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Introduction: Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) as well as with pancreatic head carcinoma (CA) undergo the surgical intervention named "pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy according to Traverso-Longmire (PPPD)", which allowed a comparative analysis of the postoperative courses. The hypothesis was that patients with CA would have worse general as well as immune status than patients with CP due to the severity of the tumor disease and that this would be reflected in the more disadvantageous early postoperative outcome after PPPD. Methods: With the aim of eliciting the influence of the different diagnoses, the surgical outcome of all consecutive patients who underwent surgery at the Dept. of General, Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery at the University Hospital at Magdeburg between 2002 and 2015 (inclusion criterion) was recorded and comparatively evaluated. Early postoperative outcome was characterized by general and specific complication rate indicating morbidity, mortality, and microbial colonization rate, in particular surgical site infection (SSI, according to CDC criteria). In addition, microbiological findings of swabs and cultures from all compartments as well as preoperative and perioperative parameters from patient records were retrospectively documented and used for statistical comparison in this systematic retrospective unicenter observational study (design). Results: In total, 192 cases with CA (68.1%) and 90 cases with CP (31.9%) met the inclusion criteria of this study. Surprisingly, there were similar specific complication rates of 45.3% (CA) vs. 45.6% (CP; p = 0.97) and in-hospital mortality, which differed only slightly at 3.65% (CA) vs. 3.3% (CP; p = 0.591); the overall complication rate tended to be higher for CA at 23.4% vs. 14.4% (CP; p = 0.082). Overall, potentially pathogenic germs were detected in 28.9% of all patients in CP compared to 32.8% in CA (p = 0.509), and the rate of SSI was 29.7% (CA) and 24.4% (CP; p = 0.361). In multivariate analysis, CA was found to be a significant risk factor for the development of SSI (OR: 2.025; p = 0.048); the underlying disease had otherwise no significant effect on early postoperative outcome. Significant risk factors in the multivariate analysis were also male sex for SSI and microbial colonization, and intraoperatively transfused red cell packs for mortality, general and specific complications, and surgical revisions. Conclusions: Based on these results, a partly significant, partly trending negative influence of the underlying disease CA, compared to CP, on the early postoperative outcome was found, especially with regard to SSI after PPPD. This influence is corroborated by the international literature.
RESUMO
Stigmatization by health care professionals leads to decreased help-seeking behaviors in those being stigmatized. Prejudicial attitudes are especially pronounced concerning sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which is crucial in light of rising prevalence rates of STIs in recent years. We aimed to examine stigmatization against patients with sexually versus non-sexually transmitted infections among medical students in Germany. We also assessed how a person's sexual orientation or gender might contribute to stigma. Medical students (N = 332) read about a fictious patient with symptoms of pharyngitis after having had a casual sex encounter. Gender (female/male) and sexual orientation (hetero-/bi-/homosexual) of the patient as well as the pathogen causing the infection (gonococcus/H1N1-virus) were randomly varied. Afterwards, stigma against the patient was assessed. Patients with a gonococcal pharyngitis were perceived as more prone to engage in risky behavior, dumber, and less responsible than patients with a H1N1-virus pharyngitis. Bisexual patients were perceived as more prone to engage in risky behavior than hetero- and homosexual individuals. The predictability of the consequences of the patient's actions was rated higher in bisexual patients. Stigmatizing attitudes toward patients with a STI were frequent, especially against bisexual patients. More education should be dedicated to sexual/LGB health during medical school to reduce existing stigma.