RESUMO
Abstract In the present study, Litomosoides silvai parasitizing Akodon montensis in the southern region of Brazil is reported for the first time. New morphological information is provided for some structures of this nematode species, such as a flattened cephalic extremity, presence of two dorsal cephalic papillae, female tail with a constriction at its tip, s shaped vagina, spicules characteristic of the carinii species group and microfilaria tail constricted at the tip. This nematode was found parasitizing the thoracic cavity with a prevalence of 10% (2/20), mean intensity of 4 (6/2), mean abundance of 0.4 (8/20) and range of infection of 2-6 specimens per host, in southern Brazil. This occurrence of L. silvai in A. montensis is a new geographical record for southern Brazil, in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion of the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, which is part of the Atlantic Forest biome.
Resumo No presente estudo é relatado pela primeira vez Litomosoides silvai parasitando Akodon montensis coletados na região Sul do Brasil. Foram fornecidas novas informações morfológicas para algumas estruturas desta espécie de nematódeo, tais como extremidade cefálica achatada, a presença de duas papilas cefálicas dorsais, cauda das fêmeas com uma constrição na ponta da cauda, vagina em forma de s, espículas de característica do grupo de espécies de carinii e cauda da microfilária com constrição na ponta. Este nematódeo parasitava a cavidade torácica com uma prevalência de 10% (2/20), intensidade média de 4 (8/2) e abundância média de 0,4 (8/20), e intervalo de infecção de 2-6 espécimes por hospedeiro no Sul do Brasil. A ocorrência de L. silvai em A. montensis é um novo registro geográfico, no sul do Brasil, a noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na ecorregião da Mata Atlântica do Alto Paraná, parte do bioma da Mata Atlântica.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT: Liquid pig manure (LPM) is widely used as a compost fertilizer for vegetable crops destined for human consumption. However, these wastes may contain parasites eggs, such as the nematode Ascaris suum, that pose serious health risks to humans. We attempted to determine the most appropriate technique for recovering A. suum eggs from LPM compost. Samples were collected from two waste sources during composting, including 23 samples containing LPM, sawdust, and wood shavings, and 14 samples of LPM alone-both in triplicate. Samples were analyzed using several different recovery methods. Recovery of eggs by the modified Bailenger method with adaptations was significantly more effective and recovered 57% more eggs than by the modified Bailenger method alone. Willis-Mollay method, modified Faust method, and the simple sedimentation technique only recovered 4.4%, 13.9%, and 26% of eggs, respectively, compared with the modified Bailenger method with adaptations, indicating that the adjustments made to the Bailenger method were key to improving the recovery of A. suum eggs from compost and LPM.
RESUMO: Dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) são amplamente utilizado como adubo para as culturas vegetais destinados ao consumo humano. No entanto, estes resíduos podem conter os ovos de parasitas, tais como o nematoide Ascaris suum, que apresentam riscos graves para a saúde dos seres humanos. Neste estudo tentamos determinar a técnica mais apropriada para a recuperação de ovos de A. suum no composto de DLS e nos dejetos líquidos. Foram coletadas amostras de dois tratamentos destes resíduos, que consiste de 23 amostras de DLS + serragem + maravalha e 14 amostras de DLS sozinhos, todos em triplicata. Em ambos, dejetos líquidos e dejetos compostado foram analisados usando um método modificado Bailenger (BM), um método de Faust modificado (FM), o método de Willis-Mollay (WM), sedimentação simples (SS), e pelo método de Bailenger modificado com adaptações (BMA). A recuperação de ovos pelo Método BMA foi significativamente mais eficaz do que pela BM, com 57% mais ovos recuperados usando a técnica de BMA; além disso, o WM, FM, e o método SS recuperaram 4,4%, 13,9% e 26%, respectivamente, em comparação com o método BMA, indicando que os ajustes feitos com o método BM foram fundamentais para melhorar a recuperação de ovos de A. suum ovos em dejetos compostados e DLS puro.
RESUMO
Abstract In the present study, Litomosoides silvai parasitizing Akodon montensis in the southern region of Brazil is reported for the first time. New morphological information is provided for some structures of this nematode species, such as a flattened cephalic extremity, presence of two dorsal cephalic papillae, female tail with a constriction at its tip, s shaped vagina, spicules characteristic of the carinii species group and microfilaria tail constricted at the tip. This nematode was found parasitizing the thoracic cavity with a prevalence of 10% (2/20), mean intensity of 4 (6/2), mean abundance of 0.4 (8/20) and range of infection of 2-6 specimens per host, in southern Brazil. This occurrence of L. silvai in A. montensis is a new geographical record for southern Brazil, in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion of the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, which is part of the Atlantic Forest biome.
