Autonomy support in an exercise intervention with colorectal cancer patients during chemotherapy: a qualitative perspective.

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity (PA) has emerged as an important element of supportive care for cancer patients, but few patients engage with exercise. Considering that autonomy support is associated with healthy lifestyles, it would be useful to know the specific autonomy-supportive techniques that can help to encourage PA in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This study aims to qualitatively explore autonomy support perceptions through a self-determination-theory-based exercise program (FIT-CANCER) with CRC patients during chemotherapy treatment. METHODS AND MEASURES: A total of 27 participants were included, 16 CRC patients, six relatives, and five healthcare professionals. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews and observational field notes were analyzed with thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three main themes were identified: Healthcare professionals encouraging enrollment in the exercise program, Relatives supporting attendance to the exercise sessions, Exercise instructor favoring adherence to the exercise program. The different subthemes showed autonomy-supportive techniques from these social agents to promote CRC patients' participation in the exercise program. CONCLUSION: The present research showed the importance of autonomy support from healthcare professionals, relatives and the exercise instructor to promote the initiation and maintenance of CRC patients' PA behavior and improve their quality of life, health and well-being.

"To be myself again": Perceived benefits of group-based exercise for colorectal cancer patients.

PURPOSE: To explore the perceived benefits of a group-based exercise program for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing chemotherapy treatment. METHODS: In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with all participants (n = 27) at the end of the exercise program (patients, relatives and healthcare professionals). The exercise instructor in charge of the exercise program with CRC patients also collected observational field notes throughout a research diary. RESULTS: Three main themes related to exercise as a coping strategy were obtained: (a) physical recovery; (b) psychosocial well-being, and (c) reconnection with their embodied selves and normal lives. Physical recovery included a perceived increase in fitness and a reduction in physical side-effects. Psychosocial well-being included perceived benefits in self-confidence, sense of control, reduced fear, feeling of being useful, sense of achievement, positive thinking and avoiding depression. All the physical and psychosocial benefits helped patients reconnect with their embodied selves, engage in activities practised before the diagnoses, improve their body image, avoid stigma, and increase their social life beyond cancer diagnoses. In this sense, some patients held on to their past selves, trying to keep or recover normality in their lives, while others acknowledged that they might not be the same person anymore, with exercise being part of this new identity. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that exercise is a coping strategy that benefitted CRC patients in several ways related to their physical and psychosocial quality of life.

"You Measure Us and You Depress Us": Healthism and the Subjective Impact of Body Measurements on Secondary School Students.

This study explores adolescents' subjective experiences when facing body measurements at school, performed to evaluate the effects of a school-based intervention to promote physical activity. Three semi-structured interviews (n = 3) and two focus groups (n = 7 and 3) were conducted with adolescents after measuring some variables related to their weight and adiposity. Observational data (n = 88) collected by the two researchers in charge of the measurements were also obtained. Findings derived from our thematic analysis question the suitability of body measurements as social contexts where the core ideas of healthism emerge. Some adolescents lived body measurements as negative social experiences, promoting body dissatisfaction, social comparison, embarrassment, and simplistic associations between health and body shape, which could hinder their adherence to healthy habits. We emphasize the role of qualitative research when evaluating pre/posttests of school-based intervention studies, not just the interventions themselves, to generate knowledge to improve research protocols and prevent unwanted psychological outcomes in participants.

Elements behind sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy eating habits in individuals with severe obesity.

PURPOSE: This study examines elements behind sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy eating habits in individuals who lived with severe obesity during many years of their lives. METHODS: Ten post-bariatric surgery patients participated in semi-structured interviews 7 months after surgery. A year later, a second round of interviews was also conducted to address some knowledge gaps related to the study purpose. The qualitative data collected were analysed through content analysis. RESULTS: Embarrassment about showing their body publicly, pain and poor physical condition, and bad experiences in non-inclusive physical activity contexts were found as potential elements that contributed to their adherence to sedentary lifestyles. Poor family food education, loss of a loved one, family problems, arguments or disputes, and past traumatic events (e.g., childhood sexual abuses) could be related to their development of unhealthy eating behaviours. Findings also pointed out that participants' failed attempts to lose weight provoked them anxiety, feelings of failure and rebellion, and influenced their return to an unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: This study may be helpful to reveal some elements which could be related to the origin and perpetuation of severe obesity, and to design prevention/treatment strategies from a more holistic, sensitive, and respectful perspective.

