Arylcyclopropanecarboxyl guanidines as novel, potent, and selective inhibitors of the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform-1.

A novel series of arylcyclopropanecarboxyl guanidines was synthesized and evaluated for activity against the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1). In biological assays conducted in an AP1 cell line expressing the human NHE-1 isoform, the starting cyclopropane 3a (IC(50) = 3.5 microM) shows inhibitory activity comparable to cariporide (IC(50) = 3.4 microM). Structure-activity relationships are used to optimize the affinity of various acyl guanidines for NHE-1 by screening the effect of substituents at both aryl and cyclopropyl rings. It is demonstrated that introduction of appropriate hydrophobic groups at the phenyl ring and a gem-dimethyl group at the cyclopropane ring enhances the NHE-1 inhibitory activity by up to 3 orders of magnitude (compound 7f, IC(50) = 0.003 microM). In addition, the gem-dimethyl series of analogues seem to display improved oral bioavailability and longer plasma half-life in rats. Furthermore, the lead benzodihydrofuranyl analogue 1 (BMS-284640) shows over 380-fold increased NHE-1 inhibitory activity as well as improved selectivity for NHE-1 over NHE-2 compared to cariporide.

Technetium(V) oxo complexes of substituted propylene diamine dioxime (PnAO) ligands: water-dependent interconversion between syn and anti isomers.

99mTc and (99)Tc complexes of PnAO (propylene diamine dioxime) ligands monosubstituted in the 6-position [PnAO-6-R] were prepared and studied. Ligands substituted with an alkyl group or with no substituent (R = H, CH(3), or CH(2)CH(CH(3))(2)), gave only one Tc complex. However, for several other nonalkyl substituents (R = COOCH(3), OH, OCH(3), OCH(2)CH(3), F, CN, NHCOCH(3), and NHCOCH(2)CH(3)), two Tc complexes A and B were formed. Products A and B were assigned to the anti and syn TcO(PnAO-6-R) species, respectively, based on (1)H NMR results. X-ray structure analyses supported these assignments. The A (anti) isomer of TcO(PnAO-6-OH) had the chemical formula TcC(13)H(25)N(4)O(4) and crystallized in an orthorhombic system with space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and Z = 4; a = 12.744(2) A, b = 13.591(2) A, c = 9.976(2) A. The B (syn) isomer of TcO(PnAO-6-CN) had the chemical formula TcC(14)H(24)N(5)O(3) and was a 1:4 mixture of two monoclinic polymorphs: individual rectangular prisms (space group P2(1)/c, Z = 4) and clusters of intergrown twinned rectangular rods (space group Cc, Z = 8). For the prisms, a = 12.457(1) A, b = 13.932(1) A, c = 10.336(1) A, and for the rods, a = 31.344(5) A, b = 6.993(1) A, c = 21.657(2) A. The syn and anti isomers interconverted in the presence of water; nonequilibrium mixtures of epimers remained unchanged under dry conditions. The HPLC behavior under reversed phase conditions was consistent with on-column interconversion (poor resolution), whereas the two isomers were cleanly resolved under drier normal phase conditions. An oxo inversion mechanism involving trans water attack is proposed for the interconversion process. Water also influenced the position of equilibrium of the two isomers. The syn isomer was stabilized in water relative to the anti isomer.

Synthesis, structure proof, and biological activity of epothilone cyclopropanes.

[structure--see text] A semisynthetic route to epothilone cyclopropanes from epothilones A and B is described. Of significance, the deoxygenation of the 12, 13-epoxide to give the corresponding olefin was achieved with high efficiency. The title compounds (8, 9) were active in both tubulin polymerization and cytotoxicity assays, which is in direct contrast to a previously published report. These results provide further evidence that the role of the 12,13-epoxide of epothilones is largely conformational and argue against some of the current pharmacophore models.

Discovery and structure-activity relationships of sulfonamide ETA-selective antagonists.

Random screening of compounds in an ETA receptor binding assay led to the discovery of a class of benzenesulfonamide ligands. Optimization led to the development of 5-amino-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamides which were functional antagonists. Structural features which were important to activity included a 1,5-substitution pattern on the naphthalene ring; a sulfonamide NH with a pK value < 7; an amine, preferably with alkyl substituents, at the 5-position; and methyl groups on both the 3- and 4-positions of the isoxazole.

Calcium entry blockers and activators: conformational and structural determinants of dihydropyrimidine calcium channel modulators.

