Ensino híbrido para ensino de patologia renal na residência médica: um relato / Blended Learning for teaching Renal Pathology in Medical Residency - a report

Resumo: Introdução: O ensino híbrido pode ser utilizado como recurso pedagógico às formas tradicionais de ensinar. A ausência de um laboratório de patologia renal pode gerar uma lacuna na formação de médicos residentes em nefrologia. Este estudo descreve como a complementação do conteúdo com o uso de um atlas on-line de patologia renal foi descrita por médicos residentes. Relato de experiência: Um atlas virtual de patologia renal elaborado por preceptores das residências médicas de nefrologia e patologia foi apresentado a oito médicos residentes matriculados no serviço, que, durante 15 dias, incluíram os estudos desse conteúdo em suas atividades. Os residentes avaliaram a experiência de ensino-aprendizagem por meio de um grupo focal. Discussão: Estratégias de ensino on-line podem ser utilizadas para complementar o conhecimento adquirido durante a residência médica. No entanto, é importante que essa etapa da estratégia de ensino híbrido seja motivadora na visão do estudante e se adapte ao momento vivenciado pelos médicos residentes, os quais já possuem carga de trabalho determinada. Esses pontos estiveram entre os temas emergentes na análise temática do conteúdo do grupo focal, que também incluiu sugestões dos alunos em como modificar a apresentação do conteúdo. Conclusão: A inserção de estratégias de ensino híbrido pode auxiliar a formação dos médicos residentes, bem como abrir espaço para a produção discente. Parcerias interinstitucionais devem ser desenvolvidas para suprir barreiras à elaboração de e-learning pelos formadores médicos.

Abstract: Introduction: Blended Learning can be used as a pedagogical resource to the traditional ways of teaching. The lack of a Renal Pathology laboratory can result in a gap in the training of resident physicians in Nephrology. This study describes how complementing the content with the use of an online Renal Pathology atlas was described by resident physicians. Experience report: A virtual atlas of Renal Pathology prepared by preceptors of the Medical Residencies of Nephrology and Pathology was presented to eight resident physicians enrolled in the service, who, for fifteen days, included the studies of this content in their activities. The residents evaluated the teaching-learning experience through a focus group. Discussion: Online teaching strategies can be used to complement the knowledge acquired during Medical Residency. However, it is important that this stage of the blended learning strategy be motivating in the students' view, adapting to the moment experienced by resident physicians, who already have a pre-determined workload. These points were among the emerging topics in the thematic analysis of the content of the focus group, which also included suggestions from the students on how to modify the content presentation. Conclusion: The inclusion of blended learning strategies can help the training of resident physicians, as well as open space for student production. Inter-institutional partnerships should be developed to overcome barriers to e-learning development by medical trainers.