Active commuting to school among 36,781 Spanish children and adolescents: A temporal trend study.

This study examines trends in the rates of active commuting to school (ACS) in Spanish children (n = 18 343; 8.93 ± 1.68) and adolescents (n = 18 438; 14.11 ± 1.58) aged 6-18 years from 2010 to 2017. Given the study period included the economic crisis in Spain (2008-2013), the second aim of this study was to compare ACS rates during and after the economic crisis. Data were obtained from 28 studies conducted across Spain. The overall trends in ACS were evaluated using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Among Spanish children and adolescents, the rates of ACS to school ranged around 60% between 2010 and 2017. The rates of ACS in Spanish youth did not change significantly during the 2010-2017 period, except a sporadic increase in the rate of ACS in adolescents in 2012-2013. No significant association between the ACS and the economic crisis time period in youth was found. As conclusion, the ACS remains stable in Spain during the last decade, which is a promising result regarding the evidenced decreasing trend in many countries. Further educational and policy strategies are important to continue promoting this behavior in children and adolescents in the long term.

Barriers to physical activity participation in colorectal cancer patients during chemotherapy treatment: A qualitative study.

PURPOSE: To explore the barriers that colorectal cancer patients (stage II and III) perceive to participate in physical activity (PA) when involved in adjuvant chemotherapy. Views of relatives and physicians concerning this issue were also included. METHOD: Qualitative data from ten patients, ten relatives, and ten health professionals were obtained through semi-structured interviews (n = 30). RESULTS: Two main themes were identified after data analysis: (a) barriers to PA related to ostomy and adjuvant chemotherapy and (b) barriers related to perceived lack of support for PA. In regard to the first theme, participants reported difficulties associated with the ostomy, limitations of the intravenous chemotherapy device, fatigue and reduced physical fitness, and focusing on cancer and restructuring priorities. Concerning the perceived lack of support for PA, participants referred to their families' overprotection, the health professionals' lack of knowledge and time to prescribe PA, and the lack of PA services in health centres. CONCLUSIONS: Further information from health professionals about the recommendations of PA and its benefits during adjuvant chemotherapy could palliate these PA barriers. The offer of specific PA programmes for these patients is also recommended.

Changes in Bariatric Patients' Physical Activity Levels and Health-Related Quality of Life Following a Postoperative Motivational Physical Activity Intervention.

PURPOSE: Self-determination theory (SDT) has been widely used as a useful motivational framework for improving long-term adherence to physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-month motivational PA intervention (MPAI) on bariatric patients' PA levels and HRQoL from pre-surgery to the end of the MPAI (7 months post-surgery). Additionally, a re-test was performed 13 months post-surgery. METHODS: A total of 40 participants undergoing sleeve gastrectomy were assigned to a 6-month MPAI or to a control group. The MPAI was based on techniques and messages from SDT. At baseline and post-intervention measures, both groups wore accelerometers for one week and completed the SF-36 questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 32 participants (78.1% female) completed all measures and were included in the final analyses. PA levels did not significantly differ between groups as a consequence of the intervention. Clinically significant differences (d ≥ 0.5) favoring the MPAI group were found for SF-36 domains of bodily pain (at pre-surgery, increasing at 7 and 13 months post-surgery), general health and vitality (7 months post-surgery), and physical functioning and physical component score (both 7 and 13 months post-surgery). Social functioning also showed clinically significant differences favoring the MPAI group at pre-surgery, increasing at 7 months post-surgery. These differences disappeared at 13 months post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS: SDT-based PA interventions could enhance several dimensions of bariatric patients' HRQoL after surgery. Further research is needed to understand what motivational processes are key aspects to promote PA participation in these patients.

