal cytogenetic testing in the cytogenetic laboratory of the Cuba's National Medical Genetics Center in Havana, from 1984 through 2012. METHODS A retrospective descriptive study was carried out of the 22,928 pregnant women who had antenatal testing with conclusive results during the period 1984-2012. Information was obtained from laboratory databases for four antenatal diagnostic techniques. Variables studied were: antenatal diagnostic method, indications for genetic testing, type of chromosomal abnormality detected and couple's decision concerning pregnancy continuation if hereditary disease was diagnosed. Results were reported in absolute numbers and percentages. RESULTS Overall positivity was 2.8% (641 cases). Of the total, 20,565 samples were from amniocyte culture (558 positive cases, 2.7%); 1785 chorionic villus sampling (38 positive, 2.1%); 407 cord blood culture (28 positive, 6.9%); and 171 fluorescence in situ hybridization in interphase cells (17 positive, 9.9%). Advanced maternal age was the predominant indication for amniocyte culture and chorionic villus sampling. Positivity was higher for the two less frequently used methods, cordocentesis (6.9% positivity) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (9.9%). The predominant chromosomal abnormality was Down syndrome, with 45.4% of cases detected (291/641; 279 pure lines and 12 mosaic trisomies), followed by Edward syndrome with 12% (77/641, 71 pure lines and 6 mosaics) and Patau syndrome 4.7% (30/641, 27 pure lines and 3 mosaics). Sexual aneuploidy with pure lines affected 6.9% of cases (44/641) and with mosaicism 4.7% (30/641). Structural chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 22.5% of cases (144/641); of these, 70.8% (102/144) were balanced and 29.2% (42/144) unbalanced. In 78.6% of cases (504/641) with chromosomal abnormalities, whether mosaic or pure, the couple opted to terminate pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Antenatal cytogenetic testing has helped reduce chromosomal abnormalities, mainly in Havana, and has provided reassurance of chromosomally normal children for couples at high genetic risk. The percentage of continuing pregnancies after a diagnosis of major chromosomal abnormality has been low, supporting evidence of broad population acceptance of abortion as an option when severe genetic abnormalities are present.

Metabolismo cerebral durante la anestesia total intravenosa con ketamina para tumores supratentoriales / Brain metabolism related to intravenous total anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride for supratentorial tumors

Introducción: El incremento del consumo de oxígeno y del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, así como de la presión intracraneal son los efectos adversos, que limitan el uso de la ketamina en anestesia neuroquirúrgica; sin embargo, actualmente se reexamina su uso, al tener como fundamento su efecto neuroprotector. Material y método: Se estudiaron 40 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por craniotomía con diagnóstico de tumores supratentoriales, los cuales recibieron una anestesia total intravenosa, en la que se empleó alternativamente fentanil o ketamina para asegurar la analgesia en cada grupo. Se registró la presión arterial de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2), saturación venosa yugular de oxígeno (SvyO2), diferencia arteriovenosa yugular de oxígeno (DavyO2), extracción cerebral de oxígeno (ECO2) y tasa metabólica cerebral (TMC). Resultados: La presión arterial de dióxido de carbono descendió progresivamente en ambos grupos mientras se registro un ascenso de la saturación venosa yugular de oxígeno en el transcurso del acto anestésico, acompañado de un descenso de la diferencia arteriovenosa yugular de oxígeno, extracción cerebral de oxígeno y tasa metabólica en los grupos estudiados sin que se constataran diferencias significativas entre estos en los diferentes momentos estudiados (p> 0,05). Conclusiones: El clorhidrato de ketamina a dosis analgésicas puede ser utilizado de forma segura en anestesia neuroquirúrgica para tumores supratentoriales, sin que provoque un incremente el metabolismo cerebral.

Introduction: Increasing consumption of oxygen and of cerebral blood flow, as well as of intracranial pressure, are adverse effects limiting the use of Ketamine hydrochloride in neurosurgical anesthesia; however, nowadays its use is reassessed because of its main principle is the neuroprotection. Material and Methods: Authors studied 40 patients operated on by craniotomy diagnosed with supratentorial tumors which had intravenous total anesthesia combined with Fentanyl and Ketamine hydrochloride to secure analgesia in each group. We registered the arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), oxygen jugular venous saturation (SvyO2), oxygen jugular arteriovenous difference (DavyO2), oxygen cerebral extraction (ECO2), and the cerebral metabolic rate (CMT). Results: The arterial tension of carbon dioxide fall progressively in both groups while there was a rise of oxygen jugular venous saturation during anesthetic procedure with a fall of oxygen jugular arteriovenous difference, oxygen cerebral extraction, and metabolic rate in the study groups without presence of significant differences in different study times (p < 0,05). Conclusions: Ketamine hydrochloride in analgesic doses may be used in a safe way in neurosurgical anesthesia for supratentorial tumors, without increase in cerebral metabolism.

