Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from animal with high virulence genes content and highly sensitive to antimicrobials.

OBJECTIVES: P. aeruginosa is one of the most metabolically versatile bacteria having the ability to survive in multiple environments through its accessory genome. An important hallmark of P. aeruginosa is the high level of antibiotic resistance, which often makes eradication difficult and sometimes impossible. Evolutionary forces have led to this bacterium to develop high antimicrobial resistance with a variety of elements contributing to both intrinsic and acquired resistance. The objectives were to genetically and phenotypically characterizer P. aeruginosa strains isolated from companion animals of different species. METHODS: We characterized a collection of 39 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from infected animals. The genetic characterization was in relation to chromosomal profile by PFGE; content of virulence gene; presence of genomic islands (GIs); genes of the cytotoxins exported by T3SS: exoU, exoS, exoT and exoY; and type IV pili allele. The phenotypic characterization was based on patterns of susceptibility to different antimicrobials. RESULTS: Each strain had a PFGE profile, a high virulence genes content, and a large accessory genome. However, most of the strains presented high sensitivity to almost all antimicrobials tested, showing no acquired resistance (no ß-lactamases). The exception to this lack of resistance was seen with penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: P. aeruginosa could be a naturally sensitive bacterium to standard antimicrobials but could rapidly develop intrinsic and acquired resistance when the bacterium is exposed to pressure exerted by antibiotics, as observed in hospital settings.

High expression of Helicobacter pylori VapD in both the intracellular environment and biopsies from gastric patients with severity.

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes chronic atrophic gastritis and peptic ulcers and it has been associated with the development of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). One of the more remarkable characteristics of H. pylori is its ability to survive in the hostile environment of the stomach. H. pylori regulates the expression of specific sets of genes allowing it to survive high acidity levels and nutrient scarcity. In the present study, we determined the expression of virulence associated protein D (VapD) of H. pylori inside adenocarcinoma gastric (AGS) cells and in gastric biopsies. Using qRT-PCR, VapD expression was quantified in intracellular H. pylori-AGS cell cultures at different time points and in gastric mucosa biopsies from patients suffering from chronic atrophic gastritis, follicular gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastritis precancerous intestinal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma. Our results show that vapD of H. pylori presented high transcription levels inside AGS cells, which increased up to two-fold above basal values across all assays over time. Inside AGS cells, H. pylori acquired a coccoid form that is metabolically active in expressing VapD as a protection mechanism, thereby maintaining its permanence in a viable non-cultivable state. VapD of H. pylori was expressed in all gastric biopsies, however, higher expression levels (p = 0.029) were observed in gastric antrum biopsies from patients with follicular gastritis. The highest VapD expression levels were found in both antrum and corpus gastric biopsies from older patients (>57 years old). We observed that VapD in H. pylori is a protein that is only produced in response to interactions with eukaryotic cells. Our results suggest that VapD contributes to the persistence of H. pylori inside the gastric epithelial cells, protecting the microorganism from the intracellular environment, reducing its growth rate, enabling long-term infection and treatment resistance.

Estado de dentición y su impacto en la calidad de vida en adultos mayores / State of dentition and its impact on quality of life in the elderly

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: La mayoría de adultos mayores enfrentan problemas para comer y relacionarse con los demás debido a las alteraciones que presentan en la boca, lo que afecta su satisfacción y su calidad de vida. Determinar el estado de la dentición de los alumnos de la Universidad de la Tercera Edad de la Ciudad de México y asociarlo con la calidad de vida. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se realizó evaluación clínica mediante el registro CPOD y presencia de edentulismo. Se aplicó el cuestionario Perfil de Impacto de Salud Bucal OHIP-14, para evaluar calidad de vida. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, nivel de significancia de 0,05, programa SPSS. Versión 22. Resultados: Se incluyeron 100 adultos mayores con promedio de edad de 68,2. ± 5,02. En el índice CPOD, se obtuvo una media de 1,04 para dientes cariados, 7,9 para dientes perdidos y 4,9 para dientes obturados. En el perfil de impacto, las dimensiones mayormente afectadas fueron la limitación funcional con media de 2,33 y el malestar psicológico con 1,67. Al correlacionar el estado de dentición y la calidad de vida se obtuvo coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de 0,312 con una p= 0,002. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en esta población, reflejan un mejor estado de dentición que los reportados por otros autores, se obtuvo asociación estadística pero con baja correlación entre el estado de dentición y la mayoría de las dimensiones de calidad de vida.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Most elderly face trouble to eat and to relate with others, due to alterations presented in the mouth, which affects their satisfaction and quality of life.To determine the condition of the dentition of the students of a University of the Third Age of the City of Mexico and to associate it with the quality of life. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Clinical evaluation was performed through the DMFT registry and presence of Edentulous. Oral health impact profile OHIP-14 was applied to evaluate quality of life. Statistical Analysis with Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.05. SPSS v. 22. Results: 100 elderly were included with an average age of 68.2± 5.02. In the DMFT index a 1.04 median for carious teeth was obtained, 7.9 for lost teeth and 4.9 for filled teeth. At the profile impact, the most affected dimensions were the functional limitation with a 2.33 median, psychological discomfort with 1.67. By correlating dentition status and quality of life, Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.312 with p=0.002 was obtained. Conclusions: The results obtained in this population, reflect a better dentition state than those reported by other authors, statistical association was obtained but with a low correlation between the state of dentition and most of the dimensions of quality of life.

