RESUMO
Most research concerning the effects of music on physical performance was conducted using endurance parameters. This study investigated the effects of relaxing (RLX) vs. self-selected stimulating music (SM) vs. no music (NM) on jump height (JH), jump power (PWR), and average rest period between jumps (RP) in 13 athletes (age: 25.5 ± 2.6 years). After a warm-up and listening to music (1 min) or NM, participants completed five squat jumps on a force plate. Psychological ratings of mood were assessed using a questionnaire before warm-up and after jumping. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare effects of music on JH, PWR, and RP. A Friedman test with Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to detect changes in mood. There were no significant effects of music on JH (p = 0.162) and PWR (p = 0.162). A trend towards longer RP in RLX when compared to SM was detected (+2.72 s, +22%, p = 0.059, d = 0.35). Participants felt more "relaxed" (+3 ranks) and more "powerful" after listening to SM (+2 ranks). Following NM and RLX, athletes felt more "energetic" (each +3 ranks) but less energetic (-3 ranks) after SM. In conclusion, this study did not find any performance-enhancing effects of self-selected SM on jump performance. The influences of music on psychological ratings were inconclusive. For this reason, no evidence-based guidelines for the practical application of music in elite jumping athletes can be made, and more studies are warranted.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use and clinical leukoplakia in a specific military population. Two hundred fourteen soldiers participated in this study. Each participant completed a questionnaire-type survey regarding tobacco use and received an annual-type dental examination that included extra-oral and intra-oral examination of hard and soft tissues and counseling regarding the risks associated with the use of tobacco. More than 50% of the participants were between the ages of 18 and 24. Survey response indicated that 7.0% used smokeless tobacco, 29.0% smoked cigarettes, and 7.9% used both cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. Leukoplakia was seen in 4 of the current smokeless tobacco users. Difficulty in cessation was experienced by 10 of 32 smokeless tobacco users; 5 continue to use smokeless tobacco. Due to the concentration of users in the 18 to 24 age group, efforts toward detection and reduction of smokeless tobacco use should be focused on junior ranks and younger age groups.
