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The pediatric population has various criteria for measuring metabolic syndrome (MetS). The diversity of consensus for diagnosis has led to different non-comparable reported prevalence. Given the increase in its prevalence in pediatric ages, it is necessary to develop efficient methods to encourage early detection. Consequently, early screening for the risk of MetS could favor timely action in preventing associated comorbidities in adulthood. This study aimed to establish the diagnostic capacity of models that use non-invasive (anthropometric) and invasive (serum biomarkers) variables for the early detection of MetS in Chilean children. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 220 children aged 6 to 11. Multivariate logistic regressions and discriminant analyses were applied to determine the diagnostic capacity of invasive and non-invasive variables. Based on these results, four diagnostic models were created and compared: (i) anthropometric, (ii) hormonal (insulin, leptin, and adiponectin), (iii) Lipid A (high-density cholesterol lipoprotein [HDL-c] and triglycerides [TG]) and (iv) Lipid B (TG/HDL-c). The prevalence of MetS was 26.8%. Lipid biomarkers (HDL-c and TG) and their ratio (TG/HDL-c) presented higher diagnostic capacity, above 80%, followed by body mass index (BMI, 0.71-0.88) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, 0.70-0.87). The lipid model A was the most accurate (sensitivity [S] = 62.7%, specificity [E] = 96.9%, validity index 87.7%), followed by the anthropometric model (S = 69.5%, E = 88.8% and validity index = 83.6%). In conclusion, detecting MetS was possible through invasive and non-invasive methods tested in overweight and obese children. The proposed models based on anthropometric variables, or serum biomarkers of the lipid model A, presented acceptable validity indices. Moreover, they were higher than those that measured adipokines, leptin, and adiponectin. The anthropometric model was the most cost-effective and easy to apply in different environments.
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OBJECTIVE: To adapt and assess reliability of the Chilean version of Nutritional Environment Measurement for Stores (NEMS-S-CHILE) to measure the food environment of stores in urban areas. DESIGN: NEMS-S-CHILE was the NEMS-S tool adapted to the Chilean food patterns; foods were grouped according to level of processing in (a) unprocessed or minimally processed foods, (b) processed culinary ingredients, (c) processed foods, and (d) ultra-processed foods, and scored according to NEMS-S-CHILE tool. Reliability inter evaluators was measured. SETTING: City of Concepción, Bio-Bio region, Chile. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen of a total of 25 supermarkets, and 9 out of 10 street markets according to the municipal registry and the street market trade unions, representing 74.3% of both types of food premises in Concepción. RESULTS: Reliability inter evaluators was measured by the following aspects: product availability, price, quality, and variety, through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), percent agreement, and Cohen's kappa analysis. Reliability was high for availability, where the kappa index and ICC were acceptable, ranging from moderate to high (0.42 to 1.00 for the kappa coefficient and 0.65 to 1.00 for ICC), as well as for prices (ICC: 0.65-1.00 ), variety (kappa: 0.76-1.00) and quality (percent agreement: 68.2- 100%). CONCLUSIONS: The adapted instrument, NEMS-S-CHILE, has a high reliability inter evaluators and can be useful to measure the availability of foods by the level of processing according to the prevalent food system in developing countries.
