[Parasitological factors impeding the transmission of the agent of babesiosis (Babesia microti) to man from the tick Ixodes persulcatus].

Based on the analysis of own and literature data, it is concluded that the following ma- in permanent system of ecologicalarasitological factors prevents the effective vector functions of the tick I. persulcatus in transmission of B. microti: lack of distinct nymphs' anthropophily; small spontaneous invasion of hungry adults; a duration of the parasitic phase in humans is insufficient to complete the sporogonic development, because victims interrupt the phase. Therefore, not excluding the possibility of sporadic babesiosis disea- ses, it can be stated that within the boundaries of a vast territory, where the taiga tick is the only potential source of infection for humans, the B. microti infection has not, and will not reach significant values in infectious pathology.

[Southern taiga combined natural foci of spirochetoses].

AIM: Study of possibility of existence of combined natural foci of spirochetoses (ixodes tick borrelioses and leptospiroses) in typical taiga forests, and their etiologic and reservoir-host structure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Small mammals of 19 species were captured in 1992-2010 at a station in low-mountain southern taiga forests of Chusov area of Perm region. Borreliae were isolated by seeding urinary bladder or aural bioptates into BSK II medium, leptospirae--by seeding a suspension of kidney tissue into Vervoort-Wolf medium. 1350 animals were studied by seeding for borrelia infection and 1077--for leptospira. 287 of those, small animals of 6 species, were simultaneously studied for borrelia and leptospira infection. Borrelia isolates were identified by using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods, and leptospirae--by using standard diagnostic agglutinating sera kit. Blood of 2893 rodents of 12 species and insectivorous of 7 species was studied in microagglutination reaction for the detection of antibodies against leptospirae. RESULTS: Infection by Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii or Grippotyphosa serogroup leptospira was detected in 6 most numerous species of forest small mammals. 3 root voles and I bankvole were simultaneously infected by borreliae and leptospirae. B. garinii and Grippotyphosa serogroup leptospira were simultaneously isolated from 2 root voles, and B. garinii and Javanica serogroup Leptospira interrogans--from 1 root vole. A bank vole was infected by B. afzelii and Javanica serogroup leptospira. Mixed-infected animals composed 1.4% of all animals of background species studied in parallel. CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate a presence of natural foci of leptospiroses in the southern taiga forest pre-Urals. The data confirm the conceptions regarding a predominant presence in European forest ecosystems of foci with Grippotyphosa serogroup L. interrogans pathogen, and the main carrier ofthese leptospirae being bank vole. Combined natural foci of spirochetoses of two groups (ixodes tick borrelioses and leptospiroses) were detected.

[Etiological structure of complex Ixodes tickborne borreliosis natural foci of southern taiga].

89 primary isolates of B. garinii and 72 B. afzelii from different developmental phases of I. persulcatus, I. trianguliceps and form small mammalian hosts of Borrelia were obtained at an area of ca. 30 km2 located in low-mountain southern taiga forests (Perm region). The area provides home for two Borrelia species (B. garinii and B. afzeli) and their natural carrier Ixodes persulcatus. 23 isolate of B.garnii were obtained from skin biopsies and blood samples taken in patients with borreliosis. The isolates were studied by sequencing rrf(5S)-rrr(23S) spacer. The term genetic variant (genovariant) is proposed for the totality of isolates belonging to a given genetic subgroup of the concrete genospecies and having a similar nucleotide sequence of rrf(5S)-rrr(23S) spacer or other conservative genomic sequence. Genovariant is ths smallest intraspecies taxonomic unit in widespread Borrelia pathogenic for man. Several genovariants of B. garinii and B. afzelii may simultaneously occur in combined parasitic systems formed by these spirochetal agents of Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis. Such natural foci in southern taiga of the Perm region have a complicated etiological structure due to the presence of 14 genovariants of Borrelia belonging to the two above genetic subgroups. Specific genovariants occur annually but with different frequency. They are lacking in host-specificity.

[Genetic variants of Borrelia garinii, a widely spread Eurasian pathogen of ixodic tick borreliosis].

As a result of PCR-RFLP analysis and the degree of similarity between the nucleotide sequences analysis of the rrfA-rrlB intergenic spacer DNA of 227 primary isolates of Borrelia garinii and 71 isolates/ amplicons from GenBank database in different regions of Eurasia revealed significant intraspecific heterogeneity among those of Borrelia. It was shown that genospecies B. garinii had within the two genetic subgroups (20047 and NT29) 16 genetic variants, whose geography was likely to be different.

[Genotyping some Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from Ixodes ricinus ticks in Russia and Ukraine].

