New long-standing metabolites of 17α-methyltestosterone are detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine.

Novel metabolites of the anabolic androgenic steroid 17α-methyltestosterone have been detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Their detection was accomplished through targeted gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry analysis that has been based on microscale synthesized standards. The related synthesis and the gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry characterization of the analytical standards are described. All newly presented metabolites have a fully reduced steroid A-ring with either an 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure or they have been further oxidized at position 16 of the steroid backbone. Metabolites with 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure may be considered as side products of phase II metabolic sulfation of the 17ß-hydroxy group of methyltestosterone or its reduced tetrahydro-methyltestosterone metabolites 17α-methyl-5ß-androstane-3α,17ß-diol and 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17ß-diol that produce the known epimeric 17ß-methyl-5ß-androstane-3α,17α-diol and 17ß-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17α-diol metabolites. The prospective of these new metabolites to increase detection time windows and improve identification was investigated by applying the World Anti-doping Agency TD2021IDCR criteria. The new metabolites, presented herein, complement the current knowledge on the 17α-methyltestosterone metabolism and in some cases can be used as additional long-term markers in the frame of sport doping drug testing.

A rare case of congenital plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor of the foot in a 4-year-old boy: case report and literature review.

The plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor (PFHT) is an infrequent soft-tissue neoplasm with uncertain biological behavior. We report a rare congenital PFHT case in a 4-year-old boy, treated with wide excision and skin grafting. After a 52-month follow-up, no recurrence, regional or distant metastases were documented. A literature review on the management of PFHTs is reported.

Fat-Augmented Latissimus Dorsi versus Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap: Comparative Study in Delayed Autologous Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The use of autologous tissues is considered the mainstay for delayed breast reconstruction. Aside the free abdominal flaps, which are most commonly used, the fat-augmented latissimus-dorsi (FALD) flap has been recently shown a reliable alternative option for pure autologous breast reconstruction. In this retrospective study, we aim to compare outcomes of autologous breast reconstructions using the extended FALD and deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP) flap, with an emphasis on patients' characteristics, demographic data, complications, and patients' satisfaction after a minimum 12-month follow-up. METHODS: Our series consists of 135 women who underwent a delayed postmastectomy unilateral autologous breast reconstruction from 2011 to 2017: 36 patients (Group A) had an extended FALD flap and 99 (Group B) a free DIEP flap performed by the same surgeons. Demographic data, breast volume, medical history, smoking, complications, and patients' satisfaction were recorded and analyzed. Student's t-test for independent variables, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Chi-squared test were used to compare the reported variables. RESULTS: Patients' age, body mass index (BMI), and pregnancy history were statistically different between groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p < 0.001, respectively); younger age (35.1 vs. 41.2 years), lower BMI (25.6 vs. 28.4), and fewer pregnancies were recorded in Group A. Breast volume was also found significantly smaller in Group A patients (p = 0.009). Past medical history using the ASA physical status classification score, previous radiation therapy, history of smoking, and incidence of overall complications were similar in both groups. Overall satisfaction scores were found slightly higher, but not statistically significant, in the free-flap group (p = 0.442). CONCLUSION: The use of the FALD flap may provide comparable outcome to the DIEP flap in delayed breast reconstruction in terms of complications and patients' satisfaction; it should be considered a good reconstructive option for young and thin nulliparous patients, with small to medium size opposite breast.

Donor-Site Lymphedema Following Lymph Node Transfer for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Abstracts Background: Among current surgical options used for treating breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL), autologous lymph node transfer (ALNT) is shown to provide favorable results. However, postoperative donor-site lymphedema (DSL), following the lymphatic flap harvesting from the groin area, has already been reported. Our aim is to summarize the recent literature for evidence of DSL following an ALNT for BCRL. METHODS AND RESULTS: A PubMed bibliographic search was performed for published studies evaluating donor-site complications following LNT in BCRL patients. We recorded demographic data of the patients, the type of flap used, the follow-up, the donor-site morbidity, and the diagnostic tests performed pre- and postoperatively. Statistical analysis was conducted to document any correlation between the incidence of DSL and the abovementioned recorded parameters. According to our results, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. From a total of 189 patients, three cases with DSL of the lower limb were reported (1.6%). No statistically significant correlations were found. CONCLUSION: ALNT has become increasingly popular and is considered an effective surgical option for treating BCRL of the upper limb. Although the incidence of postoperative DSL is low, insufficient data on patients' demographics, surgical details, and postoperative assessment do not allow extracting significant correlations. Meticulous technique of lymph node harvesting should be seriously considered to further minimize this infrequent but debilitating complication.

