[Analysis of the comorbidities and role of laparoscopy in recurrent abdominal pain]. / Análisis de las comorbilidades y papel de la laparoscopia en el dolor abdominal recurrente.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recurrent abdominal pain is defined as > 3 episodes of abdominal pain accompanied by affectation of the daily activity, during > 3 months. Our objective is to analyze the role of diagnostic and/or therapeutic laparoscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective study from 2004 to 2016. Patients: <14 years with DAR who underwent laparoscopy. Variables: age, sex, history, surgical findings, histology and follow-up. RESULTS: 55 patients. Mean age: 10.7 years. Female 63, 6%. Probability of allergic comorbidity: 27.27% [16.138-40.962] (CI 95%). Probability of subsequent psychological comorbidity: 12.72% [5.27 -24.48] (95% CI). Histological changes 31/55 (56.36%): lymphoid nodular hyperplasia 10/31, appendicular inflammation 7/31, fecalite 3/31, carcinoid tumor 1/31, appendicular fibrosis 3/31, Meckel diverticulum 1/31, association of several of the above 8/31. Macroscopic alterations 31/55 (56.36%): appendicular pathology 10/31, adhesions 5/31, lymph nodes 2/31, ileitis 2/31, tubal cysts 1/31, Meckel 1/31 diverticulum, several of the previous ones 10/31. Remission of symptoms: 30/55 (54.54%). In some cases, with partial improvement (4/55) or persistence of symptoms (21/55), organic and/ or psychological cause was demonstrated (16/25). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent abdominal pain seems to have a significant association with an allergic or psychological history. Exploratory laparoscopy is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic technique.

INTRODUCCION Y OBJETIVOS: El dolor abdominal recurrente (DAR) supone > 3 episodios de dolor abdominal acompañados de afectación de la actividad diaria, durante > 3 meses. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el papel de la laparoscopia diagnóstica y/o terapéutica. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo desde 2004 hasta 2016. Pacientes < 14 años con DAR a los que se les practicó laparoscopia. Variables: edad, sexo, antecedentes, hallazgos quirúrgicos, histología y evolución. RESULTADOS: 55 pacientes. Media de edad: 10,7 años. Mujeres 63, 6%. Probabilidad de comorbilidad alérgica: 27,27% [16,138- 40,962] (I.C 95%). Probabilidad de comorbilidad posterior psicológica: 12,72% [5,27 -24,48] (I.C 95%). Alteraciones histológicas 31/55 (56,36%): hiperplasia nodular linfoide 10/35, inflamación apendicular 7/31, fecalito 3/31, tumor carcinoide 1/31, fibrosis apendicular 3/31, divertículo de Meckel 1/31, asociación de varios de los anteriores 8/31. Alteraciones macroscópicas 31/55 (56,36%): patología apendicular 10/31, bridas 5/31, adenopatías 2/31, ileítis 2/31, quistes tubáricos 1/31, divertículo de Meckel 1/31, varios 10/31. Remisión: 30/ 55 (54,54%). En algunos casos con mejoría parcial (sin desaparición completa del dolor) (4/55) o persistencia de síntomas (21/55) se demostró causa orgánica y/o psicológica (16/25). CONCLUSIONES: El dolor abdominal recurrente parece presentar una asociación significativa con antecedentes alérgicos o psicológicos. La laparoscopia exploradora supone una técnica diagnóstica y terapéutica.

Análisis de las comorbilidades y papel de la laparoscopia en el dolor abdominal recurrente / Analysis of the comorbidities and role of laparoscopy in recurrent abdominal pain

Introducción y objetivos. El dolor abdominal recurrente (DAR) supone > 3 episodios de dolor abdominal acompañados de afectación de la actividad diaria, durante > 3 meses. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el papel de la laparoscopia diagnóstica y/o terapéutica. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo desde 2004 hasta 2016. Pacientes < 14 años con DAR a los que se les practicó laparoscopia. Variables: edad, sexo, antecedentes, hallazgos quirúrgicos, histología y evolución. Resultados. 55 pacientes. Media de edad: 10,7 años. Mujeres 63, 6%. Probabilidad de comorbilidad alérgica: 27,27% [16,138- 40,962] (I.C 95%). Probabilidad de comorbilidad posterior psicológica: 12,72% [5,27 -24,48] (I.C 95%). Alteraciones histológicas 31/55 (56,36%): hiperplasia nodular linfoide 10/35, inflamación apendicular 7/31, fecalito 3/31, tumor carcinoide 1/31, fibrosis apendicular 3/31, divertículo de Meckel 1/31, asociación de varios de los anteriores 8/31. Alteraciones macroscópicas 31/55 (56,36%): patología apendicular 10/31, bridas 5/31, adenopatías 2/31, ileítis 2/31, quistes tubáricos 1/31, divertículo de Meckel 1/31, varios 10/31. Remisión: 30/ 55 (54,54%). En algunos casos con mejoría parcial (sin desaparición completa del dolor) (4/55) o persistencia de síntomas (21/55) se demostró causa orgánica y/o psicológica (16/25). Conclusiones. El dolor abdominal recurrente parece presentar una asociación significativa con antecedentes alérgicos o psicológicos. La laparoscopia exploradora supone una técnica diagnóstica y terapéutica (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Recurrent abdominal pain is defined as > 3 episodes of abdominal pain accompanied by affectation of the daily activity, during > 3 months. Our objective is to analyze the role of diagnostic and / or therapeutic laparoscopy. Material and methods. A descriptive, retrospective study from 2004 to 2016. Patients: < 14 years with DAR who underwent laparoscopy. Variables: age, sex, history, surgical findings, histology and follow-up. Results. 55 patients. Mean age: 10.7 years. Female 63, 6%. Probability of allergic comorbidity: 27.27% [16.138-40.962] (CI 95%). Probability of subsequent psychological comorbidity: 12.72% [5.27 -24.48] (95% CI). Histological changes 31/55 (56.36%): lymphoid nodular hyperplasia 10/31, appendicular inflammation 7/31, fecalite 3/31, carcinoid tumor 1/31, appendicular fibrosis 3/31, Meckel diverticulum 1/31, association of several of the above 8/31. Macroscopic alterations 31/55 (56.36%): appendicular pathology 10/31, adhesions 5/31, lymph nodes 2/31, ileitis 2/31, tubal cysts 1/31, Meckel 1/31 diverticulum, several of the previous ones 10/31. Remission of symptoms: 30/55 (54.54%). In some cases, with partial improvement (4/55) or persistence of symptoms (21/55), organic and/ or psychological cause was demonstrated (16/25). Conclusions. Recurrent abdominal pain seems to have a significant association with an allergic or psychological history. Exploratory laparoscopy is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic technique (AU)