Risk perception among workers with previous occupational accidents in pre-hospital settings / Percepción de riesgos entre trabajadores que sufrieron accidentes de trabajo en ambiente prehospitalario / Percepção de riscos entre trabalhadores que sofreram acidentes de trabalho no ambiente pré-hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the risk perception of workers with previous occupational accidents in Mobile Emergency Care Services. Method: this quantitative and analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted with 265 professionals working in pre-hospital settings from 57 cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. An online questionnaire addressed sociodemographic characteristics, previous occupational accidents and the workers' occupational risk perceptions rated on a five-point Likert scale. The analysis included descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, median, and associations were verified using the Mann-Whitney test; the level of significance was established at p<0.05. Results: the occupational risks the workers more frequently reported were: exposure to blood (4.43); exposure to contaminated secretion/excretion (4.36); contact and handling of hygienization products (4.28); exposure to bacteria (4.25); lifting and transporting heavy loads (4.25); and exposure to viruses (4.23). A significant association was found between the risk perception of workers with previous occupational accidents and chemical (p=0.001), physical (p=0.006), ergonomic or psychological (p=0.000) risks, and accidents (p=0.000). Conclusion: association between the risk perception of workers who had previously experienced occupational accidents was significant, suggesting that workers may not identify or trivialize risks before they experience an accident. Therefore, actions are needed to encourage changes in behavior so that workers identify risks and prevent occupational accidents, such as adopting personal and collective protective equipment and improving the work conditions in pre-hospital settings.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la percepción de riesgo entre trabajadores que sufrieron accidentes de trabajo en el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Emergencia. Método: estudio cuantitativo y analítico, con delineamiento transversal, realizado en 265 trabajadores actuantes en ambiente prehospitalario, en 57 municipios en el estado de Rio Grande del Sur, en Brasil, por medio de un cuestionario online que contenía variables acerca de las características sociodemográficas, la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo y la percepción de riesgos ocupacionales; esta fue evaluada con escala Likert de cinco puntos. Para el análisis, se utilizaron la estadística descriptiva, la media, la desviación estándar, la mediana y el test de asociación Mann-Whitney con nivel de significación estadístico de p<0,05. Resultados: los principales riesgos ocupacionales identificados por los trabajadores fueron: exposición a sangre (4,43); exposición a secreción/excreción contaminada (4,36); manoseo y contacto con productos de higienización (4,28); exposición a bacterias (4,25); levantamiento y transporte manual de peso (4,25); y exposición a virus (4,23). Se verificó asociación significativa de la percepción de riesgo, entre los trabajadores que sufrieron y los que no sufrieron accidentes de trabajo, con riesgos químicos (p=0,001), físicos (p=0,006), ergonómicos o psicológicos (p=0,000) y de accidentes (p=0,000). Conclusión: la identificación de la percepción de riesgos ocupacionales, entre trabajadores que sufrieron accidentes de trabajo, se mostró significativa, lo que puede sugerir que antes de sufrir el accidente los trabajadores podrían no haber identificado o banalizado el riesgo. De esa forma, son necesarias realizar acciones que incentiven cambios de comportamiento para identificación del riesgo y prevención de accidentes de trabajo; por ejemplo, la utilización de equipamientos de protección individual y colectiva y la mejoría de las condiciones de trabajo en el ambiente prehospitalario.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a percepção de risco entre trabalhadores que sofreram acidentes de trabalho no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência. Método: estudo quantitativo e analítico, com delineamento transversal, realizado com 265 trabalhadores atuantes em ambiente pré-hospitalar em 57 municípios no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, por meio de um questionário online contendo variáveis acerca das características sociodemográficas, ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho e percepção de riscos ocupacionais, avaliada com escala Likert de cinco pontos. Para análise, utilizaram-se estatísticas descritivas, média, desvio padrão, mediana e o teste de associação Mann-Whitney com nível de significância estatística de p<0,05. Resultados: os principais riscos ocupacionais identificados pelos trabalhadores foram: exposição a sangue (4,43); exposição à secreção/excreção contaminada (4,36); manuseio e contato com produtos de higienização (4,28); exposição a bactérias (4,25); levantamento e transporte manual de peso (4,25); e exposição a vírus (4,23). Verificou-se associação significativa de percepção de risco entre os trabalhadores que sofreram e os que não sofreram acidentes de trabalho para os riscos químicos (p=0,001), físicos (p=0,006), ergonômicos ou psicológicos (p=0,000) e de acidentes (p=0,000). Conclusão: a identificação da percepção de riscos ocupacionais entre trabalhadores que sofreram acidentes de trabalho mostrou-se significativa, o que pode sugerir que antes de sofrer o acidente os trabalhadores podem não identificar ou banalizar o risco. Dessa forma, são necessárias ações que incentivam mudanças de comportamentos para identificação do risco e prevenção do acidente de trabalho, como a utilização de equipamento de proteção individual e coletiva e melhoria das condições de trabalho no ambiente pré-hospitalar.

