Cáncer colorrectal. Variantes génicas en la vía de señalización BMP y ancestría en población mexicana / Colorectal cancer. Genetic variants in BMP signaling pathway and ancestry in the Mexican population

Resumen Introducción: Variantes génicas relacionadas con la vía de señalización de las proteínas morfogenéticas óseas (BMP2, BMP4, GREM1, SMAD7) se han asociado a cáncer colorrectal, principalmente en poblaciones caucásicas. Objetivo: Describir la asociación de variantes en miembros de la vía BMP en población mexicana, caracterizada por su ancestría indoamericana y caucásica. Métodos: Se realizó el genotipado de 1000 casos de cáncer colorrectal y 1043 individuos de control reclutados en la Ciudad de México, Monterrey y Torreón mediante la plataforma Sequenom. Con análisis univariados y multivariados se estudiaron las asociaciones entre cáncer colorrectal y variantes. Resultados: Las variantes rs4444235, rs12953717 y rs4939827 replicaron la asociación con la neoplasia (p ≤ 0.05). La ascendencia caucásica mostró asociación con el tumor. Conclusiones: El estudio mostró las asociaciones entre cáncer colorrectal y las variantes SMAD7 y BMP4, así como con el componente caucásico de la mezcla étnica.

Abstract Introduction: Genetic variants related to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2, BMP4, GREM1, SMAD7) signaling pathway have been associated with colorectal cancer, mainly in Caucasian populations. Objective: To describe the association of variants in members of the BMP signaling pathway in a Mexican population, characterized by its indigenous American and Caucasian ancestry. Methods: Genotyping of 1,000 colorectal cancer cases and 1,043 control individuals recruited in Mexico City, Monterrey, and Torreón was carried out using the Sequenom platform. Associations between colorectal cancer and variants were studied with univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Variants rs4444235, rs12953717 and rs4939827 replicated the association with the neoplasm (p ≤ 0.05). Caucasian ancestry showed association with the tumor. Conclusions: The study replicated the associations between colorectal cancer and SMAD7 and BMP4 variants, with an association being observed with the Caucasian component of the ethnic mix.

Chronic Treatment with the Probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 Attenuates Motor Impairment, Striatal Microglial Activation, and Dopaminergic Loss in Rats with 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced Hemiparkinsonism.

Gut dysbiosis is considered a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), and chronic treatment with probiotics could prevent it. Here we report the assessment of a probiotic mixture [Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and Bifidobacterium animalis lactis BB-12 (BB-12)] administered to male rats 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right striatum, a model that mimics the early stages of PD. Before and after lesion, animals were subjected to behavioral tests: narrow beam, cylinder test, and apomorphine (APO)-induced rotations. Dopaminergic (DA) denervation and microglia recruitment were assessed with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+) and ionized calcium-binding protein-1 adapter (Iba1+) immunostaining, respectively. Post 6-OHDA injury, rats treated with sunflower oil (probiotics vehicle) developed significant decrease in crossing speed and increases in contralateral paw slips (narrow beam), forepaw use asymmetry (cylinder), and APO-induced rotations. In striatum, 6-OHDA eliminated ≈2/3 of TH+ area and caused significant increase of Iba1+ microglia population. Retrograde axonal degeneration suppressed ≈2/5 of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In hemiparkinsonian rats, probiotics treatment significantly improved the crossing speed, and also reduced paw slips (postlesion days 14 and 21), the loss of TH+ neurons in SNpc, and the loss of TH+ area and of Iba1+ microglia count in striatum, without affecting the proportion of microglia morphological phenotypes. Probiotics treatment did not attenuate forepaw use asymmetry nor APO-induced rotations. These results indicate that the mixture of probiotics LGG and BB-12 protects nigrostriatal DA neurons against 6-OHDA-induced damage, supporting their potential as preventive treatment of PD.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescent Students in a Highly-Marginalized Locality in Yucatan, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of cardiovascular diseases and differences by sex in adolescents in a highly-marginalized locality in Yucatan. METHODS: The study was carried out with high school students (n = 170). Weight, height, age, waist circumference, and blood pressure were recorded; the indicators height/age, body mass index (BMI)/age, waist circumference/height, and systolic blood pressure/height were calculated. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were calculated. RESULTS: Concerning height/age, only 44.1% of the adolescents had normal height, while 55.2% had low or severely low height. Concerning waist circumference/height, 26% presented a cardiovascular risk, more frequently in women (p<.05) than in men; of the adolescents, 8.8% registered prehypertension/hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors found in the population, confer susceptibility to health risks due to age, poverty, and social marginalization. It is necessary to carry out intervention programs for adolescents from highly-marginalized communities.

Volviéndonos mejores: necesidad de acción inmediata ante el reto de la obesidad. Una postura de profesionales de la salud.