Resumo No presente estudo é relatado pela primeira vez Litomosoides silvai parasitando Akodon montensis coletados na região Sul do Brasil. Foram fornecidas novas informações morfológicas para algumas estruturas desta espécie de nematódeo, tais como extremidade cefálica achatada, a presença de duas papilas cefálicas dorsais, cauda das fêmeas com uma constrição na ponta da cauda, vagina em forma de s, espículas de característica do grupo de espécies de carinii e cauda da microfilária com constrição na ponta. Este nematódeo parasitava a cavidade torácica com uma prevalência de 10% (2/20), intensidade média de 4 (8/2) e abundância média de 0,4 (8/20), e intervalo de infecção de 2-6 espécimes por hospedeiro no Sul do Brasil. A ocorrência de L. silvai em A. montensis é um novo registro geográfico, no sul do Brasil, a noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na ecorregião da Mata Atlântica do Alto Paraná, parte do bioma da Mata Atlântica.
RESUMO
Background: Trypanosoma evansi is a flagellate which belongs to the salivate section, commonly observed parasitizing blood of equines, ruminants, pigs, dogs and wild animals in different regions of the world. It causes many losses to farmers due to death of animals and drug spending in endemic areas. The treatment of this disease in Brazil is only performed with diminazene aceturate; however it has been ineffective for many animals. During the lats years many studies have been carried out with natural products such as the essential oils. Copaiba oil stands out due some properties described as anti-inflammatory, healing, antiedematogenic, antitumor, parasitic and antibacterial. Therefore, this study aimed to test, in vitro and in vivo, the susceptibility of T. evansi to copaiba oil. Materials, Methods & Results: The oils used in this study were obtained from Copaifera reticulata and Copaifera duckei trees, commonly found in the Tapajos National Forest. The procedure received authorization of IBAMA due the scientific purposes. This study identified three oils identified as copaiba 4-C (C. reticulata), copaiba 5-C (C. duckei) and copaiba 8-C (C. reticulata). The bioassay was performed in vitro using specific culture medium for T. evansi, previously described by Baltz, 1985. Copaiba oil was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tested in three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and
Background: Trypanosoma evansi is a flagellate which belongs to the salivate section, commonly observed parasitizing blood of equines, ruminants, pigs, dogs and wild animals in different regions of the world. It causes many losses to farmers due to death of animals and drug spending in endemic areas. The treatment of this disease in Brazil is only performed with diminazene aceturate; however it has been ineffective for many animals. During the lats years many studies have been carried out with natural products such as the essential oils. Copaiba oil stands out due some properties described as anti-inflammatory, healing, antiedematogenic, antitumor, parasitic and antibacterial. Therefore, this study aimed to test, in vitro and in vivo, the susceptibility of T. evansi to copaiba oil. Materials, Methods & Results: The oils used in this study were obtained from Copaifera reticulata and Copaifera duckei trees, commonly found in the Tapajos National Forest. The procedure received authorization of IBAMA due the scientific purposes. This study identified three oils identified as copaiba 4-C (C. reticulata), copaiba 5-C (C. duckei) and copaiba 8-C (C. reticulata). The bioassay was performed in vitro using specific culture medium for T. evansi, previously described by Baltz, 1985. Copaiba oil was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tested in three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and
RESUMO
Background: Trypanosoma evansi is a flagellate which belongs to the salivate section, commonly observed parasitizing blood of equines, ruminants, pigs, dogs and wild animals in different regions of the world. It causes many losses to farmers due to death of animals and drug spending in endemic areas. The treatment of this disease in Brazil is only performed with diminazene aceturate; however it has been ineffective for many animals. During the lats years many studies have been carried out with natural products such as the essential oils. Copaiba oil stands out due some properties described as anti-inflammatory, healing, antiedematogenic, antitumor, parasitic and antibacterial. Therefore, this study aimed to test, in vitro and in vivo, the susceptibility of T. evansi to copaiba oil. Materials, Methods & Results: The oils used in this study were obtained from Copaifera reticulata and Copaifera duckei trees, commonly found in the Tapajos National Forest. The procedure received authorization of IBAMA due the scientific purposes. This study identified three oils identified as copaiba 4-C (C. reticulata), copaiba 5-C (C. duckei) and copaiba 8-C (C. reticulata). The bioassay was performed in vitro using specific culture medium for T. evansi, previously described by Baltz, 1985. Copaiba oil was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tested in three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and