Work accidents and occupational risks identified in the Mobile Emergency Service. / Acidentes de trabalho e os riscos ocupacionais identificados no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence of work accidents among Mobile Emergency Service workers and the association with the identified occupational risks. METHOD: A quantitative, exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted with Mobile Emergency Service workers in Rio Grande do Sul, between January 2016 and November 2017, using an online instrument. RESULTS: A total of 265 workers participated. There was a significant association between the occurrence of accidents at work and professional category (p = 0.041); as well as the occurrence of work accidents and the mesoregion (p = 0.015). In the significant associations between the occurrence of accidents at work and occupational risks, accidents with sharps, physical aggression, animal bites, verbal aggression, traffic accidents during commuting and falls were highlighted. In addition, a significant association between the occurrence of an accident at work and work leave (p = 0.000) was found. CONCLUSION: The occurrences of work accidents during pre-hospital service activities are related to the professional category of workers, the work mesoregion, work leave and the exposure of workers to different occupational risks.

Acidentes de trabalho e os riscos ocupacionais identificados no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência / Accidentes de trabajo y riesgos ocupacionales identificados en el Servicio de Atendimiento Móvil de Urgencia / Work accidents and occupational risks identified in the Mobile Emergency Service

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho entre trabalhadores do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência e a associação com os riscos ocupacionais identificados. Método Estudo quantitativo, exploratório, descritivo e transversal, realizado com trabalhadores, entre janeiro de 2016 e novembro de 2017, por meio de um instrumento online, no Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados Participaram 265 trabalhadores. Verificou-se associação significativa entre ocorrência de acidente de trabalho e categoria profissional (p=0,041); ocorrência de acidente de trabalho e a mesorregião (p=0,015). Nas associações significativas entre a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho e os riscos ocupacionais, destacaram-se os acidentes com perfurocortantes, agressão física, mordida de animal, agressão verbal, acidente de trânsito no deslocamento e quedas. Assim como, a associação significativa entre a ocorrência de acidente de trabalho e os afastamentos do trabalho (p=0,000). Conclusão As ocorrências de acidentes de trabalho durante as atividades no serviço pré-hospitalar estão relacionadas à categoria profissional dos trabalhadores, mesorregião de atuação, afastamentos do trabalho e a exposição dos trabalhadores a distintos riscos ocupacionais.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo entre trabajadores del Servicio de Atendimiento Móvil de Urgencia y la asociación con los riscos ocupacionales identificados. Método Estudio cuantitativo, exploratorio, descriptivo y transversal, realizado con trabajadores, entre enero de 2016 y noviembre de 2017, por medio de un instrumento online, no Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados Participaran 265 trabajadores. Verifico-se asociación significativa entre ocurrencia de accidente de trabajo y categoría profesional (p=0,041); ocurrencia de accidente de trabajo y la mesorregión (p=0,015). En las asociaciones significativas entre la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo y los riscos ocupacionales, destacaran-se los accidentes con objetos punzantes, agresión física, mordida de animal, agresión verbal, accidente de tránsito en el dislocamiento y quedas. Así como, la asociación significativa entre la ocurrencia de accidente de trabajo y las retiradas del trabajo (p=0,000). Conclusión Las ocurrencias de accidentes de trabajo durante las actividades en el servicio pre-hospitalario están relacionadas a la categoría profesional de los trabajadores, mesorregión de actuación, retirada del trabajo y la exposición de los trabajadores a distintos riscos ocupacionales.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the occurrence of work accidents among Mobile Emergency Service workers and the association with the identified occupational risks. Method A quantitative, exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted with Mobile Emergency Service workers in Rio Grande do Sul, between January 2016 and November 2017, using an online instrument. Results A total of 265 workers participated. There was a significant association between the occurrence of accidents at work and professional category (p = 0.041); as well as the occurrence of work accidents and the mesoregion (p = 0.015). In the significant associations between the occurrence of accidents at work and occupational risks, accidents with sharps, physical aggression, animal bites, verbal aggression, traffic accidents during commuting and falls were highlighted. In addition, a significant association between the occurrence of an accident at work and work leave (p = 0.000) was found. Conclusion The occurrences of work accidents during pre-hospital service activities are related to the professional category of workers, the work mesoregion, work leave and the exposure of workers to different occupational risks.