La creciente epidemia de obesidad ha sido uno de los retos más importantes de salud pública en México durante los últimos años. Con apoyo de la Federación Mundial de Obesidad, en 2021 formamos un grupo de profesionales para identificar y resumir las acciones prioritarias en las que puede enfocarse nuestro país para hacer frente a esta epidemia. Al proceso de desarrollo y discusión de este grupo se sumaron más de 1 000 profesionales de la salud para retomar recomendaciones de documentos y guías de alto nivel previamente publicados. En conmemoración del Día Mundial de la Obesidad, en este 2022 se presenta esta postura como insumo para el desarrollo de acciones en el ámbito profesional y de los diferentes sectores, en la que se incluyen 10 recomendaciones de acción, desde la perspectiva poblacional hasta la atención individualizada, y se enfatiza en la importancia de la participación social, de las intervenciones integrales con visión centrada en la persona y de la sostenibilidad planetaria, además de mejorar la educación y las campañas de difusión, propiciar un ambiente promotor de entornos activos y blindar de conflictos de interés los esfuerzos de prevención y control. La postura hace un llamado para abordar la obesidad de manera seria, con base en la evidencia científica, oportuna e integral, con enfoque de curso de vida, de forma ética y sensible, y sin perpetuar las barreras del estigma de peso en la sociedad.

Volviéndonos mejores: necesidad de acción inmediata ante el reto de la obesidad. Una postura de profesionales de la salud / Becoming better: the need for immediate action to address obesity. A position statement from health professionals

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Abstract: In recent decades, the growing obesity epidemic in Mexico has become one of the most important public health challenges faced by the country. With support from the World Obesity Federation, we formed a working group in 2021 to identify and summarize priority actions that Mexico can take to face this epidemic. More than 1 000 health professionals joined the development and discussion process. Recommendations from previously published, high-level documents and guidelines were taken into account. In commemoration of World Obesity Day 2022, this statement is presented as input for health care professionals to develop actions to address obesity. The statement includes 10 recommendations that include population-level and individual-level actions. It emphasizes the importance of social participation, comprehensive interventions with a person- centered perspective, planetary sustainability, on improving education and communication campaigns, as well as fostering a built environment that promotes active living, and shielding prevention and control efforts from conflicts of interest. The statement calls for obesity to be treated seriously, based on scientific evidence, in a timely and comprehensive manner, employing a life-course and ethical approach that does not perpetuate weight stigma in society.

Colorectal cancer. Genetic variants in BMP signaling pathway and ancestry in the Mexican population.

INTRODUCTION: Genetic variants related to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2, BMP4, GREM1, SMAD7) signaling pathway have been associated with colorectal cancer, mainly in Caucasian populations. OBJECTIVE: To describe the association of variants in members of the BMP signaling pathway in a Mexican population, characterized by its indigenous American and Caucasian ancestry. METHODS: Genotyping of 1,000 colorectal cancer cases and 1,043 control individuals recruited in Mexico City, Monterrey, and Torreón was carried out using the Sequenom platform. Associations between colorectal cancer and variants were studied with univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Variants rs4444235, rs12953717 and rs4939827 replicated the association with the neoplasm (p ≤ 0.05). Caucasian ancestry showed association with the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: The study replicated the associations between colorectal cancer and SMAD7 and BMP4 variants, with an association being observed with the Caucasian component of the ethnic mix.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Variantes génicas relacionadas con la vía de señalización de las proteínas morfogenéticas óseas (BMP2, BMP4, GREM1, SMAD7) se han asociado a cáncer colorrectal, principalmente en poblaciones caucásicas. OBJETIVO: Describir la asociación de variantes en miembros de la vía BMP en población mexicana, caracterizada por su ancestría indoamericana y caucásica. MÉTODOS: Se realizó el genotipado de 1000 casos de cáncer colorrectal y 1043 individuos de control reclutados en la Ciudad de México, Monterrey y Torreón mediante la plataforma Sequenom. Con análisis univariados y multivariados se estudiaron las asociaciones entre cáncer colorrectal y variantes. RESULTADOS: Las variantes rs4444235, rs12953717 y rs4939827 replicaron la asociación con la neoplasia (p ≤ 0.05). La ascendencia caucásica mostró asociación con el tumor. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio mostró las asociaciones entre cáncer colorrectal y las variantes SMAD7 y BMP4, así como con el componente caucásico de la mezcla étnica.

Chronic feeding with 3% dried raw blueberries (V. corymbosum) reduces apomorphine-induced rotations and striatal dopaminergic loss in hemiparkinsonian rats.

