Involvement of cortico-subcortical circuits in normoacousic chronic tinnitus: A source localization EEG study.

OBJECTIVE: To better characterize brain circuits dysfunctions in normoacousic tinnitus sufferers. METHODS: 17 normoacousic chronic, unilateral high-pitched tinnitus sufferers (6 females, 43.6 ± 9.8 y.o, disease duration 22 ± 35 months) underwent a 29-channel resting-state electroencephalography (EEG - 5 min opened-eyes, 5 min closed-eyes) and auditory oddball paradigm for event-related potentials analyses (ERPs - N1, P2 and P300). Cortical 3D distribution of current source density was computed with sLORETA. Results were compared with 17 controls (9 females, 45.7 ± 15.1 y.o). RESULTS: Eyes opened, tinnitus sufferers had lower alpha and beta sources in the left inferior parietal lobule. Eyes closed, tinnitus sufferers had decreased alpha sources in the left inferior temporal and post-central gyri, and low gamma sources in the left middle temporal gyrus. EEG data did not correlate with tinnitus sufferers' clinical features. Subjects with tinnitus had shorter N1 and P2 latencies. P300 did not differ between groups. sLORETA solutions showed decreased sources of these ERPs in the left inferior temporal gyrus in the tinnitus group. CONCLUSIONS: We showed cortico-thalamo-cortical involvements in normoacousic tinnitus with hyperexcitability of the left auditory cortex and inferior temporal gyrus. SIGNIFICANCE: This might reflect processes of maladaptive cortical plasticity and memory consolidation. Further validation is needed to establish the value of this tool in customizing therapeutic approach.

Safety Study of Transcranial Static Magnetic Field Stimulation (tSMS) of the Human Cortex.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) in humans reduces cortical excitability. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if prolonged tSMS (2 h) could be delivered safely in humans. Safety limits for this technique have not been described. METHODS: tSMS was applied for 2 h with a cylindric magnet on the occiput of 17 healthy subjects. We assessed tSMS-related safety aspects at tissue level by measuring levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE, a marker of neuronal damage) and S100 (a marker of glial reactivity and damage). We also included an evaluation of cognitive side effects by using a battery of visuomotor and cognitive tests. RESULTS: tSMS did not induce any significant increase in NSE or S100. No cognitive alteration was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the application of tSMS is safe in healthy human subjects, at least within these parameters.

Cortical activation to voluntary movement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is related to corticospinal damage: electrophysiological evidence.

OBJECTIVES: The time course of mu and beta sensorimotor rhythms, with event-related desynchronisation (ERD) to preparation and execution of voluntary movement followed by synchronisation (ERS) after movement, is considered to indicate cortical activation and idling, respectively. We investigated ERD and ERS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and the relationship with anatomical and neurophysiological measures of corticospinal tract damage. METHODS: Pre-movement mu and beta ERD, and post-movement beta ERS were analysed in 16 ALS patients and 15 healthy controls performing self-paced brisk right thumb extensions. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of corticospinal tract was measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to the right abductor pollicis brevis were obtained using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). RESULTS: Movement-related electromyographic activity was similar in the two groups. Post-movement ERS was significantly reduced in ALS group and negatively correlated with the amount of corticospinal damage as from MRI and TMS measures. ERD did not significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations of cortical activity in ALS patients were limited to the post-movement phase, as indicated by reduced ERS, and could be linked to reduced cortical inhibition rather than to generalised hyperexcitability. SIGNIFICANCE: The correlation between ERS and corticospinal damage severity might be interpreted as a functional compensation or dysfunction of inhibitory systems paralleling corticospinal damage.

[A critical analysis of neuroimaging studies in relation to cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis patients]. / Análisis crítico de los estudios de neuroimagen en relación con el rendimiento cognitivo en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple.

Studying the cognitive impairment of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is fundamental for a global understanding of this disease. Neuroimaging techniques might provide crucial data about the nature of this deficit and their progression. Accordingly to this idea, over the last years there has been a marked increase in the number of studies devoted to explore the possible relationship between the cognitive alterations of this clinical population and different sorts of neuropathological indexes provided by both, classical as well as by more recently developed techniques. The results of the studies using structural information provided by structural techniques, have revealed the important role of atrophic processes in the aethiology of cognitive decline in MS patients. However, this information needs to be complemented with newer indexes of neuropathological alterations in 'apparently normal' gray and white matter. On the other hand, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have provided clear evidence of the existence and functional significance of neuroplastic processes that can mask the relationship between morphological markers of tissue damage and cognitive performance of MS patients. Those neuroplastic processes need to be taken into account as they might compensate the cognitive decline of this clinical population. In summary, the present review tries to provide a critic and integrative view of different studies assessing the relationship between cognitive impairment in MS patients and different kinds of information provided by neuroimaging techniques.