Workloads and burnout of nursing workers / Cargas de trabajo y agotamiento de la salud de los trabajadores de la enfermería / Cargas de trabalho e os desgastes à saúde dos trabalhadores da enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify workloads in nursing work and its association with nursing worker burnout. Method: a cross-sectional study, including 211 nursing workers from a university hospital, between July and August 2016. For the analysis, the descriptive statistics, Chi-Square Test, Fisher's Exact Test and Mann Whitney U-Test were used. Results: the most evidenced loads were biological. A significant association was found between workloads and workers' occupation, as well as a significant association between workloads and worker burnout. Burnout caused upper limb pain, neck and lumbar pain, lower limb pain, muscle spasm, lower limb edema, mental fatigue, headache, nervousness, and forgetfulness. Conclusion: workloads identification is a subsidy for the promotion of interventions that minimize the burnout generated to the health of the nursing worker.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las cargas de trabajo presentes en el trabajo de la Enfermería y su asociación con los desgastes a la salud de los trabajadores. Método: el estudio transversal, incluyendo 211 trabajadores de enfermería de un hospital universitario, entre julio y agosto de 2016. Para análisis, se utilizó estadística descriptiva y las Pruebas Qui-Cuadrado, Exacto de Fisher y Mann Whitney. Resultados: las cargas más evidenciadas fueron las biológicas. Se verificó una asociación significativa entre las cargas de trabajo y la función de los trabajadores, así como una asociación significativa entre cargas de trabajo y desgastes a la salud de los trabajadores. Los síntomas de agotamiento fueron dolor en miembros superiores, dolor en región cervical y lumbar, dolor en miembros inferiores, contractura muscular, edema en miembros inferiores, cansancio mental, cefalea, nerviosismo y olvido. Conclusión: la identificación de las cargas de trabajo sirve de subsidio para promoción de intervenciones que minimicen los desgastes generados a la salud del trabajador de la Enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as cargas de trabalho presentes no trabalho da Enfermagem e a sua associação com os desgastes à saúde dos trabalhadores. Método: estudo transversal, incluindo 211 trabalhadores de enfermagem de um hospital universitário, entre julho e agosto de 2016. Para análise, utilizou-se estatística descritiva e os Testes Qui-Quadrado, Exato de Fisher e Mann Whitney. Resultados: as cargas mais evidenciadas foram as biológicas. Verificou-se associação significativa entre as cargas de trabalho e a função dos trabalhadores, assim como associação significativa entre cargas de trabalho e desgastes à saúde dos trabalhadores. Os desgastes foram dor em membros superiores, dor em região cervical e lombar, dor em membros inferiores, contratura muscular, edema em membros inferiores, cansaço mental, cefaleia, nervosismo e esquecimento. Conclusão: a identificação das cargas de trabalho serve de subsídio para promoção de intervenções que minimizem os desgastes gerados à saúde do trabalhador da Enfermagem.

Workloads and burnout of nursing workers.

OBJECTIVE: to identify workloads in nursing work and its association with nursing worker burnout. METHOD: a cross-sectional study, including 211 nursing workers from a university hospital, between July and August 2016. For the analysis, the descriptive statistics, Chi-Square Test, Fisher's Exact Test and Mann Whitney U-Test were used. RESULTS: the most evidenced loads were biological. A significant association was found between workloads and workers' occupation, as well as a significant association between workloads and worker burnout. Burnout caused upper limb pain, neck and lumbar pain, lower limb pain, muscle spasm, lower limb edema, mental fatigue, headache, nervousness, and forgetfulness. CONCLUSION: workloads identification is a subsidy for the promotion of interventions that minimize the burnout generated to the health of the nursing worker.