Blueberries (BB) are rich in antioxidant polyphenols, and their intake could prevent Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we assessed whether rats chronically fed dried raw BB develop resistance to dopaminergic denervation and motor disorders caused by unilateral intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a dopaminergic neurotoxin acting mainly by inducing oxidative stress. Male rats were fed either with LabDiet® alone or supplemented with 3% lyophilized raw BB for 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after injecting 6-OHDA (day 0) or vehicle (mock lesion) into the right striatum. The cylinder test was performed on days -14, -7, -1, +7, +14, and +21; the percentage of ipsilateral forepaw (IF) use asymmetry was determined by counting the wall contacts made with either forepaw or with both. Apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced rotation was performed on days -1, +7, +14, and +21. Full contralateral rotations were counted in 3-min periods, every 15 min, up to 90 min. Striatal slices were immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the ionized calcium-binding protein-1 adapter (Iba1) [immunoreactive area or microglia count in right striatum expressed as % of the left striatum]. Antioxidants in BB methanolic extracts neutralized the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl in a concentration-dependent manner. Anthocyanins have been reported as the most abundant polyphenols in BB. Using the pH differential method, the total anthocyanin content (malvidin-3-glucoside equivalents) in raw BB averaged 21.04 mg/g dry weight. The range of anthocyanin intake by rats throughout the study varied from 37.7 to 72.2 mg/kg body weight. The time and food type factors, as well as their interaction were significant according to two-way RM-ANOVA in both the apomorphine-induced rotations and the cylinder test. Compared with LabDiet® alone, chronic supplementation with 3% dried raw BB decreased apomorphine-induced rotations on days +14 and +21 (p < 0.001) and produced a 46% reduction in total rotations post-surgery (p < 0.05), but only caused a partial, non-significant, decrease of IF asymmetry. BB supplementation reduced TH loss in the striatum (p < 0.05) but did not attenuate the increase of Iba1+ microglia. The consumption of 3% dried raw blueberries attenuates dopaminergic denervation and partially reverses motor disorders in the 6-OHDA-induced PD model in rats. The phytochemicals of raw blueberries that contribute to the observed neuroprotective effect are yet to be identified.

Nivel de conocimientos en la prevención del cáncer de próstata en derechohabientes de una unidad de medicina familiar / Level of knowledge in prostate cancer prevention in beneficiaries from a family medicine unit

Introducción: el cáncer es una de las primeras causas de muerte mundial; en 2012 representó 8.2 millones de muertes. En México, a pesar de que la incidencia de cáncer de próstata es tres veces menor que lo observado en Estados Unidos, la mortalidad por esta causa es prácticamente igual (11.3 vs 9.8 muertes por cada 100,000 hombres) y representa la primera causa de cáncer y mortalidad por cáncer en hombres, por lo que es de vital importancia la prevención y para ello se debe promover el conocimiento de esta afección. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la prevención del cáncer de próstata en hombres de 40 a 65 años de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 51. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario validado (alfa de Cronbach de 0.8) sobre las medidas preventivas del cáncer prostático a 204 derechohabientes masculinos de la unidad. Resultados: el grado de conocimientos sobre la prevención del cáncer de próstata es bajo en el 66% de los casos, me- dio en el 31% y alto en el 3%; el 78.9% de los participantes corresponde a casados, el 51.5% tiene grado de estudios de preparatoria o superior y el 47.1% es obrero. Conclusiones: el bajo grado de conocimientos en la prevención del cáncer prostático muestra un área de oportunidad de mejorar si se difunde a edades tempranas.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide; in 2012, 8.2 million deaths were attributed to it. In Mexico, despite the fact that the incidence of prostate cancer is three times lower than that observed in the United States, mortality from this cause is practically the same (11.3 vs. 9.8 deaths per 100 000 men) and represents the first cause of cancer and cancer mortality in men, which is why prevention is of vital importance, and for this, knowledge about the pathology must be promoted. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge about the pre- vention of prostate cancer in men between 40 and 65 years from the Family Medicine Unit No. 51. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study. A validated questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha of 0.8) on preventive measures of prostate cancer was applied to 204 male beneficiaries from the aforementioned unit. Results: The level of knowledge about the prevention of prostate cancer is low in 66% of the cases, medium in 31% and high in 3%; 78.9% are married, 51.5% have a high school education level or higher and 47.1% are workers. Conclusions: The low level of knowledge of prostate cancer prevention shows an area of opportunity for improvement with a greater emphasis on early ages.

Toxicological Screening of Four Bioactive Citroflavonoids: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches.

Many studies describe different pharmacological effects of flavonoids on experimental animals and humans. Nevertheless, few ones are confirming the safety of these compounds for therapeutic purposes. This study aimed to investigate the preclinical safety of naringenin, naringin, hesperidin, and quercetin by in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. For this, an MTT-based cytotoxicity assay in VERO and MDCK cell lines was performed. In addition, acute toxicity was evaluated on Wistar rats by OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (Test No. 423: Acute Oral Toxicity-Class Method). Furthermore, we used the ACD/Tox Suite to predict toxicological parameters such as hERG channel blockade, CYP450 inhibition, and acute toxicity in animals. The results showed that quercetin was slightly more cytotoxic on cell lines (IC50 of 219.44 ± 7.22 mM and 465.41 ± 7.44 mM, respectively) than the other citroflavonoids. All flavonoids exhibited an LD50 value > 2000 mg/kg, which classifies them as low-risk substances as OECD guidelines established. Similarly, predicted LD50 was LD50 > 300 to 2000 mg/kg for all flavonoids as acute toxicity assay estimated. Data suggests that all these flavonoids did not show significant toxicological effects, and they were classified as low-risk, useful substances for drug development.