Flash visual evoked potentials in mice can be modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans has been shown to affect the size of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in a polarity-dependent way. VEPs have been widely employed in mice to study the visual system in physiological and pathological conditions and are extensively used as animal models of neurological and visual disorders. The present study was performed to evaluate whether mice VEPs could be modulated by tDCS in the same manner as in humans. We describe here the effects of 10 min tDCS (anodal, cathodal or no stimulation) on flash-VEPs in C57BL/6 mice under sevoflurane anesthesia. VEP amplitudes of the first major peak (P1) were analyzed before, at 0, 5 and 10 min after tDCS. Compared with no stimulation condition, anodal tDCS increased P1 amplitude slightly more than 25%, while cathodal stimulation had opposite effects, with a decrease of P1 amplitude by about 30%. After-effects tended to reverse toward basal levels within 10 min after tDCS. These results, suggesting polarity-dependent modulation similar to what described in humans of tDCS effects on VEPs, encourage the use of mice models to study tDCS mechanisms of action and explore therapeutic applications on neurological models of disease.

Potenciales evocados cognitivos en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente-recurrente y benigna / Cognitive evoked potentials in remiting-relapsing and benign forms of multiple sclerosis

Introducción. Conseguir una evaluación mejor del deterioro cognitivo en la esclerosis múltiple es uno de los grandes retos actuales. Un objetivo esencial es obtener, desde diferentes aproximaciones, la valoración objetiva del déficit, y que permitan su correlación con variables fisiológicas. Objetivo. Analizar las posibles modulaciones en componentes fisiológicos del procesamiento de la información relacionados con un déficit atencional en pacientes con diversos tipos de esclerosis múltiple. Sujetos y métodos. Participaron en el presente estudio 17 pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente-recurrente, nueve pacientes con esclerosis múltiple benigna y 19 sujetos sanos. Se registraron sus respuestas conductuales en una tarea visuoespacial y, posteriormente, se realizó una prueba oddball auditiva en la que se registró la señal de electroencefalografía para la obtención de los potenciales evocados cognitivos. Se realizaron, asimismo, análisis de correlación entre las variables fisiológicas con variables clínicas propias del paciente. Resultados. Se encontraron un retraso en los tiempos de reacción durante el desarrollo de la tarea de Posner y un retraso en la latencia del componente P3 durante la realización de la tarea oddball en ambos grupos de pacientes con esclerosis múltiple. Conclusión. Los resultados obtenidos en este experimento confirman la presencia de deterioro atencional en ambos grupos de pacientes. La modulación exclusiva de la latencia del componente P3 sugiere que el deterioro atencional en estos pacientes al comienzo de la enfermedad se localiza en el procesamiento cognitivo central y, en principio, es producto de la desmielinización (AU)

Introduction. The assessment of the cognitive impairment in the multiple sclerosis disease is one of the most relevant challenges nowadays. An essential objective is to obtain diverse approaches that allow valuing objectively this impairment and its correlation with physiological variables. Aim. To analyze the possible modulations in physiological components of the information processing (ERPs) related with an attentional deficit in diverse classes of patients with multiple sclerosis. Subjects and methods. 17 patients with remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis, 9 patients with benign multiple sclerosis and 19 healthy subjects participated in the study. Behavioral performance in a visuo-spatial task (Posner paradigm) and later, an auditory oddball test was carried out where electroencephalography signal was registered to obtain ERPs. Correlation analyses were calculated between patient variables (EDSS or disease duration) and psychophysiological variables. Results. A delay in the reaction time during the development of the Posner task and a delay in the latency of the component P3 during the realization of the oddball task were found in both groups of patient with multiple sclerosis. Conclusion. The data obtained in this experiment confirm the presence of attentional impairment in patients with diverse forms of multiple sclerosis. The exclusive modulation of the P3 latency component suggests that the impairment in these patients, at the beginning of the disease, is localized at a central level of cognitive processing and is product of the demyelinating process (AU)

[Cognitive evoked potentials in remitting-relapsing and benign forms of multiple sclerosis]. / Potenciales evocados cognitivos en pacientes con esclerosis multiple remitente-recurrente y benigna.

