[The dopamine system stress reaction in adults of Drosophila virilis is controlled by genes of Chromosome 6]. / Stress-reaktivnost' sistemy dofamina u imago Drosophila virilis kontroliruetsia genom khromosomy 6.

A linkage group of the gene responsible for changes of DA titer under stress in adults of D. virilis was determined. Line 160 of D. virilis, all autosomes of which bear visible recessive mutations, was used as an analyzer. Flies of lines 160 and 147 were shown to differ in DA content under normal conditions and in the way DA metabolic system reacts to stress. Among the offspring of the analyzing cross, groups of flies were found with one testable autosome from line 147 and all other chromosomes from line 160. Results of the DA titer measurements in flies of these groups under stress conditions have proved that the gene in question is linked to chromosome 6.

[The heat-shock reaction is disturbed in a Drosophila virilis strain incapable of a neurohormonal stress reaction]. / Reaktsiia teplovogo shoka narushena u ne sposobnoi k neirogormonal'noi stress-reaktsii linii Drosophila virilis.

Cellular stress response was investigated in two lines of D. virilis: wild type and line with disturbed neurohormonal stress-reaction. Analysis of proteins, synthesized in salivary glands of larvae of both lines under heat stress, revealed malfunction in heat shock reaction of mutant specimen. This malfunction expresses in decreased level of heat shock protein synthesis. Analysis of electrophoretic spectra of proteins from homogenates of imagoes of both lines maintained under normal conditions and those exposed to heat (38 degrees C, 60 min.) revealed correlation between protein spectrum and physiological state of the organism. Interlinear differences by proteins spectra in normal condition, controlled by a single gene (or by block of closely linked genes), were found. The question if there is a common genetic control for the neurohormonal stress-reaction and cellular stress response is discussed.

[Genes, controlling the response of the juvenile hormone degradation system to stress in the Drosophila virilis imago, linked to chromosome 6]. / Gen, kontroliruiushchii otvet sistemy degradatsii iuvenil'nogo gormona na stress u imago Drosophila virilis, stseplen s khromosomoi 6.

Chromosome localization of the gene controlling the stress response of DFP-sensitive juvenile hormone (JH) esterase in females of Drosophila virilis was conducted. Line 160 of D. virilis carrying recessive markers on all chromosomes was used as a tester. Mature females of line 160 were shown to exhibit a high level of JH hydrolysis; these flies responded to stress by a sharp decrease in JH hydrolysis. Flies from line 147 lacked this response. Thus, mature females of lines 160 and 147 had different levels of JH hydrolysis under heat stress. F2 hybrids that inherited one chromosome pair from flies of line 147 and the remaining chromosomes, from flies of line 147 were analyzed. This analysis showed that the D. virilis gene controlling the stress response of the JH degradation system is linked with chromosome 6.

[Genetic control of Drosophila virilis tyrosine decarboxylase activity]. / Geneticheskii kontrol' aktivnosti tirozindekarboksilazy Drosophila virilis.

Tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC) activity was studied in flies of two Drosophila virilis lines having contrasting response to stress. Lines 101 and 147 exhibited different TDC activity. Genetic analysis of these differences was performed. TDC activity was shown to be controlled by one gene or a block of tightly linked genes. The gene controlling TDC activity was mapped to one autosome but not to chromosome 2. In line 101, short-term heat stress (38 degrees C, 60 min) resulted in reduction in TDC activity, whereas, in line 147, this activity remained unchanged.

[Genetic control of DFP-sensitive juvenile hormone esterase activity in Drosophila virilis]. / Geneticheskii kontrol' aktivnosti DFF-chuvstvitel'noi ésterazy iuvenil'nogo gormona Drosophila virilis.

Genetic analysis of differences in the activity of DFP-sensitive juvenile hormone esterase in 24-hour-old D. virilis flies was performed. Lines of D. virilis resistant and sensitive to long-term heat stress were analyzed under normal conditions. The level of juvenile hormone hydrolysis by this esterase was higher in the resistant than in the sensitive line. Interlinear differences in the enzyme activity were shown to be controlled monogenically or by a block of tightly linked genes. The allele of the resistant line was dominant.

[N-acetylation of biogenic amines in Drosophila virilis]. / N-atsetilirovanie biogennykh aminov u Drosophila virilis.

In adults of two Drosophila virilis lines displaying different genetically determined reactions to stress, N-acetyl-transferase (NAT) activity against substrates dopamine and octapamine was studied. Sexual dimorphism was characteristic of NAT activity when octapamine served as a substrate. However, in the case of dopamine, this phenomenon was not found. This suggests that two different enzymes with N-acetyltransferase activities exist in D. virilis. The flies of the studied lines were not shown to be indistinguishable in both enzyme activities. Short-term stress (38 degrees C for 30 and 60 min) did not affect NAT activity in flies of either studied line.

[Genetic analysis of differences in dopa decarboxylase activity between two Drosophila virilis lines differing in dopamine content]. / Geneticheskii analiz razlichii v aktivnosti dofadekarboksilazy v dvukh liniiakh Drosophila virilis, razlichaiushchikhsia po soderzhaniiu dofamina.

Activity of dopa decarboxylase (DDC) in two Drosophila virilis lines differing in dopamine (DA) content was investigated. The activity was shown to be significantly higher in flies with lower