Influencia de la demora quirúrgica en los hallazgos patológicos y el pronóstico de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata / Impact of surgical delay on pathological findings and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer

Objetivo: Determinar si la demora entre la biopsia de próstata y la prostatectomía radical (PR) influye en los hallazgos patológicos y en el pronóstico de los pacientes con cáncer depróstata. Material y métodos: Pacientes (n = 232) sometidos a PR, con al menos dos determinaciones postoperatorias de PSA. Diseño: estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectivo. Período: 2000-2007. Análisis estadístico: se analizó la demora como variable continua, o bien categorizándola en función de la mediana (6 meses). Análisis de regresión logística multivariable para definir variables en relación con enfermedad extracapsular. Estudio de supervivencia libre de recidiva bioquímica (SLRB) con metodología Kaplan-Meier y análisis multivariable de regresión de Cox. Resultados: Las diferencias entre los grupos de demora menor o mayor de 6 meses sólo fueron significativas respecto a la edad (p = 0,041); se consideró que ambos grupos eran comparables. El seguimiento medio no fue significativamente diferente entre ambos grupos (p = 0,112). La probabilidad de enfermedad extracapsular se modificó significativamente según PSA, índice de Gleason de la biopsia y el porcentaje de cilindros positivos, sin relación con la demora en el análisis multivariable. Se detectó recidiva bioquímica en39 (16,81%) casos. La SLRB en el grupo de demora ≤ 6 meses fue del 86,1, el 78,4, el 78,4 y el78,4%, al cabo de 1, 2, 5 y 7 años, mientras que en el grupo con demora > 6 meses, la SLRB fue del 88,9, el 82,8, el 77,4 y el 77,4%, al cabo de 1, 2, 5 y 7 años (p = 0,632). En el análisis multivariable la demora no se asoció a SLRB, sólo el porcentaje de cilindros positivos predecía de forma independiente la SLRB. En pacientes con cáncer de próstata de alto grado, el porcentaje de cilindros positivos fue la única variable independiente en la predicción de enfermedad extracapsular y SLRB. La demora no se asoció con enfermedad extracapsular ni con SLRB en este grupo de pacientes. Conclusiones: La demora quirúrgica razonable no produce un impacto negativo significativo en los hallazgos patológicos de la pieza de PR ni en la SLRB de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado (AU)

Purpose: To determine if a delay between prostate biopsy (PB) and radical prostatectomy (RP) has an impact on pathological findings and prognosis of prostate cancer patients (PCa). Material and methods: Patients (n = 232) who underwent RP, with at least two postoperative PSA readings. Design: retrospective observational cohort study. Period: May 2000 – March 2007. Delay was defined as time in months between PB and RP. Statistical analysis: delay was analysed as a continuous variable or else categorised according to the median (6 months). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to define variables associated with extracapsular disease. Biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) was studied using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: Differences between delay groups ≤ and > 6 months were significant only with regards to age (p = 0.041), considering both groups as comparable. Differences between groups related to pathological variables were not observed in any case. Mean followup was not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.112). The probability of extracapsular disease varied significantly depending on PSA, biopsy Gleason score and the percentage of positive cores, while multivariate analysis found no relationship with delay. Biochemical relapse was detected in 39 cases (16.81%). BRFS in delay ≤ 6 months group was 86.1%, 78.4%, 78.4% and 78.4% at 1, 2, 5 and 7 years, while BRFS in delay > 6 months group was 88.9%, 82.8%, 77.4%, 77.4% and 77.4% at 1, 2, 5 and 7 years (p = 0.632). Delay was not associated with BRFS in multivariate analysis; only the percentage of positive cores independently predicted BRFS. In patients with high-grade PCa, percentage of positive cores was the only independent variable to predict extracapsular disease and BRFS. Delay was not associated with extracapsular disease or BRFS. Conclusions: Reasonable surgical delay does not cause a significant negative impact onpathological findings of RP specimens, nor in the BRFS of patients with localized PCa (AU)

[Predictive factors of metachronous bladder neoplasm after nephroureterectomy]. / Factores predictivos de neoplasia vesical metacrónica tras nefroureterectomía.