[Home training as a treatment of faecal incontinence and sphincter dyssynergia]. / Entrenamiento anorrectal domiciliario como tratamiento de la encopresis y disinergia esfinteriana.

OBJECTIVE: The defecation disorders represents the 3% of consultations in pediatrics patients. Our goal was to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the reeducation of the defecation maneuver through home training in patients with encopresis and sphincter dyssynergia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study of patients with fecal incontinence treated with home training at our center between 2014-2015. Anorectal manometry was performed and was valued defecation maneuver by expulsion of rectal probe with or without the ball. Daily sessions were performed using a Foley catheter (18-20Fr.) with progressive filling of the balloon, maximum 20cc. The response to the treatment was assessed in terms of episodes of soiling. RESULTS: Seven patients (6 males and 1 female) with a mean age of 9.7 years (range, 5-15) were included; two patients with anorectal malformation history, 1 Hirschsprung disease, 1 sacrococcygeal teratoma and 3 functional encopresis. Three patients had soiling episodes daily and 4 patients frequently. The mean basal pressure of anal channel was 32.34mmHg (range, 11.74-50.75) with negative defecation maneuver in 2 cases, deficient in 3 and dyssynergic in 2 patients. The mean time of biofeedback therapy to be asymptomatic was 5.14 months (range, 2-11), with a mean of 16.14 months (range, 3-24), with the 7 patients currently maintained clean. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that re-education of defecation maneuver through home training, seems to be an effective and efficient therapy, achieving excellent results in medium term.

OBJETIVO: Los trastornos de la defecación representan el 3% de las consultas en pediatría. Nuestro objetivo fue demostrar la eficacia y eficiencia de la reeducación en la maniobra defecatoria mediante el entrenamiento domiciliario en los pacientes con encopresis y disinergia esfinteriana. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio de los pacientes con encopresis tratados mediante entrenamiento domiciliario en nuestro centro entre 2014-2015. Se realizó manometría anorrectal y fue valorada la maniobra defecatoria mediante la expulsión o no de la sonda rectal con o sin balón. Se realizaron sesiones diarias de forma domiciliaria empleando una sonda de Foley (18-20 Fr.) con llenado progresivo del balón, máximo 20 cc. Se evaluó la respuesta al tratamiento en función de la presencia de manchado. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 7 pacientes (6 varones y 1 mujer) con edad media de 9.7 años (rango, 5-15); dos con antecedente de malformación anorrectal, una enfermedad de Hirschsprung, 1 teratoma sacrococcígeo y 3 encopresis funcionales. Tres pacientes presentaban manchado diario y 4 de forma frecuente. La media de presión basal del canal fue de 32,34 mmHg (rango, 11,74-50,75) con maniobra defecatoria negativa en 2 casos, deficiente en 3 y disinérgica en 2. La media de tiempo realizando el entrenamiento intestinal hasta lograr estar asintomáticos fue 5.14 meses (rango, 2-11), con un seguimiento medio de 16,14 meses (rango, 3-24), manteniéndose limpios actualmente los 7 pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: El presente estudio sugiere que la reeducación de la maniobra defecatoria mediante entrenamiento domiciliario parece ser una terapia eficaz y eficiente, logrando excelentes resultados a medio plazo.

Entrenamiento anorrectal domiciliario como tratamiento de la encopresis y disinergia esfinteriana / Home anorectal training, as a treatment of faecal incontinence and sphincter dyssynergia

Objetivo. Los trastornos de la defecación representan el 3% de las consultas en pediatría. Nuestro objetivo fue demostrar la eficacia y eficiencia de la reeducación en la maniobra defecatoria mediante el entrenamiento domiciliario en los pacientes con encopresis y disinergia esfinteriana. Material y métodos. Estudio de los pacientes con encopresis tratados mediante entrenamiento domiciliario en nuestro centro entre 2014-2015. Se realizó manometría anorrectal y fue valorada la maniobra defecatoria mediante la expulsión o no de la sonda rectal con o sin balón. Se realizaron sesiones diarias de forma domiciliaria empleando una sonda de Foley (18-20 Fr.) con llenado progresivo del balón, máximo 20 cc. Se evaluó la respuesta al tratamiento en función de la presencia de manchado. Resultados. Se incluyeron 7 pacientes (6 varones y 1 mujer) con edad media de 9.7 años (rango, 5-15); dos con antecedente de malformación anorrectal, una enfermedad de Hirschsprung, 1 teratoma sacrococcígeo y 3 encopresis funcionales. Tres pacientes presentaban manchado diario y 4 de forma frecuente. La media de presión basal del canal fue de 32,34 mmHg (rango, 11,74-50,75) con maniobra defecatoria negativa en 2 casos, deficiente en 3 y disinérgica en 2. La media de tiempo realizando el entrenamiento intestinal hasta lograr estar asintomáticos fue 5.14 meses (rango, 2-11), con un seguimiento medio de 16,14 meses (rango, 3-24), manteniéndose limpios actualmente los 7 pacientes. Conclusiones. El presente estudio sugiere que la reeducación de la maniobra defecatoria mediante entrenamiento domiciliario parece ser una terapia eficaz y eficiente, logrando excelentes resultados a medio plazo (AU)