Background: Trypanosoma evansi is a flagellate which belongs to the salivate section, commonly observed parasitizing blood of equines, ruminants, pigs, dogs and wild animals in different regions of the world. It causes many losses to farmers due to death of animals and drug spending in endemic areas. The treatment of this disease in Brazil is only performed with diminazene aceturate; however it has been ineffective for many animals. During the lats years many studies have been carried out with natural products such as the essential oils. Copaiba oil stands out due some properties described as anti-inflammatory, healing, antiedematogenic, antitumor, parasitic and antibacterial. Therefore, this study aimed to test, in vitro and in vivo, the susceptibility of T. evansi to copaiba oil. Materials, Methods & Results: The oils used in this study were obtained from Copaifera reticulata and Copaifera duckei trees, commonly found in the Tapajos National Forest. The procedure received authorization of IBAMA due the scientific purposes. This study identified three oils identified as copaiba 4-C (C. reticulata), copaiba 5-C (C. duckei) and copaiba 8-C (C. reticulata). The bioassay was performed in vitro using specific culture medium for T. evansi, previously described by Baltz, 1985. Copaiba oil was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tested in three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and
RESUMO
The excessive use of acaricidal products induces environmental and human contamination, whereas there is also the selection of resistant ticks strains. Most of the chemical acaricides available in the market have low efficacy due intensive use and inadequate management of treatments. Thus, ecologically viable alternatives for the ticks control is a promising area of research. Herbal medicine has as fundamental issue the study of medicinal plants and their use in the control and treatment of human and animal diseases. This experiment has evaluated the in vitro efficacy of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on engorded teleogines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Six concentrations of the oil (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%) were tested, diluted in distilled water, using the engorged female immersion test. The inhibition of oviposition were 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 and 100%, the egg hatch were 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 and 0%, and the effectiveness of treatment 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 and 100%, respectively. The statistic evaluation was done by the linear regression test, and it was observed a significant association between the concentration of the oil and the inhibition of oviposition, egg hatch and effectiveness. The oil at 25% had higher than 50% of effectiveness, and at 50 and 100% had total inhibition of oviposition with maximum efficiency. According to the results, it is possible to conclude t
O uso excessivo de acaricidas predispõe a contaminação do meio ambiente, do homem e estimula a seleção de cepas de carrapatos resistentes. A maioria dos acaricidas químicos disponíveis no mercado apresenta eficácia reduzida devido ao intenso uso e manejo inadequado dos tratamentos. Sendo assim, alternativas ecologicamente viáveis utilizadas no controle dos carrapatos é uma área de pesquisa promissora. A fitoterapia tem como fundamento o estudo de plantas medicinais, assim como sua utilização no controle e tratamento de enfermidades tanto na área humana quanto na animal. Neste experimento foi avaliado o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Para isso foram testadas 6 concentrações do óleo de manjericão (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%), diluído em água destilada, seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Perante os resultados foi observada inibição de postura de 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 e 100%, eclosão larval de 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 e 0% e a eficiência do tratamento de 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A avaliação estatística foi realizada pela análise de regressão linear, onde foi constatada associação significativa entre a concentração do óleo e a inibição de postura, eclosão larval e eficiência do tratamento. O óleo de manjericão á 25% obteve acima de 50% de eficiência, e
RESUMO
The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most important ectoparasite in cattle rising, and it is responsible for severe economic losses. Parasite control is based on chemicals, which are used indiscriminately and result in effectiveness reduction of these compounds. In order to delay the onset of parasite resistance, some alternative methods are being researched, including herbal medicine. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) oil and tincture on R. (B) microplus by the engorged female immersion test. Four oil concentrations were tested (1; 25; 50; 100%) and the inhibition of oviposition were 16; 40; 53; 73%, egg hatch were 28; 16; 23; 6% and the effectiveness were 78; 100; 86; 98%, respectively. The gradual rise of the inhibition of oviposition and low egg hatch had a positive influence in the effectiveness of treatment. The solution at 1% of citronella oil had a partial control of the teleogines and the solution at 25% had 100% of effectiveness. Six dilutions of the tincture (1; 5; 10; 25; 50; 100%) were tested and the inhibition of oviposition were 10; 63; 80; 83; 86; 96%, egg hatch were 91; 31; 6; 26; 0; 0% and the effectiveness were 23; 93; 94; 97; 100; 100%, respectively. Most of the treatments with the citronella tincture had inhibition of oviposition higher than 80% and low egg hatch rate. The tinct