Effects of a physical activity program on post-bariatric patients: A qualitative study from a self-determination theory perspective.

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the psychosocial benefits that 10 post-bariatric patients (nine female, 31-59 years) perceived from their participation in an exercise program grounded in self-determination theory. Qualitative data were collected through observations and interviews. Participants reported many factors which facilitated basic psychological need satisfaction such as the instructors caring about their opinion, affection, fitness improvement, pain reduction, and knowledge acquisition. These factors were associated with autonomous motivation, enjoyment, intention to be physically active, happiness, and self-confidence. The results suggest that self-determination theory-based exercise programs could be designed to achieve positive outcomes in this population.

Exploring the socio-ecological factors behind the (in)active lifestyles of Spanish post-bariatric surgery patients.

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) is considered essential for the treatment of morbid obesity and the optimization of bariatric surgery outcomes. The objective of this article was to identify the facilitators and barriers that bariatric patients perceived to do PA one year after finishing a PA programme for the promotion of a long-term active lifestyle. This objective was addressed from a socio-ecological and qualitative perspective. Methods: Nine patients (eight women and one man), aged between 31 and 59 years, participated in semi-structured interviews directly following the PA programme and one year after it. A content analysis was carried out to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Weight loss, improvement of physical fitness, perceived competence, and enjoyment were the main facilitators of PA. Complexes related to skin folds, osteoarthritis, perceived unfavourable weather conditions, lack of social support and economic resources, long workdays, lack of specific PA programmes, and other passive leisure preferences were the main barriers to participate in PA. Conclusions: Results highlight the important interplay between personal, social environmental, and physical environmental factors to explain (in)active behaviours of bariatric patients. The findings of this article could be useful for future research and interventions aimed at promoting PA in bariatric patients.

The impact of living with morbid obesity on psychological need frustration: A study with bariatric patients.

Guided by self-determination theory, the purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the previous experiences of living with morbid obesity of 10 postbariatric patients enrolled in a physical activity programme. Qualitative data were collected through interviews and diarized observations. A thematic analysis revealed that participants suffered from health and mobility troubles in their daily life and experienced stigmatization and discrimination in most areas of their social functioning. Participants described how these experiences resulted in the thwarting of their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. In turn, psychological need frustration contributed to negative consequences such as body image concerns, low self-esteem, anxiety and depression; controlled regulation of their eating behaviour and extrinsic goals; rigid behaviours such as avoiding social situations; and compensatory and self-defeating behaviours such as giving up diet and physical activity regimens and binge eating (i.e., oppositional defiance). This study highlights how living with morbid obesity can impair optimal functioning and well-being via experiences of psychological need frustration.

El papel de la motivación en la predicción del conocimiento procedimental en jugadores de baloncesto / The Role of the Motivation in the Prediction of Procedimental Knowledge in Basketball Players

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el poder de predicción de las creencias implícitas de habilidad, las orientaciones de meta y la percepción de competencia deportiva sobre el conocimiento procedimental en jugadores de baloncesto. En la investigación participaron 339 jugadores de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 15 años. Se les midió la orientación motivacional (POSQ), las creencias de habilidad en el deporte (CNAAQ-2), la competencia deportiva y el conocimiento procedimental en baloncesto (CCPB). Los resultados mostraron que la creencia incremental de habilidad predecía positivamente el conocimiento procedimental, mientras que la creencia de entidad lo hacía de forma negativa. La relación entre las creencias de habilidad y el conocimiento procedimental fue directa, sin mediación de las orientaciones de meta y la competencia percibida. Los resultados se discuten en relación con el papel de la motivación sobre el conocimiento procedimental en el deporte.

The objective of this study was to analyze the prediction of ability beliefs, goal orientations and perceptions of athletic competence on procedural knowledge in basketball players. The research involved 339 players aged between 12 and 15. The motivational orientation (POSQ), the ability beliefs in sport (CNAAQ-2), sport competence and procedural knowledge in basketball (CCP) were measured. The results of the structural equation modeling, showed that incremental ability belief predicted positively procedural knowledge, while the entity ability belief predicted procedural knowledge negatively. The relationship between the ability beliefs and procedural knowledge was direct, without the mediation of goal orientations and perceived competence. The results are discussed in relation to the role of motivation on procedural knowledge on the sport.

