Severity of papular urticaria in children is associated with specific IgG4 anti-salivary gland antigens from Aedes aegypti.

Summary: Background. Papular Urticaria (PU) is a cutaneous hypersensitivity disorder triggered by hematophagous arthropod bites. Despite being a common condition, especially in tropical environments, many knowledge gaps are observed for this disease. The main objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of humoral immune response to mosquito antigens in children with PU and establish a correlation between this response and the severity of clinical symptoms. Methods. An analytical cross-sectional observational study was carried out. Clinical and sociodemographic data and children's blood samples were collected to measure the specific antibodies from: 1. A. aegypti salivary gland antigens; 2. A. aegypti whole body antigens (both produced in the laboratory of the Center for Health Sciences at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro). A PU severity score based on clinical data is proposed to correlate disease severity with antibody reactivity signatures. Results. According to the clinical data, 58.9% of children received high severity scores. A significant statistical correlation was found between patients with high PU severity score and the development of symptoms before the age of two (p = 0.0326) and high IgG4 anti-salivary gland antigens concentration (p less than 0.05). Conclusion. It is suggested that PU severity in children is associated with a high concentration of IgG4 anti-salivary gland antigens from Aedes aegypti. Further studies are recommended to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms involved.

Doctors' awareness concerning primary immunodeficiencies in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: PIDs are a heterogeneous group of genetic illnesses, and delay in their diagnosis is thought to be caused by a lack of awareness among physicians concerning PIDs. The latter is what we aimed to evaluate in Brazil. METHODS: Physicians working at general hospitals all over the country were asked to complete a 14-item questionnaire. One of the questions described 25 clinical situations that could be associated with PIDs and a score was created based on percentages of appropriate answers. RESULTS: A total of 4026 physicians participated in the study: 1628 paediatricians (40.4%), 1436 clinicians (35.7%), and 962 surgeons (23.9%). About 67% of the physicians had learned about PIDs in medical school or residency training, 84.6% evaluated patients who frequently took antibiotics, but only 40.3% of them participated in the immunological evaluation of these patients. Seventy-seven percent of the participating physicians were not familiar with the warning signs for PIDs. The mean score of correct answers for the 25 clinical situations was 48.08% (±16.06). Only 18.3% of the paediatricians, 7.4% of the clinicians, and 5.8% of the surgeons answered at least 2/3 of these situations appropriately. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of medical awareness concerning PIDs, even among paediatricians, who have been targeted with PID educational programmes in recent years in Brazil. An increase in awareness with regard to these disorders within the medical community is an important step towards improving recognition and treatment of PIDs.

Severe combined immunodeficiency in Brazil: management, prognosis, and BCG-associated complications.

BACKGROUND: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is one of the most severe forms of primary immunodeficiency. The objectives of this study were to analyze the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of SCID in Brazil and to document the impact of BCG vaccine. METHODS: We actively searched for cases by contacting all Brazilian referral centers. RESULTS: We contacted 23 centers and 70 patients from 65 families. Patients were born between 1996 and 2011, and 49 (70%) were male. More than half (39) of the diagnoses were made after 2006. Mean age at diagnosis declined from 9.7 to 6.1 months (P = .058) before and after 2000, respectively, and mean delay in diagnosis decreased from 7.9 to 4.2 months (P = .009). Most patients (60/70) were vaccinated with BCG before the diagnosis, 39 of 60 (65%) had complications related to BCG vaccine, and the complication was disseminated in 29 of 39 (74.3%). Less than half of the patients (30, 42.9%) underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Half of the patients died (35, 50%), and 23 of these patients had not undergone HSCT. Disseminated BCG was the cause of death, either alone or in association with other causes, in 9 of 31 cases (29%, no data for 4 cases). CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, diagnosis of SCID has improved over the last decade, both in terms of the number of cases and age at diagnosis, although a much higher number of cases had been expected. Mortality is higher than in developed countries. Complications of BCG vaccine are an important warning sign for the presence of SCID and account for significant morbidity during disease progression.