Objective. the defecation disorders represents the 3% of consultations in pediatrics patients. Our goal was to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the reeducation of the defecation maneuver through home training in patients with encopresis and sphincter dyssynergia. Material and methods. Study of patients with fecal incontinence treated with home training at our center between 2014-2015. Anorectal manometry was performed and was valued defecation maneuver by expulsion of rectal probe with or without the ball. Daily sessions were performed using a Foley catheter (18-20Fr.) with progressive filling of the balloon, maximum 20cc. The response to the treatment was assessed in terms of episodes of soiling. Results. Seven patients (6 males and 1 female) with a mean age of 9.7 years (range, 5-15) were included; two patients with anorectal malformation history, 1 Hirschsprung disease, 1 sacrococcygeal teratoma and 3 functional encopresis. Three patients had soiling episodes daily and 4 patients frequently. The mean basal pressure of anal channel was 32.34mmHg (range, 11.74-50.75) with negative defecation maneuver in 2 cases, deficient in 3 and dyssynergic in 2 patients. The mean time of biofeedback therapy to be asymptomatic was 5.14 months (range, 2-11), with a mean of 16.14 months (range, 3-24), with the 7 patients currently maintained clean. Conclusions. The present study suggests that re-education of defecation maneuver through home training, seems to be an effective and efficient therapy, achieving excellent results in medium term (AU)

Elaboración de un plan de seguridad del paciente en un Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica / Design of a plan for patient safety in Pediatric Surgery Service

Introducción. La seguridad del paciente constituye una prioridad en la gestión de la calidad de cualquier servicio sanitario. Todo paciente tiene derecho a una atención eficaz y segura. Objetivo. Diseñar un plan de seguridad del paciente en un Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica. Material y método. Revisión bibliográfica, constitución de un grupo de trabajo compuesto por profesionales sanitarios de los Servicios de Cirugía Pediátrica, Calidad y Documentación Clínica. Identificación de los eventos adversos potenciales, sus fallos y causas y su ponderación mediante el Análisis Modal de Fallos y Efectos. Construcción del mapa de riesgos y elaboración del plan de acciones preventivas para la disminución del riesgo. Designación de responsables para la ejecución efectiva del plan. Resultado. El número de eventos adversos identificados para la totalidad del Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica fue de 58. Se detectaron hasta 128 fallos, producidos por 211 causas. El grupo hizo una propuesta de 424 medidas concretas en forma de acciones preventivas y/o correctoras que, refinadas, hicieron un total de 322. Se planificó la aplicación efectiva del programa, actualmente en ejecución. Conclusiones. La metodología empleada ha permitido disponer de una información clave para la mejora de la seguridad del paciente y la elaboración de un plan de acciones preventivas y/o correctoras. Dichas medidas son aplicables en la práctica, ya que su diseño ha sido efectuado mediante propuestas y acuerdos de los profesionales que participan directamente en el proceso de asistencia a los niños con patología quirúrgica

Introduction. Patient safety is a key priority in quality management for healthcare services providers. Every patient is entitled to receive safe and effective healthcare. Aims. The aim of this study was to design a patient safety plan for a Paediatric Surgery Department. Methods. We carried out a literature review and we established a work group that included healthcare professionals from the Paediatric Surgery Department and the Quality and Medical Records Department. The group identified potential adverse events, failures and causes and established a rating using Failure Mode Effects Analysis. Potential risks were mapped out and a plan was designed establishing actions to reduce risks. We designated leaders to ensure the effective implementation of the plan. Results. A total of 58 adverse events were identified in the Paediatric Surgery Department. We detected 128 failures that were produced by 211 different causes. The group developed a proposal with 424 specific measures to carry out preventive and/or remedial actions that were then narrowed down to 322. The group designed a plan to apply the programme, which is currently being implemented. Conclusions. The methodology used enabled obtaining key information for improvement of patient safety and developing preventive and/or remedial actions. These measures are applicable in practice, as they were designed using proposals and agreements with professionals that take active part in the care of children with surgical conditions

[Achalasia in children and adolescents, a therapeutic challenge]. / La acalasia en la infancia y la adolescencia, un reto terapéutico.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of achalasia in children is in permanent discussion. It is a rare disorder without cure, which makes its management challenging. METHODS: Retrospective review of patients under 18 years old treated for achalasia in our Hospital between 2000 and 2012, by either pneumatic dilatation (PD) or Heller myotomy (HM). RESULTS: Thirteen children were treated during this time. Mean age was 12 years (4-18), interval time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 15 months (2-48) and mean follow-up was 66,8 months (4-144). Dysphagia and vomits were the main symptoms (61%). A single PD was performed in 5 patients; four were the oldest children of the series (16-18). Three girls remain asymptomatic and 2 boys suffer from moderate dysphagia. Six patients required multiple PD and, after a mean of 3 dilatations, HM was needed in all of them. The last 2 children of the series received surgery as the first treatment. In total, eight patients underwent HM and fundoplication, with 6 laparoscopic procedures. Two boys suffer from low-moderate dysphagia, but additional treatments have not been required. The mean of total hospital stay was 12,7 days (2-45) for PD and 9 days (3-30) for HM. Two patients were reoperated because of oesophagic perforation, one after PD and one after open HM. CONCLUSION: Although PD and HM could be complementary, laparoscopic Heller myotomy should be considered the first therapeutic option, specially in young boys.

[Ovarian torsion. long-term follow-up of the black-bluish ovary after laparoscopic detorsion]. / Torsión ovárica. Evolución del ovario necrótico tras detorsión laparoscópica.