O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o ectoparasito mais importante em áreas de exploração pecuária, sendo responsável por severas perdas econômicas. O controle deste parasito é feito através de produtos químicos, que são utilizados de forma indiscriminada e resultam na redução da eficiência destes compostos. A fim de retardar o aparecimento da resistência parasitária, alguns métodos de controle alternativo vêm sendo pesquisados, entre eles a fitoterapia. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficiência in vitro do óleo e da tintura de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. (B) microplus seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Para isto foram testadas 4 diluições do óleo (1; 25; 50 e 100%), sendo que a inibição de postura foi de 16; 40; 53 e 73%, a eclosão larval de 28; 16; 23 e 6% e a eficácia de 78; 100; 86 e 98%, respectivamente. O gradativo aumento da inibição da postura e a baixa eclosão larval influenciaram positivamente na eficiência dos tratamentos. A solução do óleo a 1% apresentou controle parcial das teleóginas e a solução a 25% apresentou 100% de eficiência. Foram testadas 6 diluições da tintura de citronela (1; 5; 10; 25; 50 e 100%), sendo que a inibição da postura foi de 10; 63; 80; 83; 86 e 96%, a eclosão larval de 91; 31; 6; 26; 0 e 0% e a eficácia de 23; 93; 94; 97; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A maiori
RESUMO
The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important parasite in the cattle raising field due to the economic losses it causes to Brazilian herds. This parasite has two stages of life, a parasitic stage that takes place in the host body and a free-living stage that takes place on soil and vegetation. The water accumulation on the soil has a strong influence in the biology of the Ixodidae, as well as other factors such as temperature and relative humidity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the possible deleterious effect of water immersion in controlled conditions of R. microplus females. For that, the teleogines were immersed in water for 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 and 120 hours, according to the treatment. After this part, the ticks were taken to an incubator to finish the egg-laying and hatching. After 30 hours of water immersion, the teleogines had done the egg-laying, however more them half of the eggs did not hatch. After 48h, half of the ticks had done the laying and the hatching rate was lower than 31%. After 84h, there were no more hatching and the treatment had 100% efficacy. After analyzing the results, we can conclude that water immersion for more than 2 hours have a negative effect on cattle ticks reproduction parameters, through alterations in the egg-laying and in the hatching.
O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é um parasita de destaque na pecuária brasileira devido às perdas econômicas causadas ao rebanho bovino. Este parasito apresenta duas fases de vida, uma fase parasitária que ocorre no corpo do hospedeiro e uma fase de vida livre que ocorre no solo e vegetação. O acúmulo de água no solo influencia na biologia dos ixodídeos, além de outros fatores fundamentais como a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar. Este experimento teve a intenção de investigar a ação deletéria da imersão em água, em condições controladas, de fêmeas de R. microplus. Para isso, as teleóginas permaneceram imersas em água por 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 e 120 horas conforme tratamento, sendo posteriormente colocadas em uma estufa climatizada para verificação da postura de ovos e eclosão das larvas. Foi observado que em um período de até 30h de imersão, as teleóginas realizaram postura, no entanto mais de 50% ovos não eclodiram. Após 48h, foi observado a postura em mais de 50% das fêmeas e a taxa de eclosão larval foi inferior a 31%. A partir de 84h não houve mais eclosão larval e o tratamento atingiu 100% de eficiência. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a imersão em água por um período superior a 2 horas possui efeito negativo nos parâmetros reprodutivos do carrapato bovino, através de alterações na postura e na ecl
RESUMO
Background: The mite Ornithonyssus bursa is a bloodsucking parasite of domestic and wild birds and it is typical of tropical regions. On the host it can cause considerable loss of blood and lesions with intense itching. Cases of parasitism in human beings have been reported causing dermatitis, and most of these cases are due to the presence of nests of synanthropic birds near of the residences. When in large infestations or lack of hosts, the mites leave the nests to perform the parasitism in humans. Human infestation occurs mainly in people who handle infected birds and nests, or when happen the dispersion of these mites, through some path which lead to the interior of homes, factories and hospitals.Case: The present case occurred in November of 2008, when one of the dwellers of an apartment on the fourth floor of a building downtown in Santa Maria, woke up with pruritic lesions over the arms and legs. Upon inspection of the bedroom, several mites were seen, measuring almost a millimeter long, coming out of a pipe of a portable air conditioner installed on site. They were already scattered by the inside walls, floor and bed. The mites were collected and maintained in 70% alcohol for later identification. After the clarification the slides mounting were performed, and the mites with measure between 0.48 mm wide by 0.74 mm long were classified by the position of the anal opening