INTRODUCTION: The assessment of the cognitive impairment in the multiple sclerosis disease is one of the most relevant challenges nowadays. An essential objective is to obtain diverse approaches that allow valuing objectively this impairment and its correlation with physiological variables. AIM: To analyze the possible modulations in physiological components of the information processing (ERPs) related with an attentional deficit in diverse classes of patients with multiple sclerosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 17 patients with remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis, 9 patients with benign multiple sclerosis and 19 healthy subjects participated in the study. Behavioral performance in a visuo-spatial task (Posner paradigm) and later, an auditory oddball test was carried out where electroencephalography signal was registered to obtain ERPs. Correlation analyses were calculated between patient variables (EDSS or disease duration) and psychophysiological variables. RESULTS: A delay in the reaction time during the development of the Posner task and a delay in the latency of the component P3 during the realization of the oddball task were found in both groups of patient with multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSION: The data obtained in this experiment confirm the presence of attentional impairment in patients with diverse forms of multiple sclerosis. The exclusive modulation of the P3 latency component suggests that the impairment in these patients, at the beginning of the disease, is localized at a central level of cognitive processing and is product of the demyelinating process.

Abnormal ERPs and high frequency bands power in multiple sclerosis.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) and power spectral density (PSD) were registered during an auditory-oddball paradigm in 11 MS patients. These patients showed a decrease in the amplitude of P2 and N2 components and a delayed P3 latency compared to control subjects suggesting that the attentional orienting mechanism in the auditory modality is affected in MS. The PSD analysis showed that MS patients exhibited an increased power in beta and gamma bands. The combined analysis of frequency and time domain suggested diverse phenomena that occurred in the MS patient group related with the EEG background or the motivational status.

Alternate response preparation in a visuomotor serial task.

The preparation of a particular motor pattern is related to the information available that enables the actor to predict the correct response to a forthcoming stimulus. In many situations, however, prediction is not possible. In such cases, the individual can guess the probable parameters of the next stimulus. The authors attempted to establish the bias in the motor intention for movement and its interaction with a possible memory trace of the stimulus-response mapping produced by the preceding stimulus. Two letters were presented bilaterally, and participants (N=21) had to discriminate the target letter and respond with the compatible hand. The present findings support the existence of a memory trace of the previous stimulus-response mapping.

Task-specific sensory and motor preparatory activation revealed by contingent magnetic variation.

The present report studied the magnetic counterpart (CMV) of the auditory contingent negative variation (CNV). The ear where the target auditory stimulus would be presented was cued with a visual central arrow at a validity of 84%. The subject's behavioral response and the magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded. The central cue diminished reaction times (RTs) to the auditory target in the valid conditions with respect to the invalid conditions, indicating that the attentional manipulation was effective. The averaged magnetic field power during the preparatory period was significantly higher than baseline, suggesting the simultaneous presence of a magnetic counterpart of the electric CNV--the CMV. The field maps of the CMV grand averages showed two different and well-established periods: an early one with a magnetic field distribution that suggests a central source, and a late one with a field topography comparable to a low-intensity auditory-evoked field (M1). Single-dipole analysis of the preparatory phase in the subject's magnetic resonance images (MRI) demonstrated the presence of dipolar activity in the posterior cingulate (PCC) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC), superior temporal gyrus (STG) and motor cortices (MC). The lateralization of this activity depended on the orientation of the central cue. These results suggest that the action and perceptual-related areas needed to process the expected subsequent imperative task are recruited during the preparatory periods, influencing the behavioral RTs.

[Gender-specific post-stimulus modulation in the alpha band during visual-spatial attention]. / Modulación postestímulo generoespecífica en la banda alfa durante la atención visuoespacial.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies of the spontaneous activity of the EEG indicate that women present bigger absolute spectral power in the alpha band than men, but few studies have been done during cognitive activity. AIM: To check possible gender differences in the EEG frequency domain during a visuo-spatial attentional task to understand better the temporary dynamics of alpha. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A classic oddball paradigm was used whose stimuli (90% standard-10% objectives) were complex. In each block (10 with 100 trials) it was requested to the subjects (20, 10 of each gender) to attend to one of the visual fields (left and right, with random stimuli and identical probability). Power spectral density values were calculated applying the fast Fourier transform in the alpha band (9-11 Hz) in two overlapped windows (sliding windows): of 0-512 ms and of 412-924 ms. RESULTS: The normalized data were analyzed by means of ANOVAs, with the following factors: gender, attention, hemisphere, visual field and electrodes. CONCLUSIONS: Different modulations were obtained attending to the gender variable: men showed smaller alpha or bigger suppression of the rhythm in posterior electrodes and women exhibited smaller power in anterior electrodes.