The 4 Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates obtained from 1. Ricinus ticks collected in the natural foci in Russia and Ukraine, having an unusual RFLP Msel-pattern, were studied using sequencing rrfA-rrlB spacer and rrs gene. The Ir-5215 isolate from the tick collected in southern Ukraine represented recently described genospecies B. spielmanii pathogenic for humans. The three atypical isolates Ir-3519, Ir-4721, and Ir-4812 had 100% identity with the sequence of the atypical European B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains. They constituted a subgroup of the B. burgdorferi sensu stricto on the grounds of Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). These data can be indicative of the genetic heterogeneity of the current group B. burgdorferi sensu stricto.

[Isolation of tick-borne borreliosis agent from blood of patients].

During spring-autumn period of 2006 Borrelia were isolated for the first time in Russia from blood of 79 patients treated in Perm City Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases No. 1 with diagnosis "tickborne borreliosis, manifestive form with migrating erythema, localized stage". Ten primary isolates (12.7% of total seeded samples) were obtained by seeding plasma samples on the BSK medium. Their subsequent identification by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragments length polymorphism revealed presence of Borrelia garinii NT29 in all patients. Length of sequenced fragment of rrfA-rrlB region was 253 b.p. Seven isolates had 100% and 3 - 99.6% similarity with typical strain NT29 (L30130). Nucleotide sequences of 4 obtained isolates were deposited in GenBank database (No. AM932199 - AM932202). It was proposed that B. garinii NT29 more frequently than other Borrelia species can be an etiologic agent of tick-borne borreliosis not only in Perm region but also in whole Russia.

[Microorganisms of the order Rickettsiales in taiga tick (Ixodes persulcatus Sch.) from the Pre-Ural region].

The PCR and sequence analysis revealed DNA Ehrlichia muris, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Rickettsia spp. in the I. persulcatus ticks and blood samples from a patients with acute febrile illness occurring after a tick bite, registered in the seasonal peak of the tick activity of one of the highly endemic areas of Russia (Perm region). These data confirmed the validity a diagnosis of HME and HGA, which were made earlier on the basis of the clinical-serologic survey. In 10.0% of the tested taiga ticks were detected DNA of two and more agents in various combinations i.e. E. muris and Rickettsia spp, A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp., and E. muris, A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. DNA of a R. helvetica was detected in I. persulcatus tick and blood tick-bitten patient with febrile episodes. Probably that R. helvetica can be etiological agent in some part of cases with the serologically unconfirmed diagnoses of acute feverish diseases developing after tick bite.

[Difference in amino acid sequences of B. afzelii P66 surface-exposed loop region].

In the present work, we performed a phenotyping analysis of 45 B. afzelii 89-a.a. long amino acid sequences of 7 different allele variants, corresponding to the surface-exposed loop region of P66. 45 investigated isolates showed 5 phenotypically different variants; 2 phenotypically different variants of loop region, in particular, also showed mutations in the putative monoclonal antibody H1337 binding site; the similarity between the amino acid sequences taken from different variants is about 96.66% to 98.88%; in one natural locus up to 3 different phenotypes of P66 could circulate simultaneously.

[Allele variants of Borrelia afzelii found by sequencing of the chromosome gene p66].

Sequencing of gene p66 fragments of 246-337 p.b. was performed in 45 isolates of Aorrelia afzelii isolated from different transmitting agents and reservoir hosts within the habitation area of the spirochaeta. At least seven allele variants of the pathogenic agent were found indifferent natural foci of the disease. The extent of similarity between the nucleotide sequences of the isolates of the same allele variant was 99.9-100%; the extent of similarity between different allele variants was 98.9-99.7%. It was found that the majority of genovariants of A. afzelii (with respect to 5S-23S) incorporated several different allele variants of gene p66, all allele variants being found in the two genogroups (VS461 and NT28) of the pathogenic agent.

[Genetic characterization of pathogenic Borrelia, group A14S, isolated in Ukraine].

Borrelia Ir-5215, isolated from ticks Ixodes ricinus in Ukraine (the Crimean autonomous region), was identified by the method of the polymorphism of the fragment length of the restriction amplicon of rRNA spacer region 5S-23S. Its Msel-restriction profile was relatively similar to that of B. afzelii. The sequencing of spacer region rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) and 16S rRNA gene, as well as the analysis of the similarity of nucleotide sequences, obtained in the course of these study, revealed the differences between Borrelia sp, lr-5215 and six European species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and a high level of similarity (more than 95.1% for 5S-23S rRNA and 99.4% for 16S rRNA gene) to three known representatives of genome group A14S (Borrelia spp. A14S, I-77 and PC-Rq17). This suggests that isolated Borrelia lr-5215 is a new representative of pathogenic B. burgdorferi sensu lato genome group A14S, which is spread, together with Central Europe, also in southern Ukraine.

[Genetic variants of Borrelia afzelii, a pathogen of the ixodes tick borrelioses].