Assuntos
Comércio , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Chile , Humanos , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: Los hábitos alimentarios en escolares se han relacionado con las habilidades cognitivas y el rendimiento académico. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre hábitos alimentarios y rendimiento académico en escolares chilenos. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 733 escolares de quinto al octavo básico. Se evaluaron hábitos alimentarios mediante frecuencia de consumo de grupos de alimentos, tiempos de comida, habilidades culinarias y gusto por preparar alimentos. Estas variables se relacionaron con calificaciones de las asignaturas de matemática y lenguaje. Resultados: Los escolares presentaron baja proporción de frecuencia de consumo saludable (FCS). Las niñas presentaron mayor FCS de pan (p<0,001), los niños presentaron mayor FCS de lácteos (p= 0,016). Por sexo, se observó diferencia en el rendimiento académico en lenguaje (p= 0,013). La FCS de lácteos se asoció con diferencias del rendimiento académico en lenguaje (p= 0,017) y matemática (p= 0,035). Desayunar se asoció a diferencias en el rendimiento académico en matemática (p= 0,028) y lenguaje (p= 0,001). No consumir pasteles y masas dulces (p= 0,016), y papas fritas, completos y masas fritas (p= 0,025) se asoció al rendimiento académico en matemática. Un 29,1% tiene habilidades culinarias, siendo 54% niñas (p= 0,006). La presencia de habilidades culinarias se relacionó significativamente con 7 de los 12 grupos de alimentos analizados. Conclusión: Los hábitos alimentarios se asociaron con el rendimiento académico de escolares.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Eating habits in school-age children have been associated with cognitive skills and academic performance. Aim: To determine the relationship between eating habits and academic performance in Chilean school-age children. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 733 school-age children. Eating habits were assessed by the frequency of consumption of food groups, mealtimes, cooking skills and if they liked to cook. Grades of math and language subjects were reported. Results: There was a low proportion of healthy consumption frequency (HCF). Girls had a higher HCF of bread (p<0.001), boys had a higher HCF of dairy (p= 0.016). By sex, academic performance in language was different in girls (p= 0.013). HCF of dairy was associated with academic performance in language (p= 0.017) and mathematics (p= 0.035). Eating breakfast was associated with academic performance in mathematics (p= 0.028) and language (p= 0.001). Not consuming cakes and sweet doughs (p= 0.016), French fries, hot dogs and sopaipillas (p= 0.025) was associated with academic performance in mathematics. 29.1% of children had cooking skills, 54.0% being girls (p= 0.006). Having cooking skills was significantly associated with 7 of the 12 food groups analyzed. Conclusion: Eating habits are associated to the academic performance of Chilean school-age children.
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RESUMEN Una baja ingesta de calcio se ha asociado con mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de una intervención dietoterapéutica con diferentes aportes de calcio dietario sobre el estado nutricional, en estudiantes universitarias con sobrepeso. El diseño fue cuasi-experimental (n= 18) en dos grupos intervenidos durante 8 semanas. El grupo 1 (n= 10) restringió su consumo de lácteos a <3 porciones, mientras que el grupo 2 (n= 8) consumieron 5 porciones diarias (leche fluida UHT descremada). La intervención consideró, para ambos grupos, una restricción de 500 kcal/día respecto de su gasto energético total. Se evaluó el estado nutricional por IMC (kg/m2), circunferencia de cintura (CC) y porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG). Como resultados se obtuvo que, la ingesta de calcio dietario, aumentó en 916,4 mg/día en el grupo de "5 porciones de lácteos", pero disminuyó en −28,9 mg/día en el grupo de "3 porciones de lácteos". Al comparar los grupos, ambos redujeron significativamente (p< 0.05) su peso corporal (-3,6 vs. −3,4 kg), IMC (-1,45 vs. −1,31 kg/m2), CC (-4,5 vs. −6,2 cm) y %MG (-2,5 vs. −2,7 %). Estos resultados sugieren que aumentar el consumo de lácteos a 5 porciones diarias no presenta beneficios adicionales para la mejora del estado nutricional después de 8 semanas de intervención.
ABSTRACT A low intake of calcium has been associated with greater risk of overweight and obesity. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of calcium intake on the nutritional status of overweight female university students. This 8-week intervention included two groups who restricted their calcium intake to <3 portions or 5 portions of dairy products per day (nonfat ultra-high temperature processed milk). Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat percentage (BF) were measured at baseline and post-intervention. The intervention considered for both groups a 500 kcal/day restriction based on their total energy expenditure. The main result of this study showed that dietary calcium intake increased to 916.4 mg/day in the group consuming 5 portions per day but decreased (-28.9 mg/day) in the group consuming 3 daily portions. Both the 3 and 5 portion intake groups significantly reduced their body weight (-3.6 vs. −3.4 kg), BMI (-1.45 vs. −1.31 kg/m2), WC (-4.5 vs. −6.2 cm) and BF (-2.5 vs. −2.7%). These findings suggest that 5 dairy portions per day compared to 3 does not have additional benefits for improved nutritional status.