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian torsion presents low incidence in children and unspecific clinical presentation, therefore the diagnostic delay is rather common. Traditionally, necrotic appearance has been synonymous of oophorectomy, however the current trend defends ovary preservation. We present our experience in conservative management of ovarian torsion. METHODS: A retrospective review was made of patients between May 2010 and May 2013. Seven girls were operated by laparoscopy because of ultrasound and clinical suspicion of ovarian torsion. The diagnosis was confirmed in six patients, finding an enlarged, friable and black-bluish ovary. Detorsion and adnexal sparing were performed in all cases, despite the gross appearance. RESULTS: The mean age was 8.5 years (3-12), the time interval between the onset of symptoms to surgery was 6.5 days (1-15) and postoperative stay was 2.6 days (2-3). In 4 cases the damaged ovary was right, and the average size was 5.8 cm. Tumor markers were normal. During the first 6 months the follow-up ultrasound showed good results. However, the long-term outcome evidenced one involved ovary atrophied and two oophorectomies due to recurrent adnexal torsion and ovarian mass consistent with teratoma. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic conservative management with untwisting the ovary, allows that macroscopically nonviable ovaries could be recovered. However, an exhaustive and long-term follow-up is required to confirm the outcome.

La acalasia en la infancia y la adolescencia, un reto terapéutico / Achalasia in children and adolescents, a theraupetic challenge

Objetivos. El tratamiento de la acalasia en pediatría permanece en continuo debate. Su escasa incidencia y la ausencia de tratamiento curativo convierten su manejo en un auténtico desafío. Material y métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de los pacientes menores de 18 años tratados por acalasia en nuestro centro desde el año 2000 al 2012, mediante dilatación neumática (DN) y miotomía de Heller (MH). Resultados. Se trataron 13 niños con edad media de 12 años (4-18). Tiempo medio para el diagnóstico: 15 meses (2-48) y seguimiento medio de 66,8 meses (4-144). Disfagia y vómitos fueron los síntomas principales (61%). Cinco pacientes fueron sometidos a DN única, entre ellos los 4 de mayor edad (16-18). Tres niñas permanecen asintomáticas y 2 varones presentan disfagia moderada. Seis niños precisaron DN múltiples y, tras una media de 3 dilataciones, la MH fue necesaria en todos ellos. Los dos últimos niños de la serie recibieron como primer tratamiento la MH. En total, 8 pacientes fueron sometidos a MH más técnica antirreflujo, seis vía laparoscópica. Tras la cirugía, 2 niños presentan disfagia leve-moderada, pero ninguno ha necesitado tratamientos adicionales. La estancia media de los sometidos a DN fue de 12,7 días (2-45), frente a 9 días (3-30) en los pacientes intervenidos. Un paciente presentó una perforación esofágica con requerimiento de cirugía urgente tras DN y otro tras MH por laparotomía. Conclusiones. Aunque la DN y la MH pueden actuar como tratamientos complementarios entre si, la MH laparoscópica debería ser la primera opción terapéutica, sobre todo en pacientes de corta edad y sexo masculino

Introduction. Treatment of achalasia in children is in permanent discussion. It is a rare disorder without cure, which makes its management challenging. Methods. Retrospective review of patients under 18 years old treated for achalasia in our Hospital between 2000 and 2012, by either pneumatic dilatation (PD) or Heller myotomy (HM).Results. Thirteen children were treated during this time. Mean age was 12 years (4-18), interval time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 15 months (2-48) and mean follow-up was 66,8 months (4-144). Dysphagia and vomits were the main symptoms (61%). A single PD was performed in 5 patients; four were the oldest children of the series (16-18).Three girls remain asymptomatic and 2 boys suffer from moderate dysphagia. Six patients required multiple PD and, after a mean of 3 dilatations, HM was needed in all of them. The last 2 children of the series received surgery as the first treatment. In total, eight patients underwent HM and fundoplication, with 6 laparoscopic procedures. Two boys suffer from low-moderate dysphagia, but additional treatments have not been required. The mean of total hospital stay was 12,7 days (2-45) for PD and 9 days (3-30) for HM. Two patients were reoperated because of oesophagic perforation, one after PD and one after open HM. Conclusion. Although PD and HM could be complementary, laparoscopic Heller myotomy should be considered the first therapeutic option, specially in young boys

Torsión ovárica. Evolución del ovario necróticotras detorsión laparoscópica / Ovarian torsion. Long-term follow-up of the black-bluish ovary after laparoscopic detorsion

Objetivos. La torsión ovárica es infrecuente en la edad pediátrica lo que, sumado a su clínica inespecífica, hace que la mayoría de los diagnósticos sean tardíos. La apariencia necrótica del anejo ha sido durante décadas sinónimo de ooforectomía, sin embargo, la tendencia actual defiende su preservación. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento conservador de la torsión ovárica. Material y métodos. Revisión de los casos de torsión ovárica aguda tratados en nuestro servicio desde mayo del 2010 hasta mayo del 2013. Siete niñas fueron intervenidas vía laparoscópica por sospecha clínica y ecográfica de torsión ovárica. En seis se confirmó el diagnóstico, encontrando un ovario aumentado de tamaño, friable y de coloración negro-azulada. A pesar del aspecto macroscópico se decidió detorsión y preservación del anejo.Resultados. La edad media fue 8,5 años (3-12), el tiempo transcurrido entre el inicio de la clínica y la cirugía fue de 6,5 días (1-15) y la estancia postoperatoria de 2,6 días (2-3). En 4 casos el ovario afecto fue derecho, siendo el tamaño medio de 5,8 cm. Los marcadores tumorales fueron negativos. El seguimiento se efectuó mediante ecografías seriadas y durante los primeros 6 meses existió una evolución favorable. Posteriormente, un ovario quedó atrófico y en 2 casos se llevó a cabo ooforectomía, una tras dos recidivas de torsión y otra por masa anexial compatible con teratoma. Conclusiones. La detorsión laparoscópica con preservación del anejo permite que ovarios que parecen inviables macroscópicamente puedan recuperarse. No obstante, es necesario un seguimiento exhaustivo y a largo plazo para poder valorar los resultados