PURPOSE: To determine prognostic factors of bladder recurrence in patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) urothelial carcinoma, who underwent nephroureterectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients (N = 51) with UUT transitional cell carcinoma who underwent nephroureterectomy. A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study was made during the period 1995-2007, at Arquitecto Marcide Hospital, Ferrol Health Area, La Coruña. Differences between groups with and without recurrence were analized by means of chi-squared test in qualitative variables and t-Student and U Mann-Whitney test in quantitative variables. Kaplan-Meier methodology was used in order to predict bladder recurrence free survival (BRFS), developing a multivariate Cox regression model to identify variables related to bladder recurrence. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 68.51 +/- 12.11 (24-86). Histological grade distribution was as follows: 7 G1 (13.72%), 20 G2 (39.21%), 23 G3 (45.10%) and 1 undetermined case (1.97%). With regard to pT category, 19 cases were pT1 (37.25%), 12 pT2 (23.53%), 19 pT3 (37.25%) y 1 case undetermined (1.97%). Bladder recurrence was detected in 16 patients during follow-up (31.37%). 70.59% of recurrences were identified during first two years of follow-up. Differences related to follow-up period, presence of obstructive uropathy, microscopic growth pattern and tumour multifocality, were observed between patients without and with bladder recurrence. BRFS rates at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years were 85.10%, 67.90%, 56.60% y 31.80%, respectively. BRFS was significantly modified by tumour location (p = 0.019) and tumour multifocality (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that tumour multifocality was an independent factor in the prediction of bladder recurrence (RR = 7.35; 95% CI = 1.57-34.45; p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The development of bladder recurrence after nephroureterectomy was observed in 31.37% of patients in our study, detecting most of events during the first two years of follow-up. Tumour multifocality in UUT constitutes the most important risk factor for the development of bladder recurrence.

[Chylous ascites following radical nephrectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy]. / Ascitis quilosa tras nefrectomía radical y linfadenectomía retroperitoneal.

Chylous ascites consists of the accumulation of chyle in the abdominal cavity. Postoperative presentation develops as a consequence of unrecognized injury of cisterna chyli or one of its major lumbar tributaries. It usually present as abdominal distention and pain or drainage of milky fluid from surgical wound or abdominal drain. Diagnosis is established by cytochemical analysis of fluid and staining with Sudan III, that shows fat globules, leukocytes with lymphocytic predominance and a high triglyceride content. We present a case of postoperative chylous ascites following radical nephrectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for renal cancer, which successfully respond to conservative measures: total parenteral nutrition and octreotide.

Factores predictivos de neoplasia vesical metacrónica trasnefroureterectomía / Predictive factors of metachronous bladder neoplasm after nephroureterectomy

Objetivo: Determinar factores pronósticos de recidiva vesical en pacientes con carcinoma urotelial del tracto urinario superior (TUS), tratados mediante nefroureterectomía. Material y métodos: Pacientes (N=51) con carcinoma de células transicionales del TUS tratados mediante nefroureterectomía. Se realizó un estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectivo y prospectivo durante el periodo 1995-2007, en el Hospital Arquitecto Marcide, Área Sanitaria de Ferrol, La Coruña. Se analizaron las diferencias entre grupos con y sin recidiva vesical mediante testchi-cuadrado en variables cualitativas y test t-Student y U Mann-Whitney en variables cuantitativas. Se estudió la supervivencia libre de recidiva vesical (SLRV) mediante la metodología de Kaplan-Meier, desarrollando un modelo multivariado de regresión de Cox para identificar variables asociadas a recidiva vesical. Resultados: La media de edad fue 68,51±12,11 años (24-86). La distribución por grado histológico fue la siguiente: 7 G1(13,72%), 20 G2 (39,21%), 23 G3 (45,10%) y 1 caso indeterminado (1,97%). En cuanto a la categoría pT, 19 casos eran pT1 (37,25%), 12 pT2 (23,53%), 19 pT3 (37,25%) y 1 caso indeterminado (1,97%). Durante el seguimiento se detectó recidiva vesical en16 pacientes (31,37%). El 70,59% de las recidivas se identificaron durante los dos primeros años de seguimiento. Entre los pacientes sin y con recidiva vesical se detectaron diferencias relacionadas con tiempo de seguimiento, existencia de uropatía obstructiva, morfología microscópica y multifocalidad tumoral. La SLRV al cabo de 1, 2, 5 y 10 años fue del 85,10%, 67,90%, 56,60% y 31,80%,respectivamente. La SLRV se modificó significativamente en función de la localización (p=0,019) y la multifocalidad (p=0,002) tumorales. En el análisis multivariado se observó que la multifocalidad tumoral predecía de forma independiente la recidiva vesical (RR=7,35;95%IC=1,57 34,45;p=0,011). Conclusiones: El desarrollo de recidiva vesical tras nefroureterectomía se observa en el 31,37% del los pacientes de nuestro estudio, detectándose la mayoría de los episodios durante los dos primeros años de seguimiento. La multifocalidad tumoral en el TUS es el factor de riesgo más importante para el desarrollo de recidiva vesical (AU)