Background: The mite Ornithonyssus bursa is a bloodsucking parasite of domestic and wild birds and it is typical of tropical regions. On the host it can cause considerable loss of blood and lesions with intense itching. Cases of parasitism in human beings have been reported causing dermatitis, and most of these cases are due to the presence of nests of synanthropic birds near of the residences. When in large infestations or lack of hosts, the mites leave the nests to perform the parasitism in humans. Human infestation occurs mainly in people who handle infected birds and nests, or when happen the dispersion of these mites, through some path which lead to the interior of homes, factories and hospitals.Case: The present case occurred in November of 2008, when one of the dwellers of an apartment on the fourth floor of a building downtown in Santa Maria, woke up with pruritic lesions over the arms and legs. Upon inspection of the bedroom, several mites were seen, measuring almost a millimeter long, coming out of a pipe of a portable air conditioner installed on site. They were already scattered by the inside walls, floor and bed. The mites were collected and maintained in 70% alcohol for later identification. After the clarification the slides mounting were performed, and the mites with measure between 0.48 mm wide by 0.74 mm long were classified by the position of the anal opening
RESUMO
Background: The mite Ornithonyssus bursa is a bloodsucking parasite of domestic and wild birds and it is typical of tropical regions. On the host it can cause considerable loss of blood and lesions with intense itching. Cases of parasitism in human beings have been reported causing dermatitis, and most of these cases are due to the presence of nests of synanthropic birds near of the residences. When in large infestations or lack of hosts, the mites leave the nests to perform the parasitism in humans. Human infestation occurs mainly in people who handle infected birds and nests, or when happen the dispersion of these mites, through some path which lead to the interior of homes, factories and hospitals.Case: The present case occurred in November of 2008, when one of the dwellers of an apartment on the fourth floor of a building downtown in Santa Maria, woke up with pruritic lesions over the arms and legs. Upon inspection of the bedroom, several mites were seen, measuring almost a millimeter long, coming out of a pipe of a portable air conditioner installed on site. They were already scattered by the inside walls, floor and bed. The mites were collected and maintained in 70% alcohol for later identification. After the clarification the slides mounting were performed, and the mites with measure between 0.48 mm wide by 0.74 mm long were classified by the position of the anal opening
Background: The mite Ornithonyssus bursa is a bloodsucking parasite of domestic and wild birds and it is typical of tropical regions. On the host it can cause considerable loss of blood and lesions with intense itching. Cases of parasitism in human beings have been reported causing dermatitis, and most of these cases are due to the presence of nests of synanthropic birds near of the residences. When in large infestations or lack of hosts, the mites leave the nests to perform the parasitism in humans. Human infestation occurs mainly in people who handle infected birds and nests, or when happen the dispersion of these mites, through some path which lead to the interior of homes, factories and hospitals.Case: The present case occurred in November of 2008, when one of the dwellers of an apartment on the fourth floor of a building downtown in Santa Maria, woke up with pruritic lesions over the arms and legs. Upon inspection of the bedroom, several mites were seen, measuring almost a millimeter long, coming out of a pipe of a portable air conditioner installed on site. They were already scattered by the inside walls, floor and bed. The mites were collected and maintained in 70% alcohol for later identification. After the clarification the slides mounting were performed, and the mites with measure between 0.48 mm wide by 0.74 mm long were classified by the position of the anal opening
RESUMO
The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important parasite in the cattle raising field due to the economic losses it causes to Brazilian herds. This parasite has two stages of life, a parasitic stage that takes place in the host body and a free-living stage that takes place on soil and vegetation. The water accumulation on the soil has a strong influence in the biology of the Ixodidae, as well as other factors such as temperature and relative humidity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the possible deleterious effect of water immersion in controlled conditions of R. microplus females. For that, the teleogines were immersed in water for 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 and 120 hours, according to the treatment. After this part, the ticks were taken to an incubator to finish the egg-laying and hatching. After 30 hours of water immersion, the teleogines had done the egg-laying, however more them half of the eggs did not hatch. After 48h, half of the ticks had done the laying and the hatching rate was lower than 31%. After 84h, there were no more hatching and the treatment had 100% efficacy. After analyzing the results, we can conclude that water immersion for more than 2 hours have a negative effect on cattle ticks reproduction parameters, through alterations in the egg-laying and in the hatching.