Evasão do tratamento da dependência de drogas: prevalência e fatores associados identificados a partir de um trabalho de Busca Ativa / Dropout of drug addicts treatment: prevalence and associated factors identified from the active surveillance of patients

Resumo Introdução A dependência de drogas é considerada um transtorno de etiologia heterogênea, existem diretrizes para o seu tratamento, mas ainda ocorre um alto índice de evasão. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar a prevalência e fatores associados à evasão do tratamento. Métodos Estudo transversal, com análise de 593 prontuários e de 30 entrevistas aplicadas em pacientes que não tiveram aderência em um ambulatório de dependência química em um município do sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados O índice de abandono foi de 82%. O tempo de tratamento (Coef = -0,14; EP = 0,08; OR = 0,9), o atendimento com o assistente social (Coef = -0,68; EP = 0,33; OR = 0,5) e com psicólogo (Coef = -0,66; EP = 0,44; OR = 0,5) foram os principais fatores de proteção ligados à diminuição da probabilidade do abandono. O motivo de abandono mais relatado foi a colisão dos horários de atendimento com o de trabalho (33%, n = 10). Conclusão Torna-se necessário dar atenção ao fenômeno de evasão com o intuito de propiciar alternativas para o aumento da adesão e retorno dos pacientes.

Abstract Introduction Drug addiction is considered a heterogeneous etiology disorder, there are guidelines for their treatment, but still there is a high drop out rate. The research has the purpose to identify the prevalence and associated factors to the abandonment of the treatment. Methods Cross-sectional study, with a review of 593 medical records and 30 interviews applied to patients who had not adhered to treatment in a substance abuse clinic in a municipality located in southern Rio Grande do Sul. Results The dropout rate was 82%. The treatment time (Coef = -0.14, SE = 0.08; OR = 0.9), treatment with the social worker (Coef = -0.68, SE = 0.33, OR = 0.5) and psychological treatment (Coef = -0.66, SE = 0.44, OR = 0.5) decreased to the likelihood of abandonment. The most frequently reported reason in the interviews to justify the abandonment was the service's opening hours coinciding with working hours (33%, n = 10). Conclusion It is necessary to pay attention to the evasion phenomenon in order to provide alternatives to increasing compliance and the return of these patients.

Brazilian consensus on guidelines for diagnosis and treatment for restless legs syndrome.

The Consensus on restless legs syndrome is an effort of neurologists from several Brazilian states, which tirelessly reviewed the literature of recent years in search of evidence, both in regard to diagnosis and treatment, according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine.

Brazilian consensus on guidelines for diagnosis and treatment for restless legs syndrome / Consenso Brasileiro para as diretrizes de diagnóstico e tratamento da síndrome das pernas inquietas

The Consensus on restless legs syndrome is an effort of neurologists from several Brazilian states, which tirelessly reviewed the literature of recent years in search of evidence, both in regard to diagnosis and treatment, according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine.

O Consenso em síndrome das pernas inquietas contou com a participação de neurologistas de vários estados brasileiros, os quais incansavelmente revisaram a literatura dos últimos anos em busca de evidências, tanto no que se refere ao diagnóstico como ao tratamento, de acordo com a Classificação do Centro de Oxford para Medicina Baseada em Evidências.

Restless legs syndrome and pain disorders: what's in common?

Between 10 % and 30 % of the population report chronic pain. More than half of these also have sleep complaints. From considering these data, it can be inferred there is a significant overlapping between these conditions. Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED) is characterized by complaints of an "urge to move" frequently associated with dysesthesias. From that perspective, these sensations can also have painful characteristics. By the same token, the presence of comorbid diseases as predicted by a higher prevalence RLS/WED, have many of them with pain as an important complaint. Pain is a multidimensional response involving several levels of expression ranging from somatosensory to emotional. The potential shared mechanisms between RLS/WED and pain may involve sleep deprivation/fragmentation effect, inducing an increase in markers of inflammation and reduction in pain thresholds. These are modulated by several different settings of neurotransmitters with a huge participation of monoaminergic dysfunctional circuits. A thorough comprehension of these mechanisms is of utmost importance for the correct approach and treatment choices.