Purpose: To determine prognostic factors of bladder recurrence in patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) urothelial carcinoma, who underwent nephroureterectomy. Material and methods: Patients (N=51) with UUT transitional cell carcinoma who underwent nephroureterectomy. A Retrospective and prospective observational cohort study was made during the period 1995-2007, at Arquitecto Marcide Hospital, Ferrol Health Area, La Coruña. Differences between groups with and without recurrence were analized by means of chi-squared test in qualitative variables and t-Student and U Mann-Whitney test in quantitative variables. Kaplan-Meier methodology was used in order to predict bladder recurrence free survival (BRFS), developing a multivariate Cox regression model to identify variables related to bladder recurrence. Results: Mean age of patients was 68.51±12.11 (24-86). Histological grade distribution was as follows: 7 G1 (13.72%), 20 G2 (39.21%), 23 G3 (45.10%) and 1 undetermined case (1.97%). With regard to pT category, 19 cases were pT1 (37.25%), 12 pT2(23.53%), 19 pT3 (37.25%) y 1 case undetermined (1.97%). Bladder recurrence was detected in 16 patients during follow-up (31.37%). 70.59% of recurrences were identified during first two years of follow-up. Differences related to follow-up period, presence of obstructive uropathy, microscopic growth pattern and tumour multifocality, were observed between patients without and with bladder recurrence. BRFS rates at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years were 85.10%, 67.90%, 56.60% y 31.80%, respectively. BRFS was significantly modified by tumour location (p=0.019) and tumour multifocality (p=0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that tumour multifocality was an independent factor in the prediction of bladder recurrence (RR=7.35;95%CI=1.57-34.45;p=0.011). Conclusions: The development of bladder recurrence after nephroureterectomy was observed in 31.37% of patients in our study, detecting most of events during the first two years of follow-up. Tumour multifocality in UUT constitutes the most important risk factor for the development of bladder recurrence (AU)

Ascitis quilosa tras nefrectomía radical y linfadenectomíaretroperitoneal / Chylous ascites following radical nephrectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy

La ascitis quilosa consiste en el acúmulo de quilo en la cavidad abdominal. Su presentación postquirúrgica ocurre a consecuencia de una lesión inadvertida de la cisterna del quilo o una de sus principales aferentes lumbares. Se presenta habitualmente como un cuadro de distensión y dolor abdominales, o bien como salida de líquido lechoso a través de la herida quirúrgica o del drenaje abdominal. El diagnóstico se establece mediante análisis citoquímico del líquido y tinción con Sudán III, que muestra gotas de grasa (quilomicrones), leucocitos con predominio de linfocitos y una elevada concentración de triglicéridos. Presentamos un caso de ascitis quilosa postquirúrgica, tras nefrectomía radical y linfadenectomía retroperitoneal por cáncer de riñón, que se resolvió satisfactoriamente con medidas conservadoras: nutrición parenteral total y octreótide (AU)

Chylous ascites consists of the accumulation of chyle in the abdominal cavity. Postoperative presentation develops as a consecuence of unrecognized injury of cisterna chyli or one of its major lumbar tributaries. It usually present as abdominal distention and pain or drainage of milky fluid from surgical wound or abdominal drain. Diagnosis is established by cytochemical analysis of fluid and staining with Sudan III, that shows fat globules, leukocytes with lymphocytic predominance and a high triglyceride content. We present a case of postoperative chylous ascites following radical nephrectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for renal cancer, which successfully respond to conservative measures: total parenteral nutrition and octreotide (AU)

