Downregulation of SLC16A11 is Present in Offspring of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Studies have identified that diseases in pregnancy affect fetal growth and development of the newborn. In Mexican population, the gene SLC16A11 has been identified as a factor that increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, information is scarce about its expression in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); epigenetic modifications due to maternal hyperglycemic state could be identified early in fetal development. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the SLC16A11 expression and methylation status in umbilical cord blood of newborns offspring of mothers with or without GDM. METHODS: Cross-sectional, analytic study. Pregnant patients undergoing caesarean delivery with and without GDM in the Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Gineco-obstetricia #4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, were invited to participate. DNA was extracted from the mothers' blood cells, or umbilical cord blood cells of their newborns, and subjected to methylation status. Total RNA was used to evaluate the SLC16A11 expression by endpoint RT-PCR. Variables were analyzed with Student t. Values of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A SLC16A11 downregulation was observed for newborns, while methylation status was found in only 1 of 68 mother-child pairs. Somatometry of newborns showed no differences between groups. Differences were found in total cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, glucose, and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a differential expression for SLC16A11 was observed in offspring. Downregulation in this gene expression could characterize the offspring from GDM. No difference was found in somatometry of newborns of mothers with and without GDM.

Association between glycemic control and dietary patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Mexican institute.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between glycemic control (hemoglobin (Hb) A1c <7%) and the dietary patterns identified in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This was a secondary analysis conducted with 4838 patients with T2DM in Mexico. Biochemical blood profiles, socioeconomic level, anthropometric measurements, and dietary data were obtained. Dietary data from a food frequency questionnaire were used to derive dietary patterns. Factor analysis was conducted to ascertain dietary patterns, and multivariate analysis was fitted to assess the relationship between glycemic control and consumption of dietary patterns. RESULTS: Three dietary patterns were identified. After control for potential cofounders (age, sex, duration of T2DM, body mass index, pharmacologic treatment, intensity of physical activity, socioeconomic level, and kcal/kg ideal weight), we found that consuming a Western-style diet (odds ratio [OR], 1.533, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.253-1.875; P < 0.000), and the sweets and dairy diet (fats and sugars; OR, 1.444; 95% CI, 1.133-1.841; P = 0.003) patterns were associated with HbA1c ≥7%, whereas consuming a healthy dietary patter (OR, 0.800; 95% CI, 0.642-0.998; P = 0.048) was associated with HbA1c <7%. CONCLUSIONS: Consuming a healthy diet was associated with glycemic control; whereas the Western-style or sweets and dairy patterns promoted a lack of metabolic control. These results support the promotion of a healthy pattern in the Mexican population with T2DM.