Dihydropyrimidines 4, 6, and 15, uniquely designed to unambiguously establish structural and conformational determinants for DHP receptor occupation and for modulation of calcium channel function, were prepared and examined for calcium channel modulation. Our results confirm and firmly establish a preference for syn-orientation of an unsymmetrically substituted aryl moiety at the DHP receptor (15d vs 15e). We propose a normal vs capsized DHP boat model to explain structural and conformational requirements for modulation of calcium channel function that requires an obligatory left-hand side alkoxy cis-carbonyl interaction for maximal DHP receptor affinity, the effect of channel function being determined by orientation of the 4-aryl group. Enantiomers having an up-oriented pseudoaxial aryl group (normal DHP boat) will elicit calcium antagonist activity, whereas enantiomers having a down-oriented pseudoaxial aryl group (capsized DHP boat) will elicit calcium agonist activity. Single enantiomers of macrocyclic lactone 15b demonstrate opposite channel activity. Antagonist activity resides in enantiomer 15b-A (S-configuration, left-hand side alkoxy cis-carbonyl with up-oriented pseudoaxial aryl group and normal DHP boat), whereas agonist activity resides in enantiomer 15b-B (R-configuration, left-hand side alkoxy cis-carbonyl with down-oriented pseudoaxial aryl group and capsized DHP boat). Moreover, this model is consistent with and provides a rational explanation of previous literature in this area, most notably the observation of chiral inversion and potency diminution upon replacement of ester by hydrogen in the Bay K 8644 series.

Nonprostanoid prostacyclin mimetics. 5. Structure-activity relationships associated with [3-[4-(4,5-diphenyl-2-oxazolyl)-5- oxazolyl]phenoxy]acetic acid.

cis-[3-[2-(4,5-Diphenyl-2-oxazolyl)ethenyl]phenoxy]acetic acid (3) was previously identified as a nonprostanoid prostacyclin (PGI2) mimetic that potently inhibits ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets with an IC50 of 0.18 microM. As part of an effort to further explore structure-activity relationships for this class of platelet inhibitor and to provide additional insight into the nonprostanoid PGI2 mimetic pharmacophore, the effect of constraining the cis-olefin moiety of 3 into various ring systems was examined. Incorporation of the cis-olefin of 3 into either an oxazole (26) or an unsubstituted pyrazole (35) heterocycle provided compounds that are equipotent with progenitor 3. However, the oxazole 11f, which is isomeric with 26, inhibits ADP-induced human platelet aggregation in vitro with an IC50 of 0.027 microM, 6-fold more potent than 3, 26, or 35. These results suggest that the central oxazole ring of 11f is functioning as more than a simple scaffold that provides optimal stereodefinition for interaction with the PGI2 receptor. The nitrogen atom of the central heterocycle of 11f is postulated to engage in hydrogen-bond formation with a donor moiety in the PGI2 receptor protein, an interaction not available to 26 due to the markedly different topology. In support of this contention, the crystal structures of 11f and 26 contain strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the carboxylic acid hydrogen atom and the nitrogen atom of the central oxazole ring. Although 11f and 26 are exact isosteres and could, in principle, adopt the same molecular packing arrangement in the solid state, this is not the case, and the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions in 11f and 26 are accommodated by entirely different molecular packing arrangements. Incorporation of the olefin moiety of 3 into a benzene ring provided a compound, 40, over 60-fold weaker with an IC50 of 11.1 microM. The affinities of 11f, 26, 31, 32, and 40 for the human platelet PGI2 receptor, determined by displacement of [3H]iloprost, correlated with inhibition of platelet function. The solid-state structures of 11f, 26, 31, 32, and 40 were determined and revealed that the more potent compounds 11f and 26 adopt a relatively planar overall topography. In contrast, the central phenyl ring and the phenoxy ring of the weakly active compound 40 are rotated by 53 degrees from planarity. The chemical shifts of the protons of the phenoxy rings of 3, 11f, 18, 26, 31, 32, and 40 suggest that in solution 3, 11f, 18, and 26 adopt a planar conformation while 40 does not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Conformationally constrained calcium channel blockers: novel mimics of 1-benzazepin-2-ones.

In order to test a hypothesis that the seven-membered ring of the benzothiazepinone (diltiazem) and benzazepinone calcium channel blockers serves primarily to orient two critical pharmacophores in space, a series of novel, conformationally constrained bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl amines 3 which severely restrict the relative orientations available to the amine and methoxyphenyl groups was prepared. All compounds which positioned the pharmacophores on the same face of the molecule demonstrated vasorelaxant activity and affinity for the diltiazem receptor equal to or greater than racemic diltiazem 1 or the corresponding benzazepione 2. In addition, compound 3d was equipotent to (+)-diltiazem in its ability to reduce ischemic/reperfusion injury in an in vitro model of myocardial ischemia. However, 3d is significantly less cardiodepressive at an equivalent antiischemic dose. Therefore, the original receptor binding hypothesis led to the design and synthesis of novel calcium channel blockers with unique biological properties.

Dihydropyrimidine calcium channel blockers. 4. Basic 3-substituted-4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid esters. Potent antihypertensive agents.