Effects of different sleep deprivation protocols on sleep perception in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether different protocols of sleep deprivation modify sleep perception. METHODS: The effects of total sleep deprivation (TD) and selective rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation (RD) on sleep perception were analyzed in normal volunteers. Thirty-one healthy males with normal sleep were randomized to one of three conditions: (i) normal uninterrupted sleep; (ii) four nights of RD; or (iii) two nights of TD. Morning perception of total sleep time was evaluated for each condition. Sleep perception was estimated using total sleep time (in hours) as perceived by the volunteer divided by the total sleep time (in hours) measured by polysomnography (PSG). The final value of this calculation was defined as the perception index (PI). RESULTS: There were no significant differences among the three groups of volunteers in the total sleep time measured by PSG or in the perception of total sleep time at baseline condition. Volunteers submitted to RD exhibited lower sleep PI scores as compared with controls during the sleep deprivation period (P <0.05). Both RD and TD groups showed PI similar to controls during the recovery period. CONCLUSION: Selective REM sleep deprivation reduced the ability of healthy young volunteers to perceive their total sleep time when compared with time measured by PSG. The data reinforce the influence of sleep deprivation on sleep perception.

Narcolepsy with cataplexy in monozygotic twins.

INTRODUCTION: This paper describes narcolepsy with cataplexy in two monozygotic twin sisters. OBJECTIVE: To clinically illustrate the involvement of neurological, genetic and immunologic systems in narcolepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a restropective study of these patients that were followed in the sleep medicine ambulatory clinic of the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto. RESULTS: These sisters are two of the few cases in the literature concordant for narcolepsy with catalepsy and without a "positive HLA" for narcolepsy. They had a typical clinical course of narcolepsy with cataplexy and attended all the neurophysiological diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy. CONCLUSION: In addition to known possible genetical similarity, this report stresses the role of environmental or unknown genetical factors acting on a specific neuro-imuno-genetical background and resulting in narcolepsy.

The challenge of managing fusiform basilar artery aneurysms: from acute ischemic stroke to a massive subarachnoid hemorrhage.

We present the case of a patient with acute brain stem ischemic stroke who was found to have a fusiform basilar aneurysm with a thrombus within the dilated vessel. Three days after the ischemic stroke, the patient had a massive subarachnoid hemorrhage and died. This case illustrates the difficulties in the acute management of ischemic events in patients with basilar fusiform aneurysms, because the natural history of this disease encompasses both bleeding and thrombosis.

[Brazilian guidelines for the treatment of narcolepsy]. / Diretrizes brasileiras para o tratamento da narcolepsia.

This manuscript contains the conclusion of the consensus meeting of the Brazilian Sleep Association with Brazilian sleep specialists on the treatment of narcolepsy based on the review of medical literature from 1980 to 2010. The manuscript objectives were to reinforce the use of agents evaluated in randomized placebo-controlled trials and to issue consensus opinions on the use of other available medications as well as to inform about safety and adverse effects of these medications. Management of narcolepsy relies on several classes of drugs, namely, stimulants for excessive sleepiness, antidepressants for cataplexy and hypnotics for disturbed nocturnal sleep. Behavioral measures are likewise valuable and universally recommended. All therapeutic trials were analyzed according to their class of evidence. Recommendations concerning the treatment of each single symptom of narcolepsy as well as general recommendations were made. Modafinil is the first-line pharmacological treatment of excessive sleepiness. Second-line choices for the treatment of excessive sleepiness are slow-release metylphenidate followed by mazindol. The first-line treatments of cataplexy are the antidepressants, reboxetine, clomipramine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine or high doses of selective serotonin reuptake inibitors antidepressants. As for disturbed nocturnal sleep the best option is still hypnotics. Antidepressants and hypnotics are used to treat hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis.