Social Physique Anxiety and Intention to Be Physically Active: A Self-Determination Theory Approach.

PURPOSE: Based on self-determination theory, the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between social physique anxiety and intention to be physically active, while taking into account the mediating effects of the basic psychological needs and behavioral regulations in exercise. METHOD: Having obtained parents' prior consent, 390 students in secondary school (218 boys, 172 girls; Mage = 15.10 years, SD = 1.94 years) completed a self-administered questionnaire during physical education class that assessed the target variables. Preliminary analyses included means, standard deviations, and bivariate correlations among the target variables. Next, a path analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood estimation method with the bootstrapping procedure in the statistical package AMOS 19. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that social physique anxiety negatively predicted intention to be physically active through mediation of the basic psychological needs and the 3 autonomous forms of motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, and identified regulation). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that social physique anxiety is an internal source of controlling influence that hinders basic psychological need satisfaction and autonomous motivation in exercise, and interventions aimed at reducing social physique anxiety could promote future exercise.

Evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en general con adultos españoles / Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the scale of satisfaction of basic psychological needs in general with spanish adults

Los postulados de la teoría de la autodeterminación defienden que para lograr una motivación más positiva y el bienestar es necesario satisfacer las necesidades psicológicas básicas: autonomía, competencia y relación. Para medir la satisfacción de estas necesidades en la vida, se ha creado la Escala de Satisfacción de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en General (BNSG-S). Sus propiedades psicométricas han sido analizadas recientemente, aunque sólo con muestras de estudiantes universitarios. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar su validez y fiabilidad con una muestra de adultos españoles. En el estudio participaron 399 personas (202 hombres y 197 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 65 años. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio dieron apoyo a la validez de un modelo reducido de 16 ítems y efecto de método en los ítems negativos. La estructura factorial fue invariante por sexo y edad. Además, se obtuvieron valores adecuados de fiabilidad y estabilidad temporal. El análisis de las evidencias de validez externa mostró que la satisfacción de las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas se asociaba positivamente con la motivación autodeterminada hacia la actividad física y la satisfacción con la vida. Estos resultados dan apoyo a la utilización del instrumento en el contexto español.

The postulates of self-determination theory advocate the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) to achieve more positive motivation and well-being. The Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S) was created to measure the satisfaction of these needs in life. Its psychometric properties have recently been analyzed, although only with samples of college students. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the validity and reliability of the BNSG-S with a sample of Spanish adults. Three hundred ninety-nine people (202 men and 197 women), aged between 18 and 65, participated in this study. The results of confirmatory factor analysis support the validity of a reduced model of 16 items and a negative-worded method effect. The factor structure was invariant across gender and age. It was also obtained acceptable values of reliability and temporal stability. The analysis of external validity evidences showed that the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs was positively associated with self-determined motivation towards physical activity and satisfaction with life. These results support the utilization of the instrument in the Spanish context.

Adaptación y validación española del Physical Activity Class Satisfaction Questionnaire (PACSQ) / Spanish Adaptation and Validation of the Physical Activity Class Satisfaction Questionnaire (PACSQ)

El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la versión española del Physical Activity Class Satisfaction Questionnaire (PACSQ) dentro del contexto de la Educación Física (EF). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 858 estudiantes, de edades comprendidas entre 15 y 21 años. Las propiedades psicométricas del PACSQ fueron analizadas a través de varios análisis. Los resultados apoyaron el modelo de primer orden con nueve factores y el modelo de orden superior. La estructura de ambos modelos fue invariante respecto al género. La correlaciones entre las subescalas indicaron un modelo factorial relacionado, apoyando la validez de constructo de la escala. Los valores alfa de Cronbach fueron superiores a 0.7 y se obtuvieron niveles apropiados de estabilidad temporal. Los resultados de este estudio muestran evidencias de validez para la utilización del PACSQ en el contexto español.