We have examined a series of novel dihydropyrimidine calcium channel blockers that contain a basic group attached to either C5 or N3 of the heterocyclic ring. Structure-activity studies show that a 1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl carbamate moiety at N3 and sulfur at C2 are optimal for vasorelaxant activity in vitro and impart potent and long-acting antihypertensive activity in vivo. One of these compounds (11) was identified as a lead, and the individual enantiomers 12a (R) and 12b (S) were synthesized. Two key steps of the synthesis were (1) the efficient separation of the diastereomeric ureido derivatives 29a/29b and (2) the high-yield transformation of 2-methoxy intermediates 30a/30b to the (p-methoxybenzyl)thio intermediates 31a/31b. Chirality was demonstrated to be a significant determinant of biological activity, with the dihydropyridine receptor recognizing the enamino ester moiety (12a) but not the carbamate moiety (12b). Dihydropyrimidine 12a is equipotent to nifedipine and amlodipine in vitro. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat, dihydropyrimidine 12a is both more potent and longer acting than nifedipine and compares most favorably with the long-acting dihydropyridine derivative amlodipine. Dihydropyrimidine 12a has the potential advantage of being a single enantiomer.

Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 3. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of 3-alkylbenzazepinones.

As part of a program aimed at identifying novel analogues of diltiazem, we developed several synthetic routes for 3-alkylbenzazepinones, both in racemic and nonracemic form. Structure-activity relationship studies in this series have led to identification of several analogues as potent calcium channel blocking agents, both in vitro and in vivo. Analogues containing a 6-trifluoromethyl substituent (17a and 17b) are the most potent vasorelaxants in vitro. The oral antihypertensive activity of these compounds is comparable to its 3-acetoxy derivative 1 (X = 6-CF3) and 8-chlorodiltiazem (2b). The 3-allyl analogue 17c is a more potent antihypertensive agent than 17a, 17b, or 8-chlorodiltiazem (2b), and has a longer duration of action in vivo.

Active conformation of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium entry blockers. Effect of size of 2-aryl substituent on rotameric equilibria and receptor binding.

The conformational requisites at the receptor for unsymmetrically substituted phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine calcium entry blockers are examined by screening a series of (2'-halophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridines 1-4, with increasing bulk at the 2'-position of the phenyl ring, for their ability to relax potassium-contracted rabbit aortic smooth muscle and to competitively displace [3H]nitrendipine from its specific binding sites on guinea pig skeletal muscle. The fraction of synperiplanar rotamer in solution for these compounds, as determined by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement method, shows a positive correlation with vasorelaxant activity and receptor binding affinity. These findings are consistent with the synperiplanar rotamer of nonrigid unsymmetrically substituted phenyl 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers being the receptor-bound conformation.

Technetium labeling of monoclonal antibodies with functionalized BATOs. 1. TcCl(DMG)3PITC.

BATO (boronic acid adduct of technetium dioximes) complexes, TcCl(dioxime)3BR, were prepared in which the boron substituent (R) was the protein-reactive m-phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC). The 99TcCl(dioxime)3PITC complexes [dioxime = dimethylglyoxime (DMG) or cyclohexanedione dioxime (CDO)] were prepared from 99Tc(dioxime)3(mu-OH)SnCl3 and characterized. The X-ray crystal structure of 99TcCl(DMG)3PITC was determined. The 99mTc complexes were prepared from 99mTcO4- in a process using a freeze-dried kit, either in a one-step procedure or via 99mTcCl(dioxime)3. Initial labeling studies with 99mTcCl(dioxime)3PITC were performed on glycine and polylysine and, subsequently, on mouse IgG and the B72.3 monoclonal antibody. Covalent attachment of 99mTcCl(DMG)3PITC to B72.3 was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. B72.3 labeled with 99mTcCl(DMG)3PITC displayed high binding to a TAG 72 affinity column and had a distribution in normal mice similar to that reported for iodine-labeled B72.3.

Substitution of lysine at position 104 or 240 of TEM-1pTZ18R beta-lactamase enhances the effect of serine-164 substitution on hydrolysis or affinity for cephalosporins and the monobactam aztreonam.

By site-directed mutagenesis, TEM-1 beta-lactamase was altered to contain single amino acid changes of E104K, R164S, and E240K, in addition to double changes of E104K/R164S or R164S/E240K and the triple change of E104K/R164S/E240K. Hydrolysis rates for cephaloridine and benzylpenicillin were lowered at least 1 order of magnitude for all enzymes containing R164S substitutions. All mutant enzymes exhibited increased kcat values for beta-lactam antibiotics containing an aminothiazole oxime side chain. Hydrolysis of ceftazidime was most affected, with kcat values increased 3-4 orders of magnitude in all enzymes with the substituted R164S moiety. Km values decreased for all substrates except ceftazidime in the enzymes with multiple mutations. Aztreonam was most affected, with Km values lowered 23-56-fold in the enzymes bearing multiple mutations. When the crystal structures of aztreonam and related monobactams were studied and projected into an active-site model of the PC1 beta-lactamase, it became apparent that the two lysine residues might serve equivalent roles by interacting with the carboxylate of the aminothiazole oxime side chain. Hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the oxime and N7 of the lysine, particularly Lys-104, may also be important in some antibiotics. Ser-164 apparently serves an indirect role, since it is somewhat distant from the active-site cleft.