Diretrizes brasileiras para o diagnóstico de narcolepsia / Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis of narcolepsy

Este artigo relata as conclusões da reunião de consenso com médicos especialistas sobre diagnóstico de narcolepsia baseada na revisão dos artigos sobre narcolepsia listados no Medline entre 1980 e 2010. A narcolepsia é uma doença crônica de início entre a primeira e segunda décadas de vida do indivíduo. Os sintomas essenciais são cataplexia e sonolência excessiva. A cataplexia é definida como episódios súbitos, recorrentes e reversíveis de fraqueza da musculatura esquelética desencadeados por situações de conteúdo emocional. Os sintomas acessórios são alucinações hipnagógicas, paralisia do sono e sono fragmentado. Critérios de diagnóstico clínico de acordo com a Classificação Internacional dos Transtornos do Sono são de sonolência excessiva e cataplexia. Recomenda-se a realização de polissonografia seguida do teste de latência múltipla do sono em um laboratório de sono para confirmação e diagnóstico de comorbidades. Quando não houver cataplexia, deve haver duas ou mais sonecas com sono REM no teste de latência múltipla do sono. Tipagem HLA-DQB1*0602 positiva com níveis de hipocretina-1 abaixo de 110pg/mL devem estar presentes para o diagnóstico de narcolepsia sem cataplexia e sem sonecas com sono REM.

This manuscript contains the conclusion of the consensus meeting on the diagnosis of narcolepsy based on the review of Medline publications between 1980-2010. Narcolepsy is a chronic disorder with age at onset between the first and second decade of life. Essential narcolepsy symptoms are cataplexy and excessive sleepiness. Cataplexy is defined as sudden, recurrent and reversible attacks of muscle weakness triggered by emotions. Accessory narcolepsy symptoms are hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis and nocturnal fragmented sleep. The clinical diagnosis according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders is the presence of excessive sleepiness and cataplexy. A full in-lab polysomnography followed by a multiple sleep latency test is recommended for the confirmation of the diagnosis and co-morbidities. The presence of two sleep-onset REM period naps in the multiple sleep latency test is diagnostic for cataplexy-free narcolepsy. A positive HLA-DQB1*0602 with lower than 110pg/mL level of hypocretin-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid is required for the final diagnosis of cataplexy- and sleep-onset REM period -free narcolepsy.

Diretrizes brasileiras para o tratamento da narcolepsia / Brazilian guidelines for the treatment of narcolepsy

Este artigo relata as conclusões da reunião de consenso da Associação Brasileira de Sono com médicos especialistas brasileiros sobre o tratamento da narcolepsia, baseado na revisão dos artigos sobre narcolepsia publicados entre 1980 e 2010. Os objetivos do consenso são valorizar o uso de agentes avaliados em estudos randomizados placebo-controlados, emitir recomendações de consenso para o uso de outras medicações e informar pontos importantes a respeito da segurança e efeitos adversos das medicações. O tratamento da narcolepsia é baseado em diversas classes de agentes, estimulantes para sonolência excessiva, agentes antidepressivos para cataplexia e hipnóticos para sono noturno fragmentado. Medidas comportamentais são igualmente importantes e recomendadas universalmente. Todos os ensaios clínicos terapêuticos foram classificados de acordo com o nível de qualidade da evidência. Recomendações terapêuticas individualizadas para cada tipo de sintoma e recomendações gerais foram formuladas pelos autores. Modafinila é indicada como a primeira escolha para o tratamento da sonolência diurna. Agentes de segunda escolha para o tratamento da sonolência excessiva são metilfenidato de liberação lenta seguido pelo mazindol. Reboxetina, clomipramina, venlafaxina, desvenlafaxina e os inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina em doses altas são a primeira escolha para o tratamento da cataplexia. Hipnóticos são utilizados para o tratamento do sono noturno fragmentado. Antidepressivos e hipnóticos são igualmente utilizados para o tratamento das alucinações hipnagógicas e paralisia do sono.

