Lipoprotein (a) Levels and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have linked high Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) concentrations to cardiovascular events, including the formation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA). We review and meta-analyze existing evidence on the association of Lp(a) levels with AAA. METHODS: Studies evaluating the link of Lp(a) with AAA, up to December 27th 2021, were identified by a systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively synthesized according to PRISMA guidelines. Results are presented as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: A total of 5,078 subjects (1,637 patients with AAA vs. 3,441 controls) from 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a mean age of 69.9 years and a male sex prevalence of 85.8%. Based on the qualitative synthesis, high Lp(a) concentrations are linked to abdominal aortic wall degradation and extracellular matrix disarrangement. Moreover, despite the considerable variability among races, high Lp(a) levels are related to increased AAA risk, independently of race differences. Accordingly, patients with AAA displayed significantly higher Lp(a) levels compared to controls (SMD: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.55-1.17, p < 0.001). The outcome was not affected in a sensitivity analysis excluding three outlying studies (SMD: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22-0.58, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis indicates the association between high Lp(a) levels and the presence of AAA, although existing literature presents high heterogeneity. Further studies are needed to standardize Lp(a) measurements and to conclude whether Lp(a) can be used as a sensitive biomarker of early presymptomatic AAA diagnosis.

Association of gut microbiota composition and their metabolites with subclinical atheromatosis: A systematic review.

Study objective: The present systematic review investigates the hypothesis that specific components of the intestinal microbiome and/or their metabolites are associated with early stages of subclinical arterial damage (SAD). Design: Based on the MOOSE criteria, we conducted a systematic review of the literature (Scopus, Medline) investigating the potential association between gut microbiota and the most widely applied arterial biomarkers of SAD. Participants: All studies included individuals without established cardiovascular disease, either with or without SAD. Intervention: No interventions were made. Main outcome measures: Association between exposure (components/metabolites of microbiota) and outcome (presence of SAD). Results: Fourteen articles met the predefined criteria. Due to the large heterogeneity, their meta-analysis was not possible. Our review revealed (a) two studies on endothelial dysfunction, out of which one found an inverse relation between plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels and FMD and the other did not substantiate a statistically significant correlation with RHI. (b) Twelve studies on atheromatosis, assessed as intimal-medial thickness (IMT), coronary artery calcium (CAC) and arterial plaque, of which, seven studies showed statistically significant associations (negative or positive depending on the microorganism or microbiota metabolite) with IMT, one study revealed significant associations with coronary artery calcium, while one showed absence of correlation and four studies reported statistically significant correlations with arterial plaque. (c) Three studies on arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity - PWV) with two of them concluding in statistically significant association while the third study did not. Some articles investigated multiple of the correlations described and therefore, belonged to more than one section. Conclusion: Evidence of both positive and inverse associations of gut microbiota composition and their metabolites with different types of SVD has been found. However the small number and heterogeneity of available studies cannot allow to confirm or disprove the hypothesis.