Introduction. Ovarian torsion presents low incidence in children and unspecific clinical presentation, therefore the diagnostic delay is rather common. Traditionally, necrotic appearance has been synonymous of oophorectomy, however the current trend defends ovary preservation. We present our experience in conservative management of ovarian torsion. Methods. A retrospective review was made of patients between May 2010 and May 2013. Seven girls were operated by laparoscopy because of ultrasound and clinical suspicion of ovarian torsion. The diagnosis was confirmed in six patients, finding an enlarged, friable and black-bluish ovary. Detorsion and adnexal sparing were performed in all cases, despite the gross appearance. Results. The mean age was 8.5 years (3-12), the time interval between the onset of symptoms to surgery was 6.5 days (1-15) and postoperative stay was 2.6 days (2-3). In 4 cases the damaged ovary was right, and the average size was 5.8 cm. Tumor markers were normal. During the fi rst 6 months the follow-up ultrasound showed good results. However, the long-term outcome evidenced one involved ovary atrophied and two oophorectomies due to recurrent adnexal torsion and ovarian mass consistent with teratoma. Conclusions. Laparoscopic conservative management with untwist-ing the ovary, allows that macroscopically nonviable ovaries could be recovered. However, an exhaustive and long-term follow-up is required to confirm the outcome

[Design of a plan for patient safety in pediatric surgery service]. / Elaboración de un plan de seguridad del paciente en un Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Patient safety is a key priority in quality management for healthcare services providers. Every patient is entitled to receive safe and effective healthcare. AIMS: The aim of this study was to design a patient safety plan for a Paediatric Surgery Department. METHODS: We carried out a literature review and we established a work group that included healthcare professionals from the Paediatric Surgery Department and the Quality and Medical Records Department. The group identified potential adverse events, failures and causes and established a rating using Failure Mode Effects Analysis. Potential risks were mapped out and a plan was designed establishing actions to reduce risks. We designated leaders to ensure the effective implementation of the plan. RESULTS: A total of 58 adverse events were identified in the Paediatric Surgery Department. We detected 128 failures that were produced by 211 different causes. The group developed a proposal with 424 specific measures to carry out preventive and/or remedial actions that were then narrowed down to 322. The group designed a plan to apply the programme, which is currently being implemented. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology used enabled obtaining key information for improvement of patient safety and developing preventive and/or remedial actions. These measures are applicable in practice, as they were designed using proposals and agreements with professionals that take active part in the care of children with surgical conditions.

Nuestra experiencia en el manejo de quemaduras con apósito antimicrobiano de plata, carbón activo y tecnología Safetac® / Our experience in the management of burns with antimicrobial foam dressing with Safetac® technology

El empleo de apósitos antimicrobianos impregnados con plata constituye una alternativa segura en el tratamiento de las quemaduras. Sin embargo, el manejo de dichos apósitos es a veces complejo y molesto para el paciente y el profesional. Presentamos nuestros primeros resultados en el empleo de un apósito antimicrobiano con plata, carbón activo y tecnología Safetac®. Aplicamos el apósito en el tratamiento de 27 pacientes con quemaduras. Los cambios de apósito se efectuaron cada 5 días. La mayoría de los casos no precisaron anestesia y fueron tratados de forma ambulatoria. El uso de los apósitos antimicrobianos de plata y tecnología Safetac® permite una epitelización rápida de las quemaduras sin sobreinfección. El cambio de apósitos no genera traumatismo sobre la piel perilesional ni dolor para el paciente. Presenta una mayor comodidad de manejo, dada su capacidad autoadhe­siva, las buenas propiedades de control de exudado y la ventaja de mantener un ambiente húmedo. El requerimiento de menos estancia hospitalaria y de menos material y personal sanitario para sus curas hace que tenga una buena relación coste-efectividad (AU)

The use of antimicrobial dressings impregnated with silver is a safe alternative in the treatment of burns. However, the management of these dressings is often complex and uncomfortable for patient and professional. We present our first results in the use of an antimicrobial dressings with silver and Safetac® technology. We apply the dressing in the treatment of 27 patients with burns. Dressing changes were made every 5 days. The majority of the cases did not require anesthesia and were performed on an outpatient basis. The use of antimicrobial silver dressings with Safetac® technology allows a rapid epithelialization of burns without reinfection. The dressing change does not create trauma on surrounding skin or pain to the patient. It has a good handling management due to its adhesive capacity, good exudate control properties and the advantage of maintaining a moist environment. The requirement of less hospitalization, medical equipment and personnel for their cures, gives it a cost-effectiveness (AU)

[Acute pancreatitis in children]. / Pancreatitis aguda en la infancia.

