Development and Evaluation of Innovative Peer-Led Physical Activity Programs for Mental Health Service Users.

Mental health service users (MHSUs) have elevated rates of cardiometabolic disturbance. Improvements occur with physical activity (PA) programs. We report the development and evaluation of three innovative peer-developed and peer-led PA programs: 1) walking; 2) fitness; and 3) yoga. Qualitative evaluation with 33 MHSUs in British Columbia, Canada, occurred. These programs yielded improvements for participants, highlighted by powerful narratives of health improvement, and improved social connections. The feasibility and acceptability of innovative peer-developed and peer-led programs were shown. Analyses revealed concepts related to engagement and change. Relating core categories, we theorize effective engagement of MHSUs requires accessibility on three levels (geographic, cost, and program flexibility) and health behavior change occurs within co-constituent relationships (to self, to peers, and to the wider community). This study highlights the benefits of peer involvement in developing and implementing PA programs and provides a theoretical framework of understanding engagement and behavior change in health programs for MHSUs.

A qualitative study exploring facilitators for improved health behaviors and health behavior programs: mental health service users' perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: Mental health service users experience high rates of cardiometabolic disorders and have a 20-25% shorter life expectancy than the general population from such disorders. Clinician-led health behavior programs have shown moderate improvements, for mental health service users, in managing aspects of cardiometabolic disorders. This study sought to potentially enhance health initiatives by exploring (1) facilitators that help mental health service users engage in better health behaviors and (2) the types of health programs mental health service users want to develop. METHODS: A qualitative study utilizing focus groups was conducted with 37 mental health service users attending a psychosocial rehabilitation center, in Northern British Columbia, Canada. RESULTS: Four major facilitator themes were identified: (1) factors of empowerment, self-value, and personal growth; (2) the need for social support; (3) pragmatic aspects of motivation and planning; and (4) access. Participants believed that engaging with programs of physical activity, nutrition, creativity, and illness support would motivate them to live more healthily. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Being able to contribute to health behavior programs, feeling valued and able to experience personal growth are vital factors to engage mental health service users in health programs. Clinicians and health care policy makers need to account for these considerations to improve success of health improvement initiatives for this population.

Patterns of tobacco-related mortality among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression.

Even though individuals with psychiatric conditions have a prevalence of smoking approximately 2-4 times greater than the general population, surprisingly little evidence exists to inform an assessment of the full range of tobacco-related mortality in such populations. The current study aims to provide mortality estimates for conditions causally related to tobacco use among individuals hospitalized with a primary psychiatric diagnosis in California from 1990 to 2005. Restricting cases to those of individuals aged 35 or older at the mid-point of their follow-up period, we assembled cohorts of individuals with ICD-9 diagnoses of schizophrenia and related disorders ("schizophrenia"; n = 174,277), depressive disorders (n = 338,250), or bipolar disorder (n = 78,739). Inpatient records were linked to death-certificate data. We generated age-, sex-, and race-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for the 19 diseases identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as being causally linked to tobacco use. The SMRs for all tobacco-linked diseases combined were: schizophrenia, 2.45 (95% CI = 2.41-2.48); bipolar, 1.57 (95% CI = 1.53-1.62); and depression, 1.95 (95% CI = 1.93-1.98). Tobacco-related conditions comprised approximately 53% (23,620/44,469) of total deaths in the schizophrenia, 48% (6004/12,564) in the bipolar, and 50% (35,729/71,058) in the depression cohorts. Addressing tobacco use in psychiatric populations is a critical clinical and public-health concern, especially in light of the currently limited clinical attention devoted to tobacco use in these groups.

Healthy living? By whose standards? Engaging mental health service recipients to understand their perspectives of, and barriers to, healthy living.

OBJECTIVE: It is well recognized that mental health service recipients experience high rates of cardiometabolic disorders, have poorer diets, and exercise less than the general population. This study sought to explore the meaning of a healthy lifestyle for this population and the barriers they experience to healthy living. METHOD: Focus groups were conducted with 23 individuals who experience serious mental health issues. The meaning of a healthy lifestyle and the barriers participants experience to living healthily were explored. RESULTS: Participants perceived a healthy lifestyle in broader terms than professional guidelines for exercise and diet. A broad framework including friendship, affordable safe housing, employment, spiritual, and emotional good health, as well as healthy eating and exercise, is described. Barriers identified by participants were poor mental and physical health and stigma (structural, social, and self). An unexpected result was the group problem solving that occurred during the focus groups. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Health care professionals need to understand mental health service recipients' perspectives of a "healthy lifestyle." An understanding of barriers within this context is required, as only then will we be able to empathize and assist as health care professionals. This study also shows that realistic, innovative, and pragmatic solutions occur when mental health service recipients are empowered.

Brief scheduled phone support from a clinician to enhance computer-aided self-help for obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized controlled trial.

Treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients from around the United Kingdom who employed computer-guided self-help by using BTSteps over 17 weeks were randomized to have brief live phone support from a clinician either (1) in nine Scheduled clinician-initiated calls or (2) only in calls Requested by the patient (n=22 per condition). Call content and mean duration were similar across conditions. Scheduled-support patients dropped out significantly less often, did more homework of self-exposure and self-imposed ritual prevention (95% vs. 57%), and showed more improvement in OCD symptoms and disability. Mean total support time per patient over 17 weeks was 76 minutes for Scheduled and 16 minutes for Requested patients. Giving brief support proactively by phone enhanced OCD patients' completion of and improvement with computer-aided self-help.