Borrelia afzelii is one of two most important pathogens of the ixodes tick borrelioses (ITB) in Russia and neighboring countries. This pathogen circulates in various ecosystems and has a wide range of reservoir hosts and transmitters. The results of studies of genetic heterogeneity of the spirochaetae B. afzelii are considered. A total of 139 primary isolates were studied. The isolates were isolated from three species of Ixodes ticks at different stages of development and obtained from the laboratory of infection transmitters, Gamaleya Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russran Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow. The transmitters and reservoir hosts of borrelias were caught in natural foci of Russia (from Kaliningrad region irk the west to south Sakhalin in the east), Czechia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine, and Moldavia. Analysis of genotype sequence similarity obtained by sequencing of the rrf(SS)-rrl(23S) spacer demonstrated that the B. afzelii genospecies incorporated no less than 10 genetic variants of spirochaetae, most variants being geographically widespread.

[Genetic characteristics of human pathogenic Borrelia isolated from Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. and Ixodes pavlovskyi Pom].

To support the results of typing the amplicon of the spacer site 5S-23S of pRNA by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay, the isolates from the ticks I. trianguliceps and I. pavlovskyi underwent sequenation of rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) spacer to make a comparative analysis of derived nucleotide sequences with the DDBJ/EMBL/ GenBank databases. For this purpose, the authors used six isolates (three imago and three nymphal) from I. trianguliceps and three isolates from adult hungry I. pavlovskyi females from the Borrelia museum of the Laboratory of Infection Transmitters, N. F. Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. In the natural foci of the Perm Region, in the tick I. trianguliceps the same genetic variants of B. afzelii VS461 and B. garinii NT29 was found to occur as in I. persulcatus and small mammals, the reservoir Borrelia hosts. Borreliae previously detected in the tick I. pavlovskyi belong to B. garinii 20047.

[Long-term dynamics of the epizootic process in natural foci of ixodid tick borreliosis in mountain taiga forests of the Middle Ural]. / Mnogoletniaia dinamika épizooticheskogo protsessa prirodnykh ochagov iksodovykh kleshchei borreliozov v gornotaezhnykh lesakh Srednego Urala.

During eleven spring-summer seasons (1992-2002), the dynamics of the epizootic process in natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (ITBB) were studied in taiga forests of the Middle Ural (Perm Province, Russia). In these foci, Borrelia garinii and B. afzelii circulate, and their main vector is the Ixodes persulcatus tick. Main parameters of the epizootic process were calculated for each season. In four seasons (1993, 1996, 1999 and 2002), the parameters characterizing the abundance of unfed nymphs and adult ticks, as well as the prevalence of Borrelia in them, density of infected ticks, and approximate total number of Borrelia in them proved to increase essentially and simultaneously. These seasons were preceded by the years of population peaks in forest small mammals (1992, 1995, 1998 and 2001), especially in the Clethrionomys glareolus vole, the dominant species in the local fauna of these mammals and the main reservoir host of Borrelia. Apparently, the possibility of horizontal transmission of the ITBB agents sharply increased in such years, and this resulted in the intensification of their dissemination.

[Main features of natural focality of ixodid tick-borne borreliosis in Russia]. / Osnovnye cherty prirodnoi ochagovosti iksodovykh kleshchevykh borreliozov v Rossii.

In a general form the "key" data on natural focality of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses and ecology of their agents--B. burgdorferi s. 1. in Russia, which have been accumulated by now, are presented. Vectors and reservoir hosts of different species of Borrelia, as well as a landscape preference of natural foci and ecological factors, determining risk of human infection, are characterized.

[Detection of natural foci of babesiosis and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Russia]. / Vyiavlenie v Rossii prirodnykh ochagov babezioza i granulotsitarnogo érlikhioza.

The use of microscopy, infection of golden hamsters and the polymerase chain reaction made it possible to find out that about 30% of common red-backed voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), inhabiting the taiga forests of the southern part of the Western Urals (the Chusovskoi district of the Perm region), were infected with Babesia microti and simultaneously (a third of them) with Ehrlichia (Cytoecetes) phagocytophila, the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The sequencing of 18S rDNA of strain "Mys", isolated in Russia, revealed its identity to American B. microti strain GI, pathogenic for humans. The main vector supporting the circulation of B. microti in the natural foci in the region where these investigations were conducted was, seemingly, the tick Ixodes trianguliceps, Thus, for the first time the data proving the presence of reservoir hosts infected with B. microti and granulocytic E. phagocytophila, pathogenic for humans, in Russia were presented.

[Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of Borrelia indication in ixodes ticks (Ixodidae) using dark field microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka rezul'tativnosti indikatsii borrelii v iksodovykh kleshchakh (Ixodidae) metodami temnopol'noi mikroskopii i polimeraznoi tsepnoi reaktsii (PTsR).