INTRODUCTION: Lately, there has been an increase in incidence of acute pancreatitis in childhood. Fortunately, 80% of cases are mild and do not require surgical approach. Several etiologic factors have been implicated, such as infections, trauma, congenital anomalies, drugs, biliary diseases. The aim of this study was to assess etiology, clinical features and outcomes of children with acute pancreatitis treated at our center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of our cases of acute pancreatitis in patients younger than 16 years old was performed. RESULTS: 24 cases of acute pancreatitis were found from 1998 to 2010. Mean age was 8.75 years. There were 7 boys and 17 girls. The main clinical manifestations were abdominal pain, vomiting and abdominal distention. Mean amylase level was 1565 UI/L. There was one patient with normal serum amylase levels. Serum lipase was required in two patients (239 UI/L and 5,980 UI/L). Ultrasound showed pancreatic lesion in 79.2% of cases. Severe pancreatitis was presented in two cases, due to renal failure and pancreatic necrosis. Surgery was performed in 6 cases (3 cholecystectomies, 1 choledocal cyst resection, 1 percutaneous pseudocyst drainage and 1 necrosectomy) Pancreatic complications were found in 20.8% of cases (4 pseudocysts y 1 pancretic necrosis) Several causes were found: idiophatic, secondary to ERCP, congenital anomalies, drugs, infections, biliary disease and trauma. Mean hospital stay was 25.65 days. There were no deaths due to acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS: There are several causes of acute pancreatitis in children. Some cases may present normoamilasemia, situation, in which serum lipase and clinical and radiological criteria are pivotal. Prospective studies evaluating etiological factors and incidence are required.

Pancreatitis aguda en la infancia / Acute pancreatitis in children

Introducción. La pancreatitis aguda en la infancia ha presentado un incremento en su incidencia. El 80% de los casos es leve y no requiere cirugía. Su etiología es diversa, destacándose los casos secundarios a traumatismos, infecciones, anomalías estructurales y medicamentos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la distribución etiológica, las características clínicas y los resultados de los casos de pancreatitis aguda en los niños tratados en nuestro centro. Materiales y métodos. Se efectuó una revisión retrospectiva de los casos de pancreatitis aguda en pacientes menores de 16 años atendidos en nuestro hospital entre los años 1998 a 2010. Resultados. Se presentaron 24 casos de pancreatitis aguda durante un período de 12 años. La edad media fue de 8,75 años. El síntoma principal fue dolor abdominal, seguido de vómitos y distensión abdominal. El valor medio de amilasa al inicio del episodio fue de 1.565 UI/L. Una paciente presentó pancreatitis aguda con normoamilasemia. El 79,2% de los casos tuvieron hallazgos ecográficos compatibles con pancreatitis aguda y seis casos requirieron intervención quirúrgica. El porcentaje de complicaciones pancreáticas fue del 20,8%. La distribución etiológica fue múltiple, siendo la idiopática la más común, seguida de secundaria a colangiopancreatografía, a malformaciones congénitas y de origen medicamentoso. No hubo mortalidad atribuible a la pancreatitis aguda. Conclusiones. La pancreatitis aguda en la infancia presenta una etiología muy variada. Algunos casos pueden debutar con normoamilasemia, situación en la que la determinación de la lipasa sérica es fundamental. Se requieren estudios prospectivos para evaluar la distribución etiológica y la incidencia de la pancreatitis aguda en la infancia (AU)

Introduction. Lately, there has been an increase in incidence of acute pancreatitis in childhood. Fortunately, 80% of cases are mild and do not require surgical approach. Several etiologic factors have been implicated, such as infections, trauma, congenital anomalies, drugs, biliary diseases. The aim of this study was to assess etiology, clinical features and outcomes of children with acute pancreatitis treated at our center. Materials and methods. A retrospective chart review of our cases of acute pancreatitis in patients younger than 16 years old was performed. Results. 24 cases of acute pancreatitis were found from 1998 to 2010. Mean age was 8.75 years. There were 7 boys and 17 girls. The main clinical manifestations were abdominal pain, vomiting and abdominal distention. Mean amylase level was 1565 UI/L. There was one patient with normal serum amylase levels. Serum lipase was required in two patients (239 UI/L and 5,980 UI/L). Ultrasound showed pancreatic lesion in 79.2% of cases. Severe pancreatitis was presented in two cases, due to renal failure and pancreatic necrosis. Surgery was performed in 6 cases (3 cholecystectomies, 1 choledocal cyst resection, 1 percutaneous pseudocyst drainage and 1 necrosectomy) Pancreatic complications were found in 20.8% of cases (4 pseudocysts y 1 pancretic necrosis) Several causes were found: idiophatic, secondary to ERCP, congenital anomalies, drugs, infections, biliary disease and trauma. Mean hospital stay was 25.65 days. There were no deaths due to acute pancreatitis. Conclusions. There are several causes of acute pancreatitis in children. Some cases may present normoamilasemia, situation, in which serum lipase and clinical and radiological criteria are pivotal. Prospective studies evaluating etiological factors and incidence are required (AU)

[Evaluation of quality of life in patients operated on for gastroesophageal reflux in the pediatric age]. / Valoración de la calidad de vida en los pacientes intervenidos por reflujo gastroesofágico en la edad pediátrica.

AIM: To assess the quality of life and symptoms of GER patients who underwent laparoscopy in our hospital before and after surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We collect data from patients operated laparoscopically for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GER) in our center before and after surgery in 3 items: nutritional studies, diagnostic methods, interviews with the families of patients about symptoms (preferably differing in digestive or respiratory symptoms) and quality of life; also, determined the age, gender, personal history and surgical technique of patients. RESULTS: 30 patients have been operated for GER, 22 men and 8 women, 11 months to 14 years (median age 5 years) of whom 12 (40%) had some degree of encephalopathy. The most common surgical technique used is Nissen (73% cases). Most patients had significant alterations in their daily activities before surgery. The most common symptom was gastrointestinal (70% cases), although all showed improvement, families of children with respiratory symptoms related predominantly greater reduction in the clinic after surgical correction. All improved in its growth curve. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for GER patients have a significant improvement in their quality of life, not only by the reduction of their symptoms but also in enhancing from the nutritional status. Patients with respiratory symptoms have a higher satisfaction with surgical treatment than those with gastrointestinal clinical.