The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Physical Activity Class Questionnaire (PACSQ) into the physical education (PE) context. The sample consisted of 858 students, aged between 15 to 21 years, and the psychometric properties of the PACSQ were examined through different analyses. The results supported both the first- order nine -factor model and the higher-order model. The structure of both models was invariant across gender. Correlations among the subscales indicated a related factor model supporting construct validity of the scale. Alpha values over 0.7 and suitable levels of temporal stability were obtained. The findings of this study provided validity evidences for using the PACSQ in a Spanish context.

Motivos de los ciudadanos para realizar ejercicio físico: un estudio desde la teoría de la autodeterminación / Reasons why people do exercise: A study using Self-Determination Theory

Basado en la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las relaciones entre los motivos para el ejercicio físico y la frecuencia informada de práctica semanal en una muestra representativa de la población adulta de una ciudad. En este estudio participaron 918 habitantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 89 años. Los participantes contestaron el autoinforme de motivos para la práctica de ejercicio físico e informaron sobre la asiduidad con la que realizaban ejercicio físico. Controlando los efectos de la edad y el sexo, los análisis multivariantes de covarianza mostraron que los participantes que realizaban ejercicio físico con mayor frecuencia semanal informaron puntuaciones más altas en los motivos autodeterminados y no autodeterminados para practicar ejercicio físico, a excepción del motivo de urgencias de salud. Los resultados apoyan los supuestos de la teoría de la autodeterminación al sugerir que los participantes van internalizando la conducta del ejercicio a medida que son más activos físicamente. Sin embargo, los resultados también indican que determinados motivos no autodeterminados se muestran pertinentes para la práctica física. Los responsables de la política deportiva municipal deberían buscar formas apropiadas de combinar motivos no autodeterminados con formas más internalizadas que garanticen una adherencia más prolongada al ejercicio.

Based on self-determination theory, the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the reasons for exercise and its reported weekly frequency in a representative sample of an adult urban population. A total of 918 inhabitants, aged between 16 and 89, participated in this study answering the Spanish version of the Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 (EMI-2) and reporting on their exercise frequency. Controlling for the influence of age and gender, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that participants who reported the highest exercise frequency had the highest score on both self-determined and controlling exercise motives, except the ill-health avoidance motive. The results support propositions of self-determination theory, and suggest that citizens may internalize exercise behaviour as they become more physically active. However, the results also suggest that some controlling motives are pertinent to exercise. Decision makers of the local sport policy should look into suitable ways of combining both controlling motives and more internalized motives in order to produce long lasting exercise adherence in citizens.

The issue of interactional hypothesis: A proposal of self-determination index / El problema de la hipótesis de interacción en la teoría de la autodeterminación: Una propuesta de un nuevo índice de calidad de la motivación

The self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of human motivation whose postulates support the so-called interactional hypothesis, according to which intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are not independent constructs, and it also supports a simplex model of the continuum of self-determination. To test this hypothesis, a measure of self-determination, called the self-determination index (SDI) is frequently used. However, the literature reveals evident problems in the use of this index. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose a new way of calculating the SDI from two studies, using a sample of athletes. Cluster analysis carried out in Study 1 revealed two motivational profiles, and the correlations indicated that new SDI fit the hypotheses derived from the SDT better than did classic SDI. In Study 2, results confirmed the existence of a self-determined continuum, thus supporting the interactional hypothesis as well as the relations proposed from the theory. Finally, new SDI fits the postulates of the SDT better than classic SDI, and results obtained provide preliminary support to new SDI proposed