[Frequent consumption of industrialized food and its perception among overweight and obese indigenous Mayan adolescents]. / Consumo frecuente de alimentos industrializados y su percepción en adolescentes indígenas Mayas con sobrepeso y obesidad.

The scope of this paper was to identify what kind and which type of modern industrialized foods that overweight and obese adolescents consume and the perception they have of them. The study was of the qualitative-quantitative, descriptive and interpretative type and was conducted with adolescent students from four high schools in the municipality of Abalá, Yucatán, Mexico. It consisted of three stages, the first of which involved recording anthropometric measurements of 292 high school students to obtain their Body Mass Index. In the second stage, 58 students who were overweight and obese were randomly selected and a food consumption frequency questionnaire was applied. In the third stage, four focus groups were held to ascertain the perception with respect to food consumption. A high intake of modern industrialized foods was observed at breakfast, school break and dinner, though traditional dishes are still consumed at mealtimes. The conclusion drawn is that there is a transculturation of food among adolescents.

Se planteó como objetivo identificar cuáles y de qué tipo son los alimentos industrializados modernos que los adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad consumen y la percepción que tienen de ellos. El estudio fue de tipo cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo; se llevó a cabo con estudiantes adolescentes de cuatro secundarias del municipio de Abalá, Yucatán, México. Constó de tres etapas, en la primera se realizaron mediciones antropométricas a 292 estudiantes de las secundarias para obtener el Índice de Masa Corporal, en la segunda se seleccionaron al azar 58 estudiantes que presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad; a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. En la tercera etapa se realizaron cuatro grupos focales para conocer la percepción respecto al consumo de alimentos. Se observó una ingesta alta de alimentos industrializados modernos en el desayuno, receso escolar y cena; en el tiempo de la comida aún se consumen preparaciones tradicionales. Existe una transculturación de la alimentación en los adolescentes.

Consumo frecuente de alimentos industrializados y su percepción en adolescentes indígenas Mayas con sobrepeso y obesidad / Frequent consumption of industrialized food and its perception among overweight and obese indigenous Mayan adolescents

Resumen Se planteó como objetivo identificar cuáles y de qué tipo son los alimentos industrializados modernos que los adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad consumen y la percepción que tienen de ellos. El estudio fue de tipo cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo; se llevó a cabo con estudiantes adolescentes de cuatro secundarias del municipio de Abalá, Yucatán, México. Constó de tres etapas, en la primera se realizaron mediciones antropométricas a 292 estudiantes de las secundarias para obtener el Índice de Masa Corporal, en la segunda se seleccionaron al azar 58 estudiantes que presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad; a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. En la tercera etapa se realizaron cuatro grupos focales para conocer la percepción respecto al consumo de alimentos. Se observó una ingesta alta de alimentos industrializados modernos en el desayuno, receso escolar y cena; en el tiempo de la comida aún se consumen preparaciones tradicionales. Existe una transculturación de la alimentación en los adolescentes.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to identify what kind and which type of modern industrialized foods that overweight and obese adolescents consume and the perception they have of them. The study was of the qualitative-quantitative, descriptive and interpretative type and was conducted with adolescent students from four high schools in the municipality of Abalá, Yucatán, Mexico. It consisted of three stages, the first of which involved recording anthropometric measurements of 292 high school students to obtain their Body Mass Index. In the second stage, 58 students who were overweight and obese were randomly selected and a food consumption frequency questionnaire was applied. In the third stage, four focus groups were held to ascertain the perception with respect to food consumption. A high intake of modern industrialized foods was observed at breakfast, school break and dinner, though traditional dishes are still consumed at mealtimes. The conclusion drawn is that there is a transculturation of food among adolescents.