Dihydropyrimidine calcium channel blockers. 2. 3-substituted-4-aryl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid esters as potent mimics of dihydropyridines.

To enhance the intrinsic potency of dihydropyrimidine calcium channel blockers, we have modified the structure of previously described 2-heteroalkyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidines 2 to 3-substituted 1,4-dihydropyrimidines 3. Structure-activity studies using potassium-depolarized rabbit aorta show that ortho, meta-disubstituted aryl derivatives are more potent than either ortho- or meta-monosubstituted compounds. While vasorelaxant activity was critically dependent on the size of the C5 ester group, isopropyl ester being the best, a variety of substituents (carbamate, acyl, sulfonyl, alkyl) were tolerated at N3. Our results show dihydropyrimidines 3 are significantly more potent than corresponding 2-heteroalkyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidines 2 and only slightly less potent than similarly substituted 2-heteroalkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines 4 and 5. Whereas dihydropyridine enantiomers usually show 10-15-fold difference in activity, the enantiomers of dihydropyrimidine 3j show more than a 1000-fold difference in activity. These results strengthen the requirement of an enamino ester for binding to the dihydropyridine receptor and indicate a nonspecific role for the N3-substituent.

Dihydropyrimidine calcium channel blockers: 2-heterosubstituted 4-aryl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid esters as potent mimics of dihydropyridines.

2-Heterosubstituted-4-aryl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-pyrimidinecar box ylic acid esters 8, which lack the potential CS symmetry of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, were prepared and evaluated for biological activity. Biological assays using potassium-depolarized rabbit aorta and radioligand binding techniques showed that some of these compounds are potent mimics of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. The combination of a branched ester (e.g. isopropyl, sec-butyl) and an alkylthio group (e.g. SMe) was found to be optimal for biological activity. When compared directly with similarly substituted 2-heteroalkyldihydropyridines 9, dihydropyrimidines 8 were found to be 30-fold less active. The solid-state structure of dihydropyrimidine analogue 8g shows that these compounds can adopt a molecular conformation which is similar to the reported conformation of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.

Studies directed toward ascertaining the active conformation of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium entry blockers.

A series of unsymmetrically substituted 4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine calcium entry blockers were investigated for their ability to relax potassium-contracted rabbit aortic smooth muscle and to competitively displace [3H]nitrendipine from its specific binding sites on guinea pig myocardial membranes in order to delineate the pharmacologically active conformer with respect to the position of the aromatic substituent (synperiplanar or antiperiplanar). The data show that the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor distinguishes between 2',3'-disubstituted phenyldihydropyridines and 2',5'-disubstituted analogues as measured by changes of vasodilation and receptor affinity in vitro. The IC50 values for vasorelaxation by the analogues presented here correlate best with the Kd values for binding to the predominant receptor of two coexisting dihydropyridine binding sites in the guinea pig myocardium. We report the first observation of an antiperiplanar orientation of an o-phenyl substituent in the X-ray structure of 2-chlorophenyl analogue 3. Using nuclear Overhauser enhancement, we have developed a method that also demonstrates that an ortho (chloro or nitro) substituent on the phenyl ring does not preclude the presence of either synperiplanar or antiperiplanar phenyl rotamer in solution. These experimental findings contrast with the accepted belief that o-phenyl substituents essentially force these 1,4-dihydropyridines into the synperiplanar conformation exclusively.

Aerocavin, a new antibiotic produced by Chromobacterium violaceum.

A new antibiotic, aerocavin, has been isolated from fermentation broths of a non-pigmented strain of Chromobacterium violaceum. The structure 1 was deduced from its spectroscopic properties and X-ray diffraction analysis. Aerocavin exhibits activity in vitro against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane analogues of thromboxane A2/PGH2.

A series of chemically stable TXA2/PGH2 analogues modeled after the structure of the natural products was prepared in search of useful inhibitors of TXA2/PGH2-mediated pathophysiology. Each of the 16 isomers implied in structure 1 was prepared in chiral form and evaluated for activity in vitro in platelets and smooth muscle. Depending on relative side chain and carbinol stereochemistry, TXA2/PGH2 agonist and antagonist and, surprisingly, PGD2/PGI2 agonist activities were observed. The enantiomers possessing the alpha heterocycle shown in 1 were generally more potent than their mirror-image isomers.