O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é um parasita de destaque na pecuária brasileira devido às perdas econômicas causadas ao rebanho bovino. Este parasito apresenta duas fases de vida, uma fase parasitária que ocorre no corpo do hospedeiro e uma fase de vida livre que ocorre no solo e vegetação. O acúmulo de água no solo influencia na biologia dos ixodídeos, além de outros fatores fundamentais como a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar. Este experimento teve a intenção de investigar a ação deletéria da imersão em água, em condições controladas, de fêmeas de R. microplus. Para isso, as teleóginas permaneceram imersas em água por 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 e 120 horas conforme tratamento, sendo posteriormente colocadas em uma estufa climatizada para verificação da postura de ovos e eclosão das larvas. Foi observado que em um período de até 30h de imersão, as teleóginas realizaram postura, no entanto mais de 50% ovos não eclodiram. Após 48h, foi observado a postura em mais de 50% das fêmeas e a taxa de eclosão larval foi inferior a 31%. A partir de 84h não houve mais eclosão larval e o tratamento atingiu 100% de eficiência. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a imersão em água por um período superior a 2 horas possui efeito negativo nos parâmetros reprodutivos do carrapato bovino, através de alterações na postura e na ecl
RESUMO
The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most important ectoparasite in cattle rising, and it is responsible for severe economic losses. Parasite control is based on chemicals, which are used indiscriminately and result in effectiveness reduction of these compounds. In order to delay the onset of parasite resistance, some alternative methods are being researched, including herbal medicine. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) oil and tincture on R. (B) microplus by the engorged female immersion test. Four oil concentrations were tested (1; 25; 50; 100%) and the inhibition of oviposition were 16; 40; 53; 73%, egg hatch were 28; 16; 23; 6% and the effectiveness were 78; 100; 86; 98%, respectively. The gradual rise of the inhibition of oviposition and low egg hatch had a positive influence in the effectiveness of treatment. The solution at 1% of citronella oil had a partial control of the teleogines and the solution at 25% had 100% of effectiveness. Six dilutions of the tincture (1; 5; 10; 25; 50; 100%) were tested and the inhibition of oviposition were 10; 63; 80; 83; 86; 96%, egg hatch were 91; 31; 6; 26; 0; 0% and the effectiveness were 23; 93; 94; 97; 100; 100%, respectively. Most of the treatments with the citronella tincture had inhibition of oviposition higher than 80% and low egg hatch rate. The tinct
O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o ectoparasito mais importante em áreas de exploração pecuária, sendo responsável por severas perdas econômicas. O controle deste parasito é feito através de produtos químicos, que são utilizados de forma indiscriminada e resultam na redução da eficiência destes compostos. A fim de retardar o aparecimento da resistência parasitária, alguns métodos de controle alternativo vêm sendo pesquisados, entre eles a fitoterapia. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficiência in vitro do óleo e da tintura de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. (B) microplus seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Para isto foram testadas 4 diluições do óleo (1; 25; 50 e 100%), sendo que a inibição de postura foi de 16; 40; 53 e 73%, a eclosão larval de 28; 16; 23 e 6% e a eficácia de 78; 100; 86 e 98%, respectivamente. O gradativo aumento da inibição da postura e a baixa eclosão larval influenciaram positivamente na eficiência dos tratamentos. A solução do óleo a 1% apresentou controle parcial das teleóginas e a solução a 25% apresentou 100% de eficiência. Foram testadas 6 diluições da tintura de citronela (1; 5; 10; 25; 50 e 100%), sendo que a inibição da postura foi de 10; 63; 80; 83; 86 e 96%, a eclosão larval de 91; 31; 6; 26; 0 e 0% e a eficácia de 23; 93; 94; 97; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A maiori
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The excessive use of acaricidal products induces environmental and human contamination, whereas there is also the selection of resistant ticks strains. Most of the chemical acaricides available in the market have low efficacy due intensive use and inadequate management of treatments. Thus, ecologically viable alternatives for the ticks control is a promising area of research. Herbal medicine has as fundamental issue the study of medicinal plants and their use in the control and treatment of human and animal diseases. This experiment has evaluated the in vitro efficacy of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on engorded teleogines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Six concentrations of the oil (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%) were tested, diluted in distilled water, using the engorged female immersion test. The inhibition of oviposition were 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 and 100%, the egg hatch were 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 and 0%, and the effectiveness of treatment 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 and 100%, respectively. The statistic evaluation was done by the linear regression test, and it was observed a significant association between the concentration of the oil and the inhibition of oviposition, egg hatch and effectiveness. The oil at 25% had higher than 50% of effectiveness, and at 50 and 100% had total inhibition of oviposition with maximum efficiency. According to the results, it is possible to conclude t
O uso excessivo de acaricidas predispõe a contaminação do meio ambiente, do homem e estimula a seleção de cepas de carrapatos resistentes. A maioria dos acaricidas químicos disponíveis no mercado apresenta eficácia reduzida devido ao intenso uso e manejo inadequado dos tratamentos. Sendo assim, alternativas ecologicamente viáveis utilizadas no controle dos carrapatos é uma área de pesquisa promissora. A fitoterapia tem como fundamento o estudo de plantas medicinais, assim como sua utilização no controle e tratamento de enfermidades tanto na área humana quanto na animal. Neste experimento foi avaliado o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Para isso foram testadas 6 concentrações do óleo de manjericão (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%), diluído em água destilada, seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Perante os resultados foi observada inibição de postura de 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 e 100%, eclosão larval de 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 e 0% e a eficiência do tratamento de 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A avaliação estatística foi realizada pela análise de regressão linear, onde foi constatada associação significativa entre a concentração do óleo e a inibição de postura, eclosão larval e eficiência do tratamento. O óleo de manjericão á 25% obteve acima de 50% de eficiência, e
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungal microflora present in drinking water and domestic sewage from different districts of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Water and sewage samples were collected during the four seasons and analyzed by the technique of Colony Forming Units (CFU). Yeasts and fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus were observed in the water samples. The genus Geotrichum was also found in the sewage. Therefore, it is concluded that treatment of water held in the municipality is unable to remove these agents.