Comparación entre la percepción corporal y el índice de masa corporal en estudiantes de secundaria de dos municipios de Yucatán / Comparison between body perception and body mass index in secondary students from two municipalities of Yucatan / Comparação entre percepção corporal e índice de massa corporal em estudantes do ensino médio de dois municipios de Yucatán / Comparaison entre la perception corporelle et l'indice de masse corporelle chez des élèves du secondaire de deux municipalités du Yucatán

Resumen Objetivo Comparar la relación de la Percepción de la Imagen Corporal y el Índice de Masa Corporal en estudiantes de secundaria de dos municipios de Yucatán. Material y Métodos Estudio cuantitativo y transversal, en 462 estudiantes de 11 a 17 años pertenecientes a escuelas de los municipios de Abalá y Chacsinkín, Yucatán. Se tomó el peso corporal y la talla, se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC)/edad, de acuerdo a los patrones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para adolescentes. Se determinó la percepción de la imagen corporal mediante el instrumento Análisis de la Percepción de la Imagen Corporal (APC), propuesta por Stunkard y Stellard, modificado por Collins. Para el análisis estadístico inferencial se utilizó la prueba Chi-cuadrara con un valor de significancia estadística de 5%. Resultados 62.9% de los adolescentes, tienen un Índice de Masa Corporal normal, mientras que 35.6% presentan una prevalencia combinada de obesidad y sobrepeso. En cuanto a Percepción de la Imagen Corporal, 28.8 % de los adolescentes se percibieron de acuerdo con su IMC real; 25.3% se percibieron con IMC mayor al real y 45.9% se percibieron con IMC menor al que tienen en realidad Conclusiones En el municipio de Abala, los adolescentes presentaron mayor prevalencia de normo peso y exceso de peso; frecuencia mayor de concordancia entre la percepción corporal y el IMC real y sobre estimación de su IMC, a diferencia de la mayor frecuencia de subestimación que se presentó en los adolescentes del municipio de Chacsinkín Los adolescentes de ambos municipios con exceso de peso, subestimaron su IMC y no lo identifican como un problema de salud, lo que representa un área de oportunidad para el trabajo del equipo multidisciplinario de salud.

Abstract Objective To compare the relationship between the Perception of the Body Image and the Body Mass Index in secondary school students of two municipalities of Yucatán. Material and Methods Quantitative and cross-sectional study, with a population of 462 students aged from 11 to 17 belonging to schools in the municipalities of Abalá and Chacsinkin, Yucatán. Body weight and height were taken; Body Mass Index (BMI) by age was calculated according to the patterns of the World Health Organization (WHO) for adolescents. Body image perception was determined by means of the Body Image Perception Analysis (BPI) instrument proposed by Stunkard and Stellard and modified by Collins. For the inferential statistical analysis, the Chi-square test with a statistical significance value of 5% was used. Results 62.9% of adolescents have a normal Body Mass Index; while 35.6% have a combined prevalence of obesity and overweight. Regarding Perception of Body Image, 28.8% of adolescents were perceived according to their real BMI; 25.3% were perceived with BMI greater than the real and 45.9% were perceived with BMI lower than they actually have Conclusions In the municipality of Abalá, adolescents presented a higher prevalence of normal weight and excess weight; higher frequency of concordance between body perception and real BMI and overestimation of their BMI, unlike the higher frequency of underestimation that occurred in adolescents in the municipality of Chacsinkin Adolescents in both municipalities with excess weight underestimated their BMI and they did not identify it as a health problem, which represents an area of opportunity for the work of the multidisciplinary health team.

Sumário Objetivo Comparar a relação entre a percep9áo da imagem corporal e o índice de massa corporal em estudantes do ensino médio de dois municipios de Yucatán. Material e Métodos Estudo quantitativo e transversal, em 462 alunos de 11 a 17 anos pertencentes a escolas dos municipios de Abalá e Chacsinkin, Yucatán. O peso corporal e a altura foram medidos, calculado o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) / idade, de acordo com os padrões da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para adolescentes. A percepção da imagem corporal foi determinada utilizando o instrumento Body Image Perception Analysis (APC), proposto por Stunkard e Stellard, modificado por Collins. O teste do qui-quadrado com valor de significância estatística de 5% foi utilizado para a análise estatística inferencial. Resultados 62,9% dos adolescentes têm um Índice de Massa Corporal normal, enquanto 35,6% têm uma prevalência combinada de obesidade e sobrepeso. Em relação a percepção da imagem corporal, 28,8% dos adolescentes foram percebidos de acordo com o IMC real; 25,3% foram percebidos com IMC maior que o real e 45,9% foram percebidos com IMC menor do que realmente Conclusões No municipio de Abala, os adolescentes apresentaram maior prevalência de peso normal e excesso de peso; maior frequência de concordância entre a percepção corporal e o IMC real e superestimação do IMC, diferentemente da maior frequência de subestimação que ocorreu em adolescentes no município de Chacsinkín. Os adolescentes dos dois municípios com excesso de peso subestimaram seu IMC e não o identificam como um problema de saúde, o que representa uma área de oportunidade para o trabalho da equipe multiprofissional de saúde.