Severe combined immunodeficiency in Brazil: management, prognosis, and BCG-associated complications

Background: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is one of the most severe forms of primary immunodeficiency. The objectives of this study were to analyze the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of SCID in Brazil and to document the impact of BCG vaccine. Methods: We actively searched for cases by contacting all Brazilian referral centers. Results: We contacted 23 centers and 70 patients from 65 families. Patients were born between 1996 and 2011, and 49 (70%) were male. More than half (39) of the diagnoses were made after 2006. Mean age at diagnosis declined from 9.7 to 6.1 months ( P= .058) before and after 2000, respectively, and mean delay in diagnosis decreased from 7.9 to 4.2 months ( P= .009). Most patients (60/70) were vaccinated with BCG before the diagnosis, 39 of 60 (65%) had complications related to BCG vaccine, and the complication was disseminated in 29 of 39 (74.3%). Less than half of the patients (30, 42.9%) underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Half of the patients died (35, 50%), and 23 of these patients had not undergone HSCT. Disseminated BCG was the cause of death, either alone or in association with other causes, in 9 of 31 cases (29%, no data for 4 cases). Conclusions: In Brazil, diagnosis of SCID has improved over the last decade, both in terms of the number of cases and age at diagnosis, although a much higher number of cases had been expected. Mortality is higher than in developed countries. Complications of BCG vaccine are an important warning sign for the presence of SCID and account for significant morbidity during disease progression (AU)

Antecedentes: La inmunodeficiencia severa combinada (IDSC) es una de las formas más graves de la inmunodeficiencia primaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el estado del diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de esta enfermedad en Brasil y documentar el impacto de la vacunación con BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin). Métodos: Los casos fueron seleccionados tras contactar con los centros de referencia de Brasil. Resultados: Se contactaron 23 centros en total, que permitieron recopilar a 70 pacientes entre los años 1996 y 2011 procedentes de 65 familias, 49 de ellos (70%) varones. En más de la mitad de ellos (39), el diagnóstico fue realizado con posteriridad al año 2006. La edad media en el diagnóstico varió entre los 9,7 a los 6,1 meses (p=0.058), antes y después del año 2000, respectivamente, y el tiempo en que se realizó el diagnóstico disminuyó de los 7,9 a los 4,2 meses (p=0.009). La mayoría de ellos (60/70) se habían vacunado con BCG antes del diagnóstico, 39/60 (65%) tuvieron complicaciones con la BCG y en 29/39 (74.3%) la enfermedad se diseminó. En menos de la mitad de los pacientes (30/70, 42,9%) se realizó un trasplate de células madre (HSCT). La mitad de los pacientes (35/70, 50%) murieron; 23/35 de ellos sin HSCT. La diseminación del BCG fue la causa de la muerte, sola o asociada con otras causas, en 9/31 casos (29%, en 4 casos sin datos). Conclusiones: En conclusión, el diagnóstico de IDSC en Brasil ha mejorado en la última década, tanto en términos numéricos, cómo respecto a la edad de detección de la enfermedad. La mortalidad es alta en comparación con los países desarrollados. La vacuna con BCG provoca complicaciones importantes en estos pacientes, lo cual alerta sobre el posible diagnóstico y progresión de esta enfermedad (AU)

Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis associated with severe congenital immunodeficiency in a prepubescent subject: clinical findings and response to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a rare multifactorial congenital disease of genetic origin caused by an impairment in the secretion of specific immunoglobulins. It manifests systemically through recurrent respiratory infections, gastrointestinal disorders and autoimmune diseases. Oral manifestations may include gingivitis and lichenoid lesions with Wickham's striae. The treatment for CVID is supported by using intravenous infusion of immunoglobulins (IVIG) that allows for control of the disease and avoidance of recurrent opportunistic infections. This report presents a case of necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) in a young patient with CVID, and correlates his periodontal status with systemic conditions before and after IVIG administration during 1 year of evaluation.