Pancreatitis aguda con normoamilasemia / Acute pancreatitis with normal amylase levels

Aunque la pancreatitis aguda en la infancia suele cursar con niveles altos de amilasa, en ciertas situaciones puede aparecer con valores normales. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente que ingresó con un cuadro inespecífico de fiebre, irritabilidad y somnolencia, en el que el diagnóstico de pancreatitis fue un hallazgo intraoperatorio. Los niveles de amilasa sérica eran normales, pero las cifras de lipasa estaban elevadas. A partir de este caso, revisamos la bibliografía sobre la elevación de los niveles de amilasa y lipasa en el contexto de la PA en la edad pediátrica(AU)

Acute pancreatitis (AP) in childhood is used to present with high levels of amylase, although in certain situations it usually occurs with normal values. We present the case of a patient who was admitted with anon specific symptom of fever, irritability and drowsiness, whose diagnosis of pancreatitis was an intraoperative finding. Serum amylase levels were normal, remaining high, however, levels of lipase. From this case, we reviewed the literature of the elevation of amylase ad lipase levels in the context of AP in pediatric age(AU)

Valoración de la calidad de vida en los pacientes intervenidos por refl ujo gastroesofágico en la edad pediátrica / Evaluation of quality of life in patients operated on for gastroesophageal reflux in the pediatric age

Objetivo. Valorar la calidad de vida y sintomatología de los pacientes intervenidos por RGE mediante laparoscopia en nuestro centro, antes y después de la cirugía. Material y métodos. Recogemos los datos de los pacientes intervenidos laparoscópicamente por reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) en nuestro centro, pre y postcirugía, agrupados en 3 ítems: estudio nutricional, pruebas diagnósticas, encuesta realizada a las familias de los pacientes sobre sintomatología (diferenciando en síntomas preferentemente digestivos o respiratorios) y calidad de vida; además, determinamos la edad y sexo de los pacientes, antecedentes personales y la técnica quirúrgica utilizada. Resultados. Hemos intervenido a 30 pacientes por RGE, 22 varones y 8 mujeres, de 11 meses a 14 años (mediana 5 años) de los cuales 12 (40%) presentaban algún grado de encefalopatía. La técnica quirúrgica más utilizada es la de Nissen (73% de los casos). La mayoría de los pacientes presentaban alteración importante en sus actividades diarias previamente a la cirugía. La sintomatología más frecuente fue la digestiva (70% casos) y, aunque todos presentaron mejoría, las familias de los niños con clínica predominantemente respiratoria referían mayor satisfacción tras la corrección quirúrgica. Todos mejoraron en su curva de crecimiento. Conclusiones. Los pacientes intervenidos por RGE tienen una mejora importante en su calidad de vida, no solo por la reducción de su sintomatología, sino también por la recuperación nutricional. Los pacientes con sintomatología respiratoria presentan una mayor satisfacción con el tratamiento quirúrgico que aquellos que presentan clínica principalmente digestiva (AU)

Aim. To assess the quality of life and symptoms of GER patients who underwent laparoscopy in our hospital before and after surgery. Material and methods. We collect data from patients operated laparoscopically for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GER) in our center before and after surgery in 3 items: nutritional studies, diagnostic methods, interviews with the families of patients about symptoms (preferably differing in digestive or respiratory symptoms) and quality of life; also, determined the age, gender, personal history and surgical technique of patients. Results. 30 patients have been operated for GER, 22 men and 8 women, 11 months to 14 years (median age 5 years) of whom 12 (40%) had some degree of encephalopathy The most common surgical technique used is Nissen (73% cases). Most patients had significant alterations in their daily activities before surgery. The most common symptom was gastrointestinal (70% cases), although all showed improvement, families of children with respiratory symptoms related predominantly greater reduction in the clinic after surgical correction. All improved in its growth curve. Conclusions. Surgery for GER patients have a signifi cant improvement in their quality of life, not only by the reduction of their symptoms but also in enhancing from the nutritional status. Patients with respiratory symptoms have a higher satisfaction with surgical treatment than those with gastrointestinal clinica (AU)

[Relationship between the radiological length of the opaque enema and the aganglionic length of the segment in Hirschsprung's disease]. / Relación entre la longitud radiológica del enema opaco y la longitud agangliónica de la pieza en la enfermedad de Hirschsprung.

INTRODUCTION: Barium enema was the first method used for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease, with the appearance of anorectal manometry and its combination with rectal suction biopsy, barium enema has lost value as a diagnosis method but it has also gain importance to decide the surgical technique that will be used for the correction of the disease. AIM: To determine the correlation between the length of the affected segment showed by barium enema valued and the length of the removed piece. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have studied all Hirschsprung disease's cases diagnosed and treated in our center since 1998, 127 patients underwent Soave-Boley's technique and 51 De La Torre's descent technique. Routinely preoperative barium enema was performed in all cases and determine the location of the transition zone and compared with the aganglionic segment's length specified by pathologist. RESULTS: At 90% of cases the transition zone could be seen at barium enema, it's most common location was rectosigmoid. After statistically analysis the length measured at radiology tests and the length of the anatomic piece showed a low correlation (kappa index 0.0159), being highest values at rectosigmoid transition and very low values at long affected segments. CONCLUSIONS: Barium enema in Hirschsprung's disease is valuable to decide the best surgical technique in each singular case but not to determine the exact length of affected segments. In case of a aganglionic long-segment suspicion, biopsies may be necessary to determinate preoperative length of affected segments.