Résumé Objectif Comparer la relation entre la Perception de l'Image Corporelle et l'Indice de Masse Corporelle chez des élèves du secondaire de deux municipalités du Yucatan. Matériel et méthodes Étude quantitative et transversale, avec une population de 462 élèves, de 11 a 17 ans, inscrits dans des écoles des municipalités d'Abalá et de Chacsinkin, Yucatán. Le poids et la taille ont été relevés, et l'Indice de Masse Corporelle en fonction de l'âge (IMC-pour-l'âge) a été calculé selon les normes de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) pour adolescents. La Perception de l'Image Corporelle a été déterminée a l'aide de l'instrument Analyse de la Perception de l'Image Corporelle (BPA) proposé par Stunkard et Stellard et modifié par Collins. Le test du Khi-deux avec une valeur de signification statistique de 5 % a été utilisé pour l'analyse statistique inférentielle. Résultats 62,9 % des adolescents ont un Indice de Masse Corporelle normal alors qu'il existe une prévalence combinée d'obésité et de surpoids de 35,6 %. La Perception de l'Image Corporelle a été en accord à l'IMC réel dans 28,8 % des cas. 25,3 % se sont per9us comme ayant un IMC supérieur à leur IMC réel et 45,9 % comme ayant un IMC inférieur à leur IMC réel. Conclusions Dans la municipalité d'Abala, les adolescents ont présenté une prévalence plus élevée de poids normal et de surpoids, une fréquence plus élevée de concordance entre leur perception corporelle et l'IMC réel et une surestimation de leur IMC, en comparaison avec la fréquence plus élevée de sous-estimation chez les adolescents de la municipalité de Chacsinkin. Les adolescents des deux municipalités ayant un excès de poids ont sous-estimé leur IMC et ne l'ont pas identifié comme un problème de santé, ce qui constitue un champs d'opportunités pour le travail de l'équipe de santé multidisciplinaire.

The effect of diet on oxidative stress and metabolic diseases-Clinically controlled trials.

Oxidative stress is associated with several chronic diseases. It is acknowledged that molecules damaged by reactive oxygen species activate the inflammatory process and that this response increases the production of free radicals. Modifications in a diet can improve or decrease redox state markers. The aim of this revision was to provide an update of clinical controlled trials, to assess changes in diet and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with metabolic diseases. They were investigated randomized controlled intervention studies (RCTs) published in MEDLINE (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) that were conducted in subjects with obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia; with dietary intervention; where markers of oxidative stress have been evaluated and published in the last 5 years. Food antioxidants, hypocaloric diets with loss of adipose tissue, substitution of animal protein by vegetable, and changes in the microbiota improve antioxidant status in people with chronic disease. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus and adipose tissue in obesity are known to trigger oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, in turn, decreases insulin sensitivity and favors an inflammatory state producing adhesion molecules. Oxidative stress and adhesion molecules, can increase blood pressure and oxidation of lipoproteins, that ultimately could lead to a cerebrovascular event. Consumption of high-antioxidant and polyphenol foods increases plasma antioxidant capacity and decreases oxidative stress markers in people with diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia. In addition, weight loss caused by caloric restriction with or without exercise increases the endogenous antioxidant capacity. Therefore, it is likely that the combination of a hypocaloric diet with a high content of antioxidants and polyphenols will have a greater effect. Other dietary changes with antioxidant effect, such as the substitution of animal for vegetable protein or the addition of fiber, might be mediated by changes in the microbiota. However, this aspect requires further study.

Riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y su percepción en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad de comunidades mayas de Yucatán / Risk of cardiovascular diseases and their perception in adolescents with overweight and obesity in Mayan communities of Yucatan

Las investigaciones realizadas en adolescentes del área rural y su percepción de salud son escasas, lo que representa un área de oportunidad para prevenir enfermedades de tipo cardiovascular en la vida adulta. El objetivo fue determinar el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y su percepción en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad de comunidades mayas. Se llevó a cabo en dos etapas: cuantitativatransversal y cualitativa. En el Municipio de Abalá, Yucatán, con estudiantes de secundarias (n = 292). Se registró el peso, talla, edad, circunferencia de cintura, tensión arterial y se calcularon los indicadores Talla/Edad, Índice de Masa Corporal/Edad, Cintura Cadera/Talla y Tensión Arterial sistólica/Talla. Se realizaron grupos focales con adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad según Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) para explorar creencias acerca del sobrepeso/obesidad, alimentos que lo provocan y enfermedades ocasionadas. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y prueba de Chi-cuadrado. El 96,9% de los adolescentes tuvo talla normal; según IMC, 54,1% peso Normal, 28,4% sobrepeso y 17,1% obesidad. El 30,5% presentó riesgo cardiovascular según Cintura Cadera/Talla y el 8,9% de los adolescentes registró prehipertensión/hipertensión, más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres. Respecto a la percepción del sobrepeso/obesidad, los adolescentes señalaron que no es buena para la salud; los alimentos que ocasionan sobrepeso/obesidad son ricos en hidratos de carbono, grasas, con alto contenido calórico y las enfermedades derivadas del sobrepeso/obesidad son diabetes, anemia, anorexia y desnutrición. Se encontró riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes, mayor en los hombres. Perciben que no llevan una buena alimentación, lo que podría ocasionarles sobrepeso/obesidad y desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares(AU)

