Factor XIII Transglutaminase Supports the Resolution of Mucosal Damage in Experimental Colitis.

The thrombin-activated transglutaminase factor XIII (FXIII) that covalently crosslinks and stablizes provisional fibrin matrices is also thought to support endothelial and epithelial barrier function and to control inflammatory processes. Here, gene-targeted mice lacking the FXIII catalytic A subunit were employed to directly test the hypothesis that FXIII limits colonic pathologies associated with experimental colitis. Wildtype (WT) and FXIII-/- mice were found to be comparable in their initial development of mucosal damage following exposure to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) challenge. However, unlike FXIII-sufficient mice, FXIII-deficient cohorts failed to efficiently resolve colonic inflammatory pathologies and mucosal damage following withdrawal of DSS. Consistent with prior evidence of ongoing coagulation factor activation and consumption in individuals with active colitis, plasma FXIII levels were markedly decreased in colitis-challenged WT mice. Treatment of colitis-challenged mice with recombinant human FXIII-A zymogen significantly mitigated weight loss, intestinal bleeding, and diarrhea, regardless of whether cohorts were FXIII-sufficient or were genetically devoid of FXIII. Similarly, both qualitative and quantitative microscopic analyses of colonic tissues revealed that exogenous FXIII improved the resolution of multiple colitis disease parameters in both FXIII-/- and WT mice. The most striking differences were seen in the resolution of mucosal ulceration, the most severe histopathological manifestation of DSS-induced colitis. These findings directly demonstrate that FXIII is a significant determinant of mucosal healing and clinical outcome following inflammatory colitis induced mucosal injury and provide a proof-of-principle that clinical interventions supporting FXIII activity may be a means to limit colitis pathology and improve resolution of mucosal damage.

Impact of carriers in oral absorption: Permeation across Caco-2 cells for the organic anions estrone-3-sulfate and glipizide.

Carriers may mediate the permeation across enterocytes for drug substances being organic anions. Carrier mediated permeation for the organic anions estrone-3-sulfate (ES) and glipizide across Caco-2 cells were investigated kinetically, and interactions on involved carriers evaluated. Initial uptakes (P(UP)) at apical and basolateral membranes, apparent permeabilities (P(APP)) and corresponding intracellular end-point accumulations (P(EPA)) of radioactive labeled compounds were studied. Possible effects of other anionic compounds were investigated. Apical P(UP) and absorptive P(APP) for ES were inhibited and its absorptive P(EPA) prevented in presence of the investigated organic anions and apical P(UP) was saturable with K(m) 23microM. Basolateral P(UP) and exsorptive P(APP) were inhibited, its exsorptive P(EPA) was prevented, and basolateral P(UP) and exsorptive P(APP) were saturable with K(m) 44microM and 38microM, respectively. BCRP inhibition affected both absorptive an exsorptive P(EPA) and P(APP) for ES. Glipizide apical P(UP) and absorptive P(APP) were not inhibitable. Basolateral P(UP) for glipizide was inhibitable, its P(EPA) prevented, and P(UP) was saturable with K(m) 56microM, but exsorptive P(APP) was not affected. Carrier mediated exsorption kinetics for ES are seen at both apical and basolateral membranes, resulting in predominant exsorption despite presence of absorptive carrier(s). Carrier mediated basolateral P(UP) for glipizide was observed, but glipizide P(APP) was not described by carrier kinetics. However, glipizide is affecting exsorption for ES, due to interactions on basolateral carrier. The study confirms that estrone-3-sulfate can be used to characterize anionic carrier kinetics. Furthermore it is suggested that estrone-3-sulfate may be used to identify compounds which may interact on anionic carriers.

Impact of transporters in oral absorption: a case study of in vitro and in vivo organic anion absorption.

A key determinant for oral bioavailability of a drug candidate is the intestinal epithelial permeation of the drug candidate. This intestinal permeation may be affected by interactions on membrane transporters expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether transporters were involved in the intestinal absorption of an organic anion A275 and to compare the impact of interactions related to transporters in the Caco-2 cell model versus the in vivo rat model of intestinal absorption. In both models, it was investigated whether intestinal permeation of A275 was concentration dependent and affected by inhibitors or competitive organic anions. Interactions related to transporters in intestinal permeation was clearly demonstrated in the Caco-2 cell model but was not directly evident for in vivo rat absorption. However, an observed biphasic in vivo absorption and a large intervariability between rats might mask a dose-dependent absorption of A275. To avoid these suggested interactions, a dose of at least 10 mg/kg, which saturates the intestinal transporters involved in A275 absorption, should be administered, but at doses below that the risk of such drug interactions should be taken into account.

Involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a5 (Oatp1a5) in the intestinal absorption of endothelin receptor antagonist in rats.

PURPOSE: To assess the contribution of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a5 (Oatp1a5/Oatp3) in the intestinal absorption of an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist, (+)-(5S,6R,7R)-2-butyl-7-[2-((2S)-2-carboxypropyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-5-(3,4-methylene-dioxyphenyl)cyclopenteno[1,2-b]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid (compound-A) in rats. METHODS: Uptakes of [(14)C]compound-A by Oatp1a5-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes and isolated rat enterocytes were evaluated. RESULTS: The uptake of compound-A by Oatp1a5-expressing oocytes was significantly higher than that by water-injected oocytes and Oatp1a5-mediated uptake was saturable with K(m) value of 116 microM. Compound-A was taken up into isolated enterocytes in time- and concentration-dependent manners and the estimated K(m) value was 83 microM, which was close to that for the Oatpt1a5-mediated uptake in oocytes. Both uptakes of compound-A by Oatp1a5-expressing oocytes and enterocytes were pH-sensitive with significantly higher uptake at acidic pH than those at neutral pH. Uptakes of compound-A into Oatp1a5-expressing oocytes and enterocytes were significantly decreased in the presence of Oatp1a5 substrates such as bromosulfophthalein and taurocholic acid. CONCLUSIONS: These results consistently suggested that Oatp1a5 is contributing to the intestinal absorption of compound-A at least in part, and the transporter-mediated absorption seems to be maximized at the acidic microenvironment of epithelial cells in the small intestine in rats.