Detection of Glutathione by Glutathione-S-Transferase-Nanoconjugate Ensemble Electrochemical Device.

This paper reports a novel electrochemical method for detection of Glutathione (GSH) using Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) - ZnO composite nanoparticles to investigate the prospects of the method for detection of cancer at an early stage. The purified GST enzyme was bound with ZnO nanoparticles by electrostatic interactions and the nanocomposite was dropcast on a silicon dioxide wafer. The GST functionalized deposited layer was then used as a chemiresistive channel to detect conjugation reaction between GSH and 1-Chloro-2, 4-Dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The zeta potential values of the ZnO nanoparticles and the GST were found to be 13.4 mV and-6.21 mV, respectively. Around 73.8% binding was observed between the enzyme and ZnO nanoparticles. I - V analysis of the chemiresistive channel showed an increase in conductivity of the channel due to conjugation reaction between GSH and CDNB as compared with that of GSH or CDNB alone. I - V characterization of the GST functionalized layer was performed at various concentrations of GSH and a sensitivity and limit of detection of 5.68 nA/ [Formula: see text] and 41.9 nM were obtained, respectively. Thus from I - V analysis of the chemiresistivechannel, the detectionand quantification of GSH could be obtained. The kinetic parameters of both GST and nanoconjugate of ZnO nanoparticles andGSTwere determinedwith respect to its substrates, GSH and CDNB, using Michaelis-Mentenmodel. This novel approach of detection of GSH bymeans of ZnO nanoparticle and GST enzyme composite can be further analyzed for in vitro experiments, which will lead us to a new and efficient way of detecting certain types of cancers at an early stage.

Anion-Exchange Induced Strong π-π Interactions in Single Crystalline Naphthalene Diimide for Nitroexplosive Sensing: An Electronic Prototype for Visual on-Site Detection.

A new derivative of naphthalene diimide (NDMI) was synthesized that displayed optical, electrical, and visual changes exclusively for the most widespread nitroexplosive and highly water-soluble toxicant picric acid (PA) due to strong π-π interactions, dipole-charge interaction, and a favorable ground state electron transfer process facilitated by Coulombic attraction. The sensing mechanism and interaction between NDMI with PA is demonstrated via X-ray diffraction analysis, (1)H NMR studies, cyclic voltammetry, UV-visible/fluorescence spectroscopy, and lifetime measurements. Single crystal X-ray structure of NDMI revealed the formation of self-assembled crystalline network assisted by noncovalent C-H···I interactions that get disrupted upon introducing PA as a result of anion exchange and strong π-π stacking between NDMI and PA. Morphological studies of NDMI displayed large numbers of single crystalline microrods along with some three-dimensional (3D) daisy-like structures which were fabricated on Al-coated glass substrate to construct a low-cost two terminal sensor device for realizing vapor mode detection of PA at room temperature and under ambient conditions. Furthermore, an economical and portable electronic prototype was developed for visual and on-site detection of PA vapors under exceptionally realistic conditions.