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a microbiota fúngica presente na água potável e no esgoto doméstico de distintos bairros de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Amostras de água e esgoto foram colhidas durante as quatro estações do ano e analisadas pela técnica de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC). Foi observada a presença dos gêneros Penicillium, Aspergillus e leveduras nas amostras de água. No esgoto, além dos agentes fúngicos reportados na água foi identificado o gênero Geotrichum. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o tratamento da água realizado no município não é capaz de eliminar estes agentes.
RESUMO
Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan which causes trypanosomosis in livestock in many countries of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. We chose to use cats in our study due to the facility to handle the animals and the lack of studies involving the trypanosomosis in this species. The aim of this study was to analyze the leukogram of domestic cats experimentally infected with T. evansi and its correlation to the parasitemia. Thirteen animals were divided into two groups. Seven animals were infected with T. evansi and six were used as negative control. Parasitemia was estimated daily by microscopic examination of smears. Blood samples for leukogram were collected at days 0, 7, 21, 35 and 49. The parasitemia peak was recorded at day five post-inoculation. Thereafter, irregular waves of parasitemia were observed, ranging from zero to three trypomastigotes per microscopic field. Increased number of total leukocytes (day 49), monocytes (days 7, 35 and 49), segmented (day 49) and nonsegmented neuthrophils (day 35), and decreased number of lymphocytes and eosinophils (days 21, 35 and 49) were observed (P 0.05). Cats infected with T. evansi have leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia and eosinopenia. However, no relationship between parasitemia peaks and white blood cells was observed, except by the monocytes in day 7.
Trypanosoma evansi é um protozoário que causa a tripanossomose em animais de muitos países do sudeste da Ásia, África e América do Sul. Optamos por utilizar os gatos em nosso estudo, devido à facilidade de manipular os animais e a falta de estudos envolvendo a tripanossomose nesta espécie. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar alterações no leucograma de felinos domésticos infectados experimentalmente por T. evansi e relacionar com a parasitemia. Foram utilizados 13 gatos, divididos em dois grupos. Sete deles foram infectados com T. evansi e o restante foram utilizados como grupo controle negativo. Os animais foram monitorados diariamente através de esfregaço sanguíneo. Nos dias 0, 7, 21, 35 e 49 de experimento, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avaliação do leucograma. O pico de parasitemia ocorreu cinco dias após inoculação, após este período o número de parasitos reduziu e manteve-se com picos irregulares, variando de zero a três tripomastigotas/campo. Na pesquisa foi verificado aumento (P 0,05) do número de leucócitos totais (dia 49), bastonetes (dia 35), neutrofilos segmentados (dia 49) e monócitos (dias 7, 35 e 49) e redução de linfocitos e eosinofilos (dias 21, 35 e 49). Gatos infectados com T. evansi apresentam leucocitose, neutrofilia, monocitose, linfopenia e eosinopenia. Porém, não foi verificado relação entre os picos de parasitemia e alteraç
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The aim of this study was to report the gastrointestinal parasitism in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Brazil. Fecal samples of three animals kept in captivity in the state of Rio Grande do Sul were collected. Samples were analyzed by the centrifugal flotation technique with zinc sulfate and by the Kinyon staining method. All animals showed mixed infection by cysts of Giardia sp. and Balantidium sp. and by oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. and Eimeria sp. This is the first report of these four genera of protozoa in T. pecari.
Este estudo teve como objetivo registrar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em queixada (Tayassu pecari) no Brasil. Foram colhidas amostras de fezes, de três exemplares mantidos em cativeiro no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras foram analisadas pelas técnicas de centrífugo flutuação com sulfato de zinco e coloração de kinyon para pesquisa de parasitos. Em todos os animais observou-se uma infecção mista por cistos de Giardia sp. e Balantidium sp., além de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp e Eimeria sp. Este estudo relata o primeiro registro destes quatro gêneros de protozoários em T. pecari.
