The cutaneous arteries of the anterior abdominal wall: a three-dimensional study.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal perforator flaps represent a natural progression in the quest to minimize abdominal wall morbidity. Their one disadvantage is the significant rate of vascular complications to which they are subject in some series. The authors examined the vascular anatomy of the abdominal integument, to determine why such complications occur and how they may be prevented. METHODS: In 10 fresh cadavers, major arteries supplying the abdominal wall were injected with a lead-based contrast medium. The abdominal integument of each cadaver was imaged using a 16-slice spiral computed tomography scanner, to produce three-dimensional reconstructions of the arterial anatomy. Reconstructions were observed for orientation, course, and morphology of the major perforators within the abdominal integument. RESULTS: Perforators of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) varied markedly in their orientation, course, and morphology among specimens. By contrast, perforators of the superior epigastric artery (SEA) were relatively consistent in their morphology and orientation. In eight of 10 specimens, SEA perforators with extensive anatomical "territories" orientated toward the umbilicus were present. These SEA perforators pierced the rectus sheath within 4 cm of the costal margin and were present bilaterally in seven of eight specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The unpredictable orientation and course of DIEA perforators indicate that the blood supply of abdominal perforator flaps, raised without clear knowledge of their unique vascular anatomy, may often be more random than axial. This may account for much of the ischemia-related morbidity observed with DIEA-based perforator flaps. Preservation of SEA perforators adjacent to the costal margin during abdominoplasty will likely improve abdominal wall perfusion and reduce donor-site morbidity.

Three-dimensional CT angiography: a new technique for imaging microvascular anatomy.

To date there has been no satisfactory research method for imaging microvascular anatomy in three dimensions (3D). In this article we present a new technique that allows both qualitative and quantitative examination of the microvasculature in 3D. In 10 fresh cadavers (7 females, 3 males, mean age 68 years), selected arteries supplying the abdominal wall and back were injected with a lead oxide/gelatin contrast mixture. From these regions, 30 specimens were dissected free and imaged with a 16-slice spiral computed tomographic (CT) scanner. Using three-dimensional CT (3D-CT) angiography, reconstructions of the microvasculature of each specimen were produced and examined for their qualitative content. Two calibration tools were constructed to determine (1) the accuracy of linear measurements made with CT software tools, and (2) the smallest caliber blood vessel that is reliably represented on 3D-CT reconstructions. Three-dimensional CT angiography produced versatile, high quality angiograms of the microvasculature. Correlation between measurements made with electronic calipers and CT software tools was very high (Lin's concordance coefficient, 0.99 (95% CI 0.99-0.99)). The finest caliber of vessel reliably represented on the 3D-CT reconstructions was 0.4 mm internal diameter. In summary, 3D-CT angiography is a simple, accurate, and reproducible method that imparts a much improved perception of anatomy when compared with existing research methods. Measurement tools provide accurate quantitative data to aid vessel mapping and preoperative planning. Further work will be needed to explore the full utility of 3D-CT angiography in a clinical setting.