Field study of ventilation in volunteer scuba divers during head-out immersion.

Seven subjects had spirometric studies during head-out immersion before and after working at depth in coral research. Under the variable environmental conditions of a field study the seven subjects demonstrated changes in the spirometric variables consistent with those found in wet laboratories. Exercise at depth did not change the variables from preexercise levels. This suggests either that the body reestablishes preexercise head-out immersion equilibrium rapidly or that subtle changes were beyond the sensitivity of the instrument. On head-out immersion, one subject with abnormal control values of FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75 had a rise rather than a fall in these values, which was the opposite of that of the other six subjects and the expected result.

Observations on the relation of environmental and behavioral factors to the occurrence of otitis media among Indian children.

Studies were conducted to assess the relation of environmental and behaviora factors to occurrence of acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) among four populations of Indian children in Arizona. Episodes of ASOM were recorded for 1,428 children observed during the first year of life. Data obtained on the households and premises of these children included number of persons in the household, number of sleeping rooms, type of water supply and sewage disposal, type of heating and cooling, availability of electricity, method of infant feeding, distance to a health facility, and mother's education. The rates of ASOM for the four populations ranged from 1.1 to 2.2 attacks per child and differed significantly from each other, with one exception. The differences between populations apparently were not related to any of the factors evaluated. Additional analyses to evaluate the association of each factor with occurrence of ASOM included (a) a comparison of rates among children living in homes having each factor with rates among children living in homes lacking the factor, (b) a comparison of the frequency of each factor in homes of children who had no recorded attacks of ASOM with the frequency in homes of children who had three or more attacks (high-risk children), and (c) an evaluation of the relation between frequency of encounters for ASOM and the environmental factors. Results did not indicate that any environmental or behavioral factor observed was consistently or strongly associated with either the incidence of ASOM or the frequency of attacks. Similarly, no differences were apparent in the frequency of adverse environmental conditions in homes of infants with contrasting rates of ASOM. Rates of ASOM during the first year of life were not associated with either the presence or the absence of adverse environmental conditions.

Distribution of otitis media among four Indian populations in Arizona.

More than 75 percent of the cases of acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) among Indian children observed from May 1974 through March 1979 were experienced by preschool children. About 60 percent of the children observed during the first year of life had one or more attacks of ASOM, and 34 percent had two or more. Among those who had ASOM before their first birthday, 75 percent of the attacks occurred between 3 and 9 months of age. About 73 percent of the initial attacks were recorded during the first year of life among children observed from 3 to 5 years; almost 90 percent occurred before the second birthday. Approximately 75 percent of the second attacks occurred within 4 months of the first. More than 70 percent of the initial attacks before age 1 were followed by 1 or more subsequent attacks during the next 12 months. When the initial attack occurred during the second year of life, subsequent attacks were experienced by less than half as many children. Children at high risk of serious ear disease, including hearing loss, are characterized by having an attack of ASOM before their first birthday followed by a second attack within 4 months of the first. Efforts to control and prevent ASOM should selectively be directed toward this group.

Needed: a population policy for Arizona.

PIP: Some established facts about the growth of population in the world, in the United States, and in Arizona are considered. The existing or impending problems toward which planners should direct attention are determined. Numerically there are now 3.3 billion humans in the world, and if the present trend continues, this number will reach 7.4 billion by the year 2000. In some areas population is increasing at a much more rapid rate than in others. In Latin America, for example, the population will double in 20 years. The rate of population growth in the U.S. is lower than the world-wide rate, roughly about 1% to 2% each year. This means that the U.S. population will not double for about 50 years. Consequences of present rates of population growth include diseases and starvation. Consumption of natural resources and resulting thermal, liquid, solid, and gaseous pollution inevitably will control population if intelligent interventions are not made to accomplish the reduction without disaster. Aside from the natural increase of population in Arizona, there will be an inevitable increase from immigration which undoubtedly will accelerate as conscious efforts are made to redistribute population in the rest of the United States. More planning is needed. The fact is that no policy now exists for population planning at any level--global, national, or state. There must be planning as to optimum use of lands, the location and arrangement of cities and residences to afford maximum opportunity for individual expressions. There must be planning for the optimum numbers of people that can occupy available space and use resources in a manner that will preserve the highest possible quality of life. The goal of a zero rate of population growth must be adopted immediately and there must be popular acceptance of the 2-child family as the desired national norm.^ieng

Consideraciones sobre el control de la diarrea infecciosa / Considerations in control of infectious Diarrhea

Methodology is adequate to reduce substantially the prevalence of diarrhea and associated infant mortality in areas of high endemicity. The success of such programs depends primarily upon managerial and technical resources. In areas of moderate endemicity where Shigella persists and sanitation facilities are adequate, further reductions in diarrheal diseases probably can be achieved through improvement in personal hygienic practices. In some instances the nature of misuse of facilities must be determined to develop or improve techniques for control. Where diarrheal diseases and associated infant mortality have been reduced substantially, the precise etiologic significance of pathogens, such as the enterpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, associated with cases of diarrhea should be determined. The epidemiology of organisms incriminated as causal agents of diarrhea should be explored to the extent necessary for development of control measures. Much additional exploratory work is needed to assess adequately the role of viruses in diarrhea of both infants and adults and to develop control measures

Consideraciones sobre el control de la diarrea infecciosa / Considerations in control of infectious Diarrhea

Methodology is adequate to reduce substantially the prevalence of diarrhea and associated infant mortality in areas of high endemicity. The success of such programs depends primarily upon managerial and technical resources. In areas of moderate endemicity where Shigella persists and sanitation facilities are adequate, further reductions in diarrheal diseases probably can be achieved through improvement in personal hygienic practices. In some instances the nature of misuse of facilities must be determined to develop or improve techniques for control. Where diarrheal diseases and associated infant mortality have been reduced substantially, the precise etiologic significance of pathogens, such as the enterpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, associated with cases of diarrhea should be determined. The epidemiology of organisms incriminated as causal agents of diarrhea should be explored to the extent necessary for development of control measures. Much additional exploratory work is needed to assess adequately the role of viruses in diarrhea of both infants and adults and to develop control measures