This manuscript contains the conclusion of the consensus meeting of the Brazilian Sleep Association with Brazilian sleep specialists on the treatment of narcolepsy based on the review of medical literature from 1980 to 2010. The manuscript objectives were to reinforce the use of agents evaluated in randomized placebo-controlled trials and to issue consensus opinions on the use of other available medications as well as to inform about safety and adverse effects of these medications. Management of narcolepsy relies on several classes of drugs, namely, stimulants for excessive sleepiness, antidepressants for cataplexy and hypnotics for disturbed nocturnal sleep. Behavioral measures are likewise valuable and universally recommended. All therapeutic trials were analyzed according to their class of evidence. Recommendations concerning the treatment of each single symptom of narcolepsy as well as general recommendations were made. Modafinil is the first-line pharmacological treatment of excessive sleepiness. Second-line choices for the treatment of excessive sleepiness are slow-release metylphenidate followed by mazindol. The first-line treatments of cataplexy are the antidepressants, reboxetine, clomipramine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine or high doses of selective serotonin reuptake inibitors antidepressants. As for disturbed nocturnal sleep the best option is still hypnotics. Antidepressants and hypnotics are used to treat hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis.

[Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis of narcolepsy]. / Diretrizes brasileiras para o diagnóstico da narcolepsia.

This manuscript contains the conclusion of the consensus meeting on the diagnosis of narcolepsy based on the review of Medline publications between 1980-2010. Narcolepsy is a chronic disorder with age at onset between the first and second decade of life. Essential narcolepsy symptoms are cataplexy and excessive sleepiness. Cataplexy is defined as sudden, recurrent and reversible attacks of muscle weakness triggered by emotions. Accessory narcolepsy symptoms are hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis and nocturnal fragmented sleep. The clinical diagnosis according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders is the presence of excessive sleepiness and cataplexy. A full in-lab polysomnography followed by a multiple sleep latency test is recommended for the confirmation of the diagnosis and co-morbidities. The presence of two sleep-onset REM period naps in the multiple sleep latency test is diagnostic for cataplexy-free narcolepsy. A positive HLA-DQB1*0602 with lower than 110pg/mL level of hypocretin-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid is required for the final diagnosis of cataplexy- and sleep-onset REM period -free narcolepsy.

Sleep perception in insomniacs, sleep-disordered breathing patients, and healthy volunteers--an important biologic parameter of sleep.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms involved in sleep perception are not widely known. Therefore, we believe that investigating this phenomenon is the best way to understand some of the mechanisms involved in several sleep disturbances, particularly insomnias. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate sleep perception in insomniacs, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) patients, and healthy volunteers. Our hypothesis was that insomniacs have less sleep perception than healthy individuals and patients with sleep respiratory disorders. METHODS: We studied 199 individuals who were divided into the following four groups: (1) insomnia group; (2) patients with sleep-disordered breathing; (3) patients with insomnia complaints and an associated sleep respiratory disorder; and (4) healthy individuals with no sleep complaints. All patients were subjected to polysomnography (PSG) followed by a questionnaire addressing their perception about the previous night's sleep. In addition to analysis of all sleep parameters, we determined sleep perception as the percentage of the ratio between total sleep time perceived by the patient and the total sleep time obtained by PSG. RESULTS: Sleep perception was significantly lower in insomnia patients than in sleep-disordered breathing patients or the normal group. In addition, no significant differences across the four groups were observed in sleep efficiency and total sleep time. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the reported sleep perception of insomniacs is lower than that of sleep-disordered breathing patients or normal individuals. We believe that sleep perception is as important as other commonly measured parameters, such as sleep efficiency.