Para comprobar los postulados de la teoría de la autodeterminación se ha usado frecuentemente una medida de la calidad de la motivación denominada índice de autodeterminación (IAD). Este índice se basa en la hipótesis de interacción, según la cual la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca no son constructos independientes, sino que cuando aumenta uno disminuye el otro. Sin embargo, la literatura ha revelado que estos constructos son ortogonales y por tanto el IAD presenta problemas de medida. Atendiendo a estas limitaciones, el objetivo de esta investigación fue proponer y comprobar la efectividad de una nueva forma de calcular un índice de calidad de la motivación (IMP: índice de motivación positiva), utilizando dos muestras de deportistas. Los resultados de los dos estudios llevados a cabo revelaron que el IMP se ajustaba mejor a las hipótesis derivadas de la teoría de la autodeterminación que el IAD, encontrándose correlaciones positivas entre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el IMP, y entre éste y las emociones positivas. Los resultados obtenidos dan apoyo preliminar a la utilización, en la investigación sobre la teoría de la autodeterminación, del nuevo índice de calidad de la motivación propuesto

Psychometric properties of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS-7) in Spanish adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of Motl and Conroy's model of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS-7). To achieve this goal, a sample of 398 secondary school students was used, and the psychometric properties of the SPAS-7 were examined through different analyses. The results supported the seven-item model, although the item 5 did not show any significant correlation with two items from this model and had a lower factor loading than the rest of items. The structure of the model was invariant across gender and Body Mass Index (BMI). Alpha value over .70 and suitable levels of temporal stability were obtained. Girls and students classified according to the BMI as overweight and obese had higher scores in social physique anxiety than boys and the group classified as underweight and normal range. The findings of this study provided reliability and validity for the SPAS-7 in a Spanish adolescent sample.

Validación preliminar del cuestionario del clima motivacional iniciado por los padres-2 (PIMCQ-2) / Preliminary validation of the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire-2 (PIMCQ-2)

El propósito de este trabajo fue validar al contexto español el Cuestionario del Clima Motivacional Iniciado por los Padres-2 (PIMCQ-2). Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 108 jugadores de tenis, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 17 años. Se analizaron sus propiedades psicométricas realizando un análisis factorial exploratorio, un análisis factorial confirmatorio y un análisis de la consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach. Además, se examinó la validez convergente analizando las correlaciones entre el clima motivacional iniciado por padres y madres, y el clima motivacional del entrenador. Los resultados reflejaron la necesidad de eliminar seis ítems del instrumento original para obtener unos índices de ajuste aceptables en el análisis factorial confirmatorio, aunque se mantuvo la misma estructura factorial. Se obtuvieron valores de consistencia interna aceptables para los tres factores. Además, se hallaron evidencias externas de validez, puesto que las dimensiones del clima motivacional de padres y madres se relacionaron con las dimensiones del clima motivacional del entrenador. En conclusión, el estudio demostró de forma preliminar que la versión española del PIMCQ-2 revelaba unas adecuadas propiedades psicométricas.

The purpose of this study was to validate the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire-2 (PIMCQ-2) in the Spanish context. To achieve this goal, a sample of 108 tennis players aged between 12 and 17 was used. The psychometric properties of the PIMCQ-2 were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and an analysis of the internal consistency through Cronbach alpha. Convergent validity was also examined analyzing the correlations among parent-initiated motivational climate and coach motivational climate. The results showed the necessity to eliminate six items from the original instrument to obtain acceptable fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis, although the factor structure remained unchanged. Acceptable values of internal consistency were obtained for the three factors. There was also external evidence of validity, since the dimensions of parent-initiated motivational climate were related to the dimensions of coach motivational climate. In conclusion, this preliminary study showed that the Spanish version of the PIMCQ-2 revealed appropriate psychometric properties.

Psychometric properties of the social physique anxiety scale (SPAS-7) in Spanish adolescents

The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of Motl and Conroy’s model of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS-7). To achieve this goal, a sample of 398 secondary school students was used, and the psychometric properties of the SPAS-7 were examined through different analyses. The results supported the seven-item model, although the item 5 did not show any significant correlation with two items from this model and had a lower factor loading than the rest of items. The structure of the model was invariant across gender and Body Mass Index (BMI). Alpha value over .70 and suitable levels of temporal stability were obtained. Girls and students classified according to the BMI as overweight and obese had higher scores in social physique anxiety than boys and the group classified as underweight and normal range. The findings of this study provided reliability and validity for the SPAS–7 in a Spanish adolescent sample (AU)

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