Impact of surgical delay on pathological findings and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine if a delay between prostate biopsy (PB) and radical prostatectomy (RP) has an impact on pathological findings and prognosis of prostate cancer patients (PCa). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients (n = 232) who underwent RP, with at least two postoperative PSA readings. DESIGN: retrospective observational cohort study. PERIOD: May 2000-March 2007. Delay was defined as time in months between PB and RP. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: delay was analysed as a continuous variable or else categorised according to the median (6 months). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to define variables associated with extracapsular disease. Biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) was studied using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: Differences between delay groups < or = and > 6 months were significant only with regards to age (p = 0.041), considering both groups as comparable. Differences between groups related to pathological variables were not observed in any case. Mean followup was not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.112). The probability of extracapsular disease varied significantly depending on PSA, biopsy Gleason score and the percentage of positive cores, while multivariate analysis found no relationship with delay. Biochemical relapse was detected in 39 cases (16.81%). BRFS in delay < or = 6 months group was 86.1%, 78.4%, 78.4% and 78.4% at 1, 2, 5 and 7 years, while BRFS in delay > 6 months group was 88.9%, 82.8%, 77.4%, 77.4% and 77.4% at 1, 2, 5 and 7 years (p = 0.632). Delay was not associated with BRFS in multivariate analysis; only the percentage of positive cores independently predicted BRFS. In patients with high-grade PCa, percentage of positive cores was the only independent variable to predict extracapsular disease and BRFS. Delay was not associated with extracapsular disease or BRFS. CONCLUSIONS: Reasonable surgical delay does not cause a significant negative impact on pathological findings of RP specimens, nor in the BRFS of patients with localized PCa.

[Renal infarction in the evaluation of lumbar pain]. / El infarto renal en la valoración de dolores lumbares.

OBJECTIVE: We report the case of a young patient without known cardiovascular risk factors, complaining of lumbar colic pain due to renal infarction. METHODS: Differential diagnosis of lumbar colic pain must include some rare events. We performed a review of the current knowledge on the topic. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The increasing difficulty in the diagnosis of these pathology lies on its clinical suspect, which can be clear when having cardiovascular risk factors. Its diagnosis, on a rare scenario, needs leucocytosis and LDH rising as suspicious indicators. Computed tomography, MRI, radionuclids and arteriography may confirm diagnosis. Treatment is based on thrombolytic therapy, anticoagulants and ontiagregants.

El infarto renal en la valoración de dolores lumbares / Renal infarction in the evaluation of lumbar pain

Objetivo: Presentamos un caso clínico de dolor cólico hacia fosa lumbar ocasionado por infarto renal en un paciente joven sin antecedentes de riesgo tromboembólicos conocidos. Métodos: Existen procesos poco habituales que se deben incluir en el diagnóstico diferencial del dolor cólico lumbar. Realizamos una revisión en el conocimiento actual. Resultado/Conclusiones: La mayor dificultad para el diagnóstico de esta patología radica en su sospecha clínica, que es clara si existen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La aparición en un escenario no habitual, hace necesario recurrir a indicadores complementarios como la leucocitosis y la elevación de la LDH. Su confirmación se realiza mediante tomografía computada, RMN, gammagrafía o arteriografía. Su tratamiento necesita medidas trombolíticas, anticoagulantes y/o antiagregantes (AU)

Objective: We report the case of a young patient without known cardiovascular risk factors, complaining of lumbar colic pain due to renal infarction. Methods: Differential diagnosis of lumbar colic pain must include some rare events. We performed a review of the current knowledge on the topic. Results/Conclusion: The increasing difficulty in the diagnosis of these pathology lies on its clinical suspect, which can be clear when having cardiovascular risk factors. Its diagnosis, on a rare scenario, needs leucocytosis and LDH rising as suspicious indicators. Computed tomography, MRI, radionuclids and arteriography may confirm diagnosis. Treatment is based on thrombolytic therapy, anticoagulants and antiagregants (AU)