Relación entre la longitud radiológica del enema opaco y la longitud agangliónica de la pieza en la enfermedad de Hirschsprung / Relationship between the radiological length of the opaque enema and the aganglionic length of the segment in hirschsprung's disease

Introducción. El enema de bario fue el primer método utilizado para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Hirschsprung; con la aparición de la manometría anorrectal y su combinación con la biopsia rectal por succión, el enema opaco ha perdido valor como diagnóstic, pero al mismo tiempo ha adquirido importancia a la hora de decidir la técnica quirúrgica a utilizar para la corrección de la enfermedad Objetivos. Determinar la correlación entre la longitud del segmento afecto valorado por el enema opaco y la longitud de la pieza quirúrgica. Material y método. Estudiamos todos los casos de enfermedad de Hirschsprung diagnosticados y tratados en nuestro centro desde 1998;127 pacientes intervenidos mediante la técnica de Soave-Boley y 51 por (..) (AU)

Introduction. Barium enema was the first method used for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease, with the appearance of anorectal manometry and its combination with rectal suction biopsy, barium enema has lost value as a diagnosis method but it has also gain importance to decide the surgical technique that will be used for the correction of the disease. Aim. To determine the correlation between the length of the affected segment showed by barium enema valued and the length of there moved piece. Materials and methods. We have studied all Hirschsprung disease’scases diagnosed and treated in our center since 1998, 127 patients underwent Soave-Boley’s technique and 51 De La Torre’s descent technique. Routinely preoperative barium enema was performed in all cases (..) (AU)

Manejo quirúrgico del tumor de Wilms bilateral: Nuestra experiencia con 18 casos / Surgical management of the bilateral wilm's tumor: Our experience with 18 cases

Objetivo. Mostrar nuestra experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico del tumor de Wilms bilateral. Material y métodos. Se analizaron los datos de 18 niños con diagnóstico de TW bilateral entre 1971 y 2007, evaluando la edad al momento del diagnóstico, sexo, presentación clínica, métodos diagnósticos, histología, tratamiento quimioterápico, radioterápico y quirúrgico, complicaciones y el estado clínico actual de los pacientes. Resultados. El 65% de los TW sincrónicos se encontraban en estadios I / II; el 30% mostraban al menos un tumor en estadio III. Un caso en estadio IV (5%). Los pacientes con TW metacrónicos se encontraban en el 100% de los casos en estadios I /II. Todos los tumores fueron de bajo o intermedio grado de malignidad, con predominio del tipo mixto. Las complicaciones quirúrgicas fueron 4 suboclusiones intestinales,2 fístulas ureteropiélicas y 1 quiste urinario.15 niños permanecen convida (83%) con un período libre de enfermedad entre 1 y 24 años, delos cuales 3 se han trasplantado con buena evolución. Un paciente falleció por insuficiencia renal progresiva y otros dos pacientes por evolución de la enfermedad. Conclusiones. La quimioterapia preoperatoria citorreductora permite una cirugía renal más conservadora con una alta tasa de supervivencia (80-90%). El tratamiento quirúrgico individualizado conlleva resecciones más conservadoras y una menor incidencia de insuficiencia renal a largo plazo (AU)

Aim. To show our experience in the surgical management of bilateral Wilms’ tumor. Methods. We have reviewed the medical records of 18 patients diagnosed of bilateral Wilms’ tumor between 1971 and 2007, evaluating age, sex, clinical situation, imaging studies, histology, treatment, complications and follow-up. Results. 65% of patients with synchronous Wilms’ tumor was stageI-II, 30% stage III and 5% stage IV. 100% of patients with metachronous Wilms’ tumor was stage I-II. All the tumors had favourable histology. Surgical complications were: 4 bowel pseudobstructions, 2ureteropielic fistulae and 1 urinary cyst. 15 patients are alive (83%) with a mean follow-up of 12 years.3 of these patients had a renal transplant with a good evolution. One patient died of a progressive renal failure and two patients died of the evolution of the oncological disease. Conclusions. Preoperative chemotherapy allows a conservative surgical resection with a high overall survival (80-90%). Individualized surgical treatment offers a conservative surgical resection with a lower incidence of long-term renal failure (AU)

Protocolo antibiótico “fast-track” en la apendicitis aguda / Fast track antibiotic protocol in acute appendicitis

Introducción. El auge de las resistencias antimicrobianas, ha producido un descenso en la efectividad de la tradicional triple terapia antibiótica, con el consiguiente aumento de las complicaciones. En este contexto, decidimos cambiar a Cefuroxima-Metronidazol o Ertapenem en función del riesgo de presentar resistencias. Este nuevo protocolo se ajusta a la filosofía Fast-Track, siendo factible el alta tras 72 horas de antibioterapia. Nuestro objetivo es conocer si ha mejorado nuestra tasa de complicaciones infecciosas y si es factible el alta precoz. Material y métodos. Realizamos un estudio de cohortes históricas:– A la cohorte histórica (CH) pertenecen pacientes apendicectomizados entre octubre 05 a octubre 06.– La cohorte actual (CA) comienza a recogerse en junio 2007.En ambos grupos se procede con idéntico protocolo de recogida de datos (un solo observador). Se procede a comparar la homogeneidad entre las cohortes y posteriormente al análisis de los resultados ( a<0,05).El análisis estadístico se realizó con el SPSS 15.0.Resultados. Se revisan 226 pacientes cursando 110 como apendicitis complicadas (CH: 61/135; CA: 49/91). No existen diferencias (..) (AU)

Introduction. The increase of antimicrobial resistances, has affected the efficacy of antimicrobial triple therapy, increasing appendicitis morbidity. We decided to change to a fast-track protocol of 72 hours ofCefuroxime-Metronidazol or Ertapenem. Aim: to know if our infectious morbidity rate has improved and if early dischargement is possible. Material and methods. Analytic historic cohort study:– Historical cohort (HC): patients intervened of appendicitis between October 2005and October 2006.– Current cohort (CC): started in June 2007.A data collection protocol is designed for both groups. Homogeneity among cohorts is proved and data are analysed (a=0,05). Statistics are analyzed by SPSS 15.0.Results. 226 patients were controlled, being 110 complicated appendicitis (HC: 61/135; AC: 49/91). There are no differences among cohorts about evolution time, temperature and leukocytes rate at admission, interval to intervention, use of laparoscopy, drainage or antimicrobial (..) (AU)