Indication of Borrelia (B. burgdorferi sensu lato) in 205 adult unfed I. persulcatus ticks from a natural focus was carried out simultaneously by methods of PCR and dark-field microscopy of vital preparations. PCR method revealed Borrelia prevalence in considerable number of ticks, in which Borrelia were not found by microscopy of 250 microscopic fields in a preparation from each individual tick. At the same time, PCR method didn't give positive results for approximately 8% of ticks, which contained rather high concentration of Borrelia (more than 10 per 100 microscopic fields). In general, PCR method doesn't have advantages in comparison with a microscopy of vital preparations for study the Borrelia prevalence in ticks.

[The first isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in Russia]. / Pervaia izoliatsiia Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto v Rossii.

18 Borrelia isolates obtained from adult ticks of the Ixodes ricinus species, collected from different plants in April 2000 in the Khostinsk region of the Krasnodar Territory in the vicinity of the health resort of Matsesta not far from Sochi, were identified by means of PCR and the analysis of polymorphism of the restriction fragments of ribosomal rrf-rrl spacer amplicon. Among them, in addition to Borrelia species, found in Russia earlier (B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. valaisiana and B. lusitaniae), the classical causative agent of Lyme borreliosis (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto) was detected for the first time. The isolated strain (lr-4721) is now kept in the collection of the Borreliosis Center of the Ministry of Health of Russia (the Laboratory of Infections Vectors at the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology). The probable role of this infective agent in infectious pathology in Russia is discussed.

Bidirectional dopamine modulation of GABAergic inhibition in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons.

Dopamine regulates the activity of neural networks in the prefrontal cortex that process working memory information, but its precise biophysical actions are poorly understood. The present study characterized the effects of dopamine on GABAergic inputs to prefrontal pyramidal neurons using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in vitro. In most pyramidal cells, dopamine had a temporally biphasic effect on evoked IPSCs, producing an initial abrupt decrease in amplitude followed by a delayed increase in IPSC amplitude. Using receptor subtype-specific agonists and antagonists, we found that the initial abrupt reduction was D2 receptor-mediated, whereas the late, slower developing enhancement was D1 receptor-mediated. Linearly combining the effects of the two agonists could reproduce the biphasic dopamine effect. Because D1 agonists enhanced spontaneous (sIPSCs) but did not affect miniature (mIPSCs) IPSCs, it appears that D1 agonists caused larger evoked IPSCs by increasing the intrinsic excitability of interneurons and their axons. In contrast, D2 agonists had no effects on sIPSCs but did produce a significant reduction in mIPSCs, suggestive of a decrease in GABA release probability. In addition, D2 agonists reduced the postsynaptic response to a GABA(A) agonist. D1 and D2 receptors therefore regulated GABAergic activity in opposite manners and through different mechanisms in prefrontal cortex (PFC) pyramidal cells. This bidirectional modulation could have important implications for the computational properties of active PFC networks.

Dopamine D1/D5 receptor activation modulates a persistent sodium current in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro.

The effects of dopamine (DA) on a persistent Na(+) current (I(NaP)) in layer V-VI prefrontal cortical (PFC) pyramidal cells were studied using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings in rat PFC slices. After blocking K(+) and Ca (2+) currents, a tetrodotoxin-sensitive I(NaP) was activated by slow depolarizing voltage ramps or voltage steps. DA modulated the I(NaP) in a voltage-dependent manner: increased amplitude of I(NaP) at potentials more negative than -40 mV, but decreased at more positive potentials. DA also slowed the inactivation process of I(NaP). The D1/D5 dopamine receptor agonists SKF 38393, SKF 81297, and dihydrexidine (3-10 microM), but not the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist qiunpirole (1-20 microM), mimicked the effects of DA on I(NaP). Modulation of I(NaP) by D1/D5 agonists was blocked by the D1/D5 antagonist SCH23390. Bath application of specific protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerhythrine, or inclusion of the specific protein kinase C inhibiting peptide([19-36]) in the recording pipette, but not protein kinase A inhibiting peptide([5-24]), blocked the effect of D1/D5 agonists on I(NaP). In current-clamp recordings, D1/D5 receptors activation enhanced the excitability of cortical pyramidal cells. Application of the D1/D5 agonist SKF 81297 induced a long-lasting decrease in the first spike latency in response to depolarizing current ramp. This was associated with a shift in the start of nonlinearity in the slope resistance to more negative membrane potentials. We proposed that this effect is due to a D1/D5 agonist-induced leftward shift in the activation of I(NaP). This enables DA to facilitate the firing of PFC neurons in response to depolarizing inputs.