The research carried out in adolescents in rural areas and their perception of health is scarce, which represents an area of opportunity to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, since at this stage increases the degree of autonomy. The objective was to determine the risk of cardiovascular diseases and their perception in adolescents with overweight and obesity in Mayan communities. It was carried out in two stages: quantitative-transversal and qualitative; In the municipality of Abalá, Yucatán with secondary students (n = 292). The weight, height, age, waist circumference, blood pressure was recorded and height/age indicators, Body mass index/age, waist circumference/age and systolic/height were calculated. Focal groups were conducted with overweight or obese adolescents according to Body Mass Index (BMI) to explore beliefs about overweight/obesity, foods that cause obesity and illness. Descriptive statistics and Chisquare test were used. Height was adequate in 96.9% of adolescents, according to BMI, 54% had normal weight 28.4% were overweight and 17.1% were obese. 30.5% showed cardiovascular risk, according to waist circumference/height and 8.9% of adolescents had prehypertension/hypertension, being more frequent in males than females. About the perception of overweight/obesity, adolescents feel that it is not good for health; the foods that cause these problems are rich in carbohydrates, fats, with high caloric value; diseases resulting from overweight/obesity are diabetes, anaemia, anorexia and malnutrition. However, adolescents present cardiovascular risk, being higher in males. Adolescents perceive that they are not eating well, which can lead to overweight/obesity and the development of cardiovascular disease(AU)

Thymidylate synthase gene variants as predictors of clinical response and toxicity to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Fluoropyrimidines form the chemotherapy backbone of advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). These drugs are frequently associated with toxicity events that result in dose adjustments and even suspension of the treatment. The thymidylate synthase (TYMS) gene is a potential marker of response and toxicity to fluoropyirimidines as this enzyme is the molecular target of these drugs. Our aim was to assess the association between variants of TYMS with response and toxicity to fluoropyrimidines in patients with CRC in independent retrospective and prospective studies. METHODS: Variants namely rs45445694, rs183205964, rs2853542 and rs151264360 of TYMS were genotyped in 105 CRC patients and were evaluated to define their association with clinical response and toxicity to fluoropyrimidines. Additionally, the relationship between genotypes and tumor gene expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The 2R/2R (rs45445694) was associated with clinical response (p=0.05, odds ratio (OR)=3.45) and severe toxicity (p=0.0014, OR=5.21, from pooled data). Expression analysis in tumor tissues suggested a correlation between the 2R/2R genotype and low TYMS expression. CONCLUSIONS: The allele 2R (rs45445694) predicts severe toxicity and objective response in advanced CRC patients. In addition, the alleles G(rs2853542) and 6bp-(rs151264360) are independent predictors of response failure to chemotherapy. This is the first study made on a Latin American population that points out TYMS gene variants have predictive values for response and toxicity in patients with CRC treated with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy.

Evaluation of the Antihyperglycemic Effect of Minor Steviol Glycosides in Normoglycemic and Induced-Diabetic Wistar Rats.

Steviol glycosides are a family of compounds found in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni that are responsible for sweetness capacity. The antihyperglycemic effect of the two major steviol glycosides, Rebaudioside A and Stevioside, has been studied and it has been found that despite having the same common structure, only Stevioside exerts an antihyperglycemic effect. Although other steviol derivatives are found in smaller amounts (minor steviol glycosides) in S. rebaudiana, whether or not they possess antihyperglycemic activity has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of minor steviol glycosides in normoglycemic and diabetic (streptozotocin/nicotinamide) Wistar rats. Rats were subjected to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) both before and after chronic treatment (28 days). After 6 h of fasting, IPGTT was conducted in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats using 1 g/kg of glucose plus 20 mg/kg of the minor glycoside (Dulcoside A, Rebaudioside B, C, D, or Steviolbioside) or control treatment (distilled water, glibenclamide, or metformin); the blood of the tip of the tail was collected at time 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min.; and blood glucose was measured, and its net area under the curve (AUCnet) was calculated. After 28-day chronic oral administration, IPGTT was again performed. Differences were considered significant at P < .05 by one-way ANOVA. Acute intraperitoneal or chronic oral administration of 20 mg/kg of minor steviol glycosides had no antihyperglycemic effect in normoglycemic or induced-diabetic Wistar rats. Considering the dose tested, it is unlikely that these glycosides have an effect on glucose in diabetic or normoglycemic humans.