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A utilização de animais de laboratório em pesquisa é uma prática comumente empregada, porém estes estudos podem ser afetados pelas condições ambientais e infecciosas. Este estudo visou relatar a infestação mista por ectoparasitos em camundongos ( Mus muscullus) mantidos em um biotério experimental e testar um protocolo terapêutico no controle dos parasitos. Em 20 animais foi observado pelo seco, áreas de alopecia com lesões avermelhadas e úmidas, prurido intenso e crostas na região dorsal do corpo. Dos camundongos avaliados, foi coletado pelo e realizado raspado cutâneo para análise microscópica, onde se identificou nesses roedores ácaros das espécies Radfordia affinis, Myocoptes musculinus e Demodex sp. Os roedores foram separados em dois grupos, sendo que os animais do grupo A foram tratados com ivermectina 1% diluída em água na dose de 0,007 mg.ml-1 por cinco dias consecutivos e os do grupo B não foram tratados. Após 10 dias do início do tratamento, no grupo A não foram encontrados ácaros, já no grupo B o número de ectoparasitos e as lesões de pele aumentaram. Portanto, conclui-se que a terapia utilizada apresenta eficácia nos controle de infestações por estes ácaros.
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Background: : : : Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a protozoan which causes trypanosomosis in livestock in many countries of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. Patterns of disease vary from acute epidemics with high case-fatality rates to subclinical and/or chronic disease in endemic animal populations. It is a problem of great economic importance due to the death of sick animals and high cost of treatment. This article aims to review the outbreaks of the infection by T. evansi in horses that occurred in southern Brazil. Review: These outbreaks were discussed in terms of epidemiology, clinical signs, laboratory tests, pathological findings, diagnosis and treatment by addressing the differences between the cases occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and in other Brazilian states. The outbreaks due to T. evansi in livestock animals are endemic in warm-climate areas. At the Rio Grande do Sul state, most of the equine trypanosomosis occurs in the summer. This can be easily explained by the high number of bloodsucking insects, which are responsible for the mechanical transmission of the flagellate among the animals. Clinical signs such as progressive weight loss, lethargy, incoordination, instability, atrophy and paralysis of the hind limbs, difficulty in standing and walking, subcutaneous edema and abortion are often reported in T. evansi-infected equines. Anemia is
RESUMO
Background: : : : Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a protozoan which causes trypanosomosis in livestock in many countries of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. Patterns of disease vary from acute epidemics with high case-fatality rates to subclinical and/or chronic disease in endemic animal populations. It is a problem of great economic importance due to the death of sick animals and high cost of treatment. This article aims to review the outbreaks of the infection by T. evansi in horses that occurred in southern Brazil. Review: These outbreaks were discussed in terms of epidemiology, clinical signs, laboratory tests, pathological findings, diagnosis and treatment by addressing the differences between the cases occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and in other Brazilian states. The outbreaks due to T. evansi in livestock animals are endemic in warm-climate areas. At the Rio Grande do Sul state, most of the equine trypanosomosis occurs in the summer. This can be easily explained by the high number of bloodsucking insects, which are responsible for the mechanical transmission of the flagellate among the animals. Clinical signs such as progressive weight loss, lethargy, incoordination, instability, atrophy and paralysis of the hind limbs, difficulty in standing and walking, subcutaneous edema and abortion are often reported in T. evansi-infected equines. Anemia is
RESUMO
A utilização de animais de laboratório em pesquisa é uma prática comumente empregada, porém estes estudos podem ser afetados pelas condições ambientais e infecciosas. Este estudo visou relatar a infestação mista por ectoparasitos em camundongos ( Mus muscullus) mantidos em um biotério experimental e testar um protocolo terapêutico no controle dos parasitos. Em 20 animais foi observado pelo seco, áreas de alopecia com lesões avermelhadas e úmidas, prurido intenso e crostas na região dorsal do corpo. Dos camundongos avaliados, foi coletado pelo e realizado raspado cutâneo para análise microscópica, onde se identificou nesses roedores ácaros das espécies Radfordia affinis, Myocoptes musculinus e Demodex sp. Os roedores foram separados em dois grupos, sendo que os animais do grupo A foram tratados com ivermectina 1% diluída em água na dose de 0,007 mg.ml-1 por cinco dias consecutivos e os do grupo B não foram tratados. Após 10 dias do início do tratamento, no grupo A não foram encontrados ácaros, já no grupo B o número de ectoparasitos e as lesões de pele aumentaram. Portanto, conclui-se que a terapia utilizada apresenta eficácia nos controle de infestações por estes ácaros.