Autologous free fat transfer in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency.

AIM: To report our initial experience and preliminary results of autologous free fat transfer to improve speech and hypernasality in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) as a sequela of cleft lip and palate repair. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To date 2 patients with a mean age of 25 years were treated with this method. Both had initially received multiple procedures elsewhere for cleft lip and palate repair. We recorded the number of free fat transfer sessions, anatomical places of placement and volumes injected in-patient stay, occurrence or absence of complications and effectiveness of this operation in terms of clinical speech evaluation, functional velopharyngeal closure measurements and speech improvement percentage by an Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) specialist. RESULTS: Two autologous free fat transfer sessions per patient were performed. Mean hospitalization time was 1 day per operation. Following liposuction, autologous free fat was transferred to the following anatomical areas: a) Passavant's ridge, b) uvula, c) palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal folds. The volume of fat injected varied from 6.5 cc to 8 cc per session. Postoperative periods were uneventful for both cases in each session. On clinical examination, improvement in speech was noted as well as a reduction in hypernasality with an improvement in articulation and audibility of consonant words, which were also reported by the patients' relatives. This was confirmed by objective nasendoscopy velopharyngeal closure measurements, both during speech and deglutition. CONCLUSION: Augmentation pharyngoveloplasty with autologous free fat transfer in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency is a safe and innovative alternative, particularly for small to medium degrees of structural velophayngeal dysfunction.

Assessing an avoidable and dispensable reoperative entity: Self-referred flawed cleft lip and palate repair.

OBJECTIVE: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is comprised within the wide range of congenital deformities of the maxillofacial region with an overall incidence on the increase from 1:1000 to 1:700 live births thus being the most common congenital birth error. Failure of the lateral and medial nasal processes to fuse with the anterior extension of maxillary processes and of the palatal shelves between the 4th and 8th gestational week results in cleft lip and palate. Clefts include different types with variable severity, confirming the complexity and unpredictable expression of cleft modality and have a multifactorial aetiology. Functional impairment, aesthetic disturbances and psychosocial effects are common sequalae in patients with cleft lip and palate. The main long-term morbidity of this condition may include dysfunctional speech, impaired hearing and communication, as well as dental problems. These complications are followed by unfavourable surgical outcome and aesthetic appearance, which all seem to affect this group of patients significantly and have an impact significantly both quality of life and healthcare. Treatment requirements of cleft patients are multifactorial and a multi-disciplinary approach and intervention at multiple levels is necessary. Yet, in this country, resources available to parents and consistent publicity given to this issue and its treatment are still inadequate in spite of the introduction of "Centres of Excellence" and Unified Hospitalization Coding or DRG equivalents to optimize health management. The multi-disciplinary approach to cleft management has been a reality for over a century while cleft treatment protocols are still being evaluated in order to optimise standards of cleft care. According to relevant guidelines primary surgical management of lip and palate defects is performed during the first 3 to 9 months of life. Secondary operations in the form of revisional lip and nose procedures are performed at later stages aiming with an aesthetically improved outcome. Indications for surgery include widened scars, lip contour deformities, shortened lips, poorly defined and flattened nasal tip, short columella and irregularities of the nostrils (narrow or high-riding) and cartilages. Wound dehiscence, contractures, vermilion notching, white roll malalignment and orovestibular fistulas are possible unfavourable results after cleft lip repair. The psychological status of children and adults with repaired cleft lip and palate has been the subject of extensive research especially regarding the way of their evaluation facial appearance, satisfaction and need for secondary corrective surgical procedures in the hope of increasing their self-esteem and self-confidence. CONCLUSION: The aim of this study was to assess secondary CLP deformity management in an accredited present-day tertiary hospital facility with an existing infrastructure of a specialist teams however not formed in a multidisciplinary group. Equally, to answer questions of specific operation indications and choice as related to prior surgeries, hospitalization time and cost, provision of adequate preoperative information, correlation between paediatric and plastic surgeons and effect of post-plastic surgical care on patients' health and well-being. It also aims at presenting, beyond our current primary cleft lip and palate repair approach, appropriate indications and timing of secondary repair and achieved results.