Metabolismo cerebral durante la anestesia total intravenosa con ketamina para tumores supratentoriales / Brain metabolism related to intravenous total anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride for supratentorial tumors

El incremento del consumo de oxígeno y del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, así como de la presión intracraneal son los efectos adversos, que limitan el uso de la ketamina en anestesia neuroquirúrgica; sin embargo, actualmente se reexamina su uso, al tener como fundamento su efecto neuroprotector. Se estudiaron 40 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por craniotomía con diagnóstico de tumores supratentoriales, los cuales recibieron una anestesia total intravenosa, en la que se empleó alternativamente fentanil o ketamina para asegurar la analgesia en cada grupo. Se registró la presión arterial de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2), saturación venosa yugular de oxígeno (SvyO2), diferencia arteriovenosa yugular de oxígeno (DavyO2), extracción cerebral de oxígeno (ECO2) y tasa metabólica cerebral (TMC). La presión arterial de dióxido de carbono descendió progresivamente en ambos grupos mientras se registro un ascenso de la saturación venosa yugular de oxígeno en el transcurso del acto anestésico, acompañado de un descenso de la diferencia arteriovenosa yugular de oxígeno, extracción cerebral de oxígeno y tasa metabólica en los grupos estudiados sin que se constataran diferencias significativas entre estos en los diferentes momentos estudiados (p> 0,05). El clorhidrato de ketamina a dosis analgésicas puede ser utilizado de forma segura en anestesia neuroquirúrgica para tumores supratentoriales, sin que provoque un incremente el metabolismo cerebral(AU)

Increasing consumption of oxygen and of cerebral blood flow, as well as of intracranial pressure, are adverse effects limiting the use of Ketamine hydrochloride in neurosurgical anesthesia; however, nowadays its use is reassessed because of its main principle is the neuroprotection. Authors studied 40 patients operated on by craniotomy diagnosed with supratentorial tumors which had intravenous total anesthesia combined with Fentanyl and Ketamine hydrochloride to secure analgesia in each group. We registered the arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), oxygen jugular venous saturation (SvyO2), oxygen jugular arteriovenous difference (DavyO2), oxygen cerebral extraction (ECO2), and the cerebral metabolic rate (CMT). The arterial tension of carbon dioxide fall progressively in both groups while there was a rise of oxygen jugular venous saturation during anesthetic procedure with a fall of oxygen jugular arteriovenous difference, oxygen cerebral extraction, and metabolic rate in the study groups without presence of significant differences in different study times (p < 0,05). Ketamine hydrochloride in analgesic doses may be used in a safe way in neurosurgical anesthesia for supratentorial tumors, without increase in cerebral metabolism(AU)

Mosaicismo de aneuploidías de los cromosomas sexuales en el diagnóstico prenatal / Mosaicism of aneuploidias of sexual chromosomes in prenatal diagnosis

El mosaicismo, de las aneuploidías sexuales es relativamente frecuente en el Diagnóstico Prenatal Citogenético, comparado con otros tipos de mosaicismos cromosómicos. En una serie de 16 950 amniocentesis se determinó la frecuencia de este tipo de mosaicismo en nuestro medio, su efecto en el fenotipo fetal y la influencia del porcentaje de la línea aberrada en la manifestación de malformaciones. Como resultado, se describen 18 casos de mosaicos sexuales para una frecuencia de 37,5(percent). El 50(percent) de los mismos correspondió a la aberración cromosómica 45,X/46,XX. Se detectó solo un 11,1(percent (2/18) de alteraciones fenotípicas, sin encontrar una influencia determinante del porcentaje de la línea aberrada. Se halló un alto índice de interrupciones de embarazos entre estos casos de mosaicismo de los cromosomas sexuales, lo cual no coincide con los reportes de la literatura…(AU)