Replacing sugar with S. rebaudiana extracts on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream / Substituição do açúcar com extratos de S. rebaudiana sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais de sorvete de morango

ABSTRACT: Ice cream is a product whose formulation requires considerable amounts of sugar. In addition to providing flavor, sugar contributes to the physicochemical characteristics of ice cream but its consumption in large quantities is related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. For this reason, the food industry seeks to formulate products with sweeteners that preserve the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the original product. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with no calories and high sweetening capacity and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of replacing sugar with different levels of extracts of S. rebaudiana Morita II and Criolla, on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream. Using a 2x2 factorial experimental design, a total of 4 formulations were prepared with two levels of concentration of the aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (5 or 8%) and the variety of S. rebaudiana (Morita II or Criolla). Proximate composition, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation were determined in processed products. The proximate analysis of strawberry ice cream varied significantly (P<0.05) depending of variety and level used on the formulation. The viscosities of all ice cream mixes were decreasing as the shear rate was increased, indicating a pseudoplastic behavior. The sensory analysis showed differences (P<0.05) among the formulations tested, however the score of all products were above the indifference point, suggesting that all of these formulations may have a commercial potential.

RESUMO: Sorvete é um produto cuja formulação requer quantidades consideráveis de açúcar. Além de proporcionar o sabor, o açúcar contribui para as propriedades físico-químicas do sorvete, mas o seu consumo em grandes quantidades está relacionada com as doenças crônicas, como diabetes e obesidade. Por essa razão, a indústria alimentícia buscou formular produtos com adoçantes para manter as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto original. Stevia rebaudiana é uma planta que contém naturalmente glicosídeos sem calorias com alta capacidade adoçante, cujo consumo é considerado seguro. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do açúcar por diferentes níveis de extratos de S. rebaudiana Morita II e Criolla, sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do sorvete de morango. Usando um modelo experimental de fator 2x2, um total de 4 formulações foram preparadas com 2 níveis de concentração de extrato aquoso de Stevia rebaudiana (5 ou 8%) e a variedade de Stevia (Morita II ou Criolla). Os produtos processados foram submetidos a análises proximais e físico-químicas, e avaliação sensorial foi realizada para três deles. A análise do sorvete de morango teve uma variação estatisticamente significativa (P<0,05), dependendo da variedade e do nível utilizado na formulação. A viscosidade da mistura de sorvete diminuía com o aumento da velocidade de corte, indicando um comportamento pseudoplástico. A análise sensorial mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre as formulações avaliadas e a pontuação de todos os produtos estava acima do ponto de indiferença, indicando que todos eles podem ter um potencial comercial.

Replacing sugar with S. rebaudiana extracts on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream / Substituição do açúcar com extratos de S. rebaudiana sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais de sorvete de morango

Ice cream is a product whose formulation requires considerable amounts of sugar. In addition to providing flavor, sugar contributes to the physicochemical characteristics of ice cream but its consumption in large quantities is related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. For this reason, the food industry seeks to formulate products with sweeteners that preserve the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the original product. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with no calories and high sweetening capacity and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of replacing sugar with different levels of extracts of S. rebaudiana Morita II and Criolla, on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream. Using a 2x2 factorial experimental design, a total of 4 formulations were prepared with two levels of concentration of the aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (5 or 8%) and the variety of S. rebaudiana (Morita II or Criolla). Proximate composition, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation were determined in processed products. The proximate analysis of strawberry ice cream varied significantly (P<0.05) depending of variety and level used on the formulation. The viscosities of all ice cream mixes were decreasing as the shear rate was increased, indicating a pseudoplastic behavior. The sensory analysis showed differences (P<0.05) among the formulations tested, however the score of all products were above the indifference point, suggesting that all of these formulations may have a commercial potential.(AU)

Sorvete é um produto cuja formulação requer quantidades consideráveis de açúcar. Além de proporcionar o sabor, o açúcar contribui para as propriedades físico-químicas do sorvete, mas o seu consumo em grandes quantidades está relacionada com as doenças crônicas, como diabetes e obesidade. Por essa razão, a indústria alimentícia buscou formular produtos com adoçantes para manter as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto original. Stevia rebaudiana é uma planta que contém naturalmente glicosídeos sem calorias com alta capacidade adoçante, cujo consumo é considerado seguro. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do açúcar por diferentes níveis de extratos de S. rebaudiana Morita II e Criolla, sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do sorvete de morango. Usando um modelo experimental de fator 2x2, um total de 4 formulações foram preparadas com 2 níveis de concentração de extrato aquoso de Stevia rebaudiana (5 ou 8%) e a variedade de Stevia (Morita II ou Criolla). Os produtos processados foram submetidos a análises proximais e físico-químicas, e avaliação sensorial foi realizada para três deles. A análise do sorvete de morango teve uma variação estatisticamente significativa (P<0,05), dependendo da variedade e do nível utilizado na formulação. A viscosidade da mistura de sorvete diminuía com o aumento da velocidade de corte, indicando um comportamento pseudoplástico. A análise sensorial mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre as formulações avaliadas e a pontuação de todos os produtos estava acima do ponto de indiferença, indicando que todos eles podem ter um potencial comercial.(AU)