[Role of bacteria associated with sexually transmitted infections in the etiology of lower urinary tract infection in primary care]. / Papel de las bacterias asociadas a infecciones de transmisión sexual en la etiología de la infección de vías urinarias bajas en el primer nivel de atención médica.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the second most frequent type of infectious pathology treated in primary care clinics. The participation of microorganisms associated with sexually transmitted infection has been reported as a cause of UTI; nevertheless this concept is still controversial. To gather data on this subject, we carried out a search for Gardnerella vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Streptococcus agalactiae besides the common microorganisms involved in UTI. METHODS: A total of 1507 urine cultures from patients with a clinical diagnosis of low UTI were analyzed. Samples were inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar and McConkey agar, as well as HBT medium for G. vaginalis, and U9B broth and agar E broth for M. hominis and U. urealyticum. The following parameters were analyzed as possible risk factors: age, sex, pregnancy and diabetes status. RESULTS. There were 436 (28.9%) positive urine cultures. Escherichia coli was isolated in 44.34% of cases. Microorganisms associated with sexually transmitted disease were found in 162 (37%): G. vaginalis (25.7%), U. urealyticum (5.9%), S. agalactiae (3.4%) and M. hominis (2%). UTI were more frequent among the 20 to 40 year-old age group, in women and in diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Microorganisms associated with sexually transmitted disease were found in a large percentage of cultures, indicating the need for studies to clarify their role in the etiology of UTI.

Infección de transmisión sexual / Sexually transmitted infection

INTRODUCCIÓN. Se reconoce la infección de vías urinarias (IVU) bajas como la segunda causa de patología de tipo infeccioso en clínicas de primer nivel de atención médica. Se estudia la participación de microorganismos asociados a infecciones de transmisión sexual como causa de IVU por lo que, además de realizar la búsqueda de microorganismos comunes, se realizó la búsqueda de Gardnerella vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis y Streptococcus agalactiae. MÉTODOS. Se analizaron 1.507 urocultivos de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de IVU bajas. Las muestras se inocularon en medios de agar sangre de carnero al 5 per cent, agar McConkey, así como en medio HBT (para G. vaginalis); caldo U9B y agar E (para M. hominis y U. urealyticum). Se analizaron la edad, el sexo, el embarazo y la diabetes como posibles factores de riesgo. RESULTADOS. Se obtuvieron 436 (28,9 per cent) cultivos positivos.Escherichia coli fue aislado en 44,34 per cent de los casos. Se recuperaron 162 (37 per cent) cultivos positivos con bacterias asociadas a infecciones de transmisión sexual como G. vaginalis (25,7 per cent), U. urealyticum (5,9 per cent), S. agalactiae (3,4 per cent) y M. hominis (2 per cent). La IVU es más común entre los 20-40 años, en mujeres y en diabéticos. CONCLUSIONES. Debido a la alta frecuencia con que se aíslan estos microorganismos, se sugiere realizar estudios que aclaren su papel etiológico en las IVU (AU)

Prevalencia del streptococcus pyogenes y su relación con la fiebre reumática / Prevalence of Streptococcus pyogenes and its relation to rheumatic fever

La fiebre reumática es una enfermedad de la infancia y de la adolescencia, alcanza su mayor frecuencia entre los cuatro y los nueve años de edad; su incidencia es muy alta en la segunda década de la vida y declina rápidamente a partir de los 20 años. El objetivo del presente estudio fué determinar la presencia de Streptococcus pyogenes en niños de dos guarderías de diferente nivel socio-económico y establecer un programa de vigilancia en ambas. Para ello, se procesaron 42 cultivos de exudado faríngeo de la guardería del Centro de Estudios de Atención Primaria de la Salud y 39 de la guardería CENDI, Coyoacán. Obteniéndose un 14% de positividad en la primera por un 11% de la segunda. Estos resultados son discutivos en el presente trabajo. Finalmente al implantar este to de programas se le debe dar un énfasis especial a los portadores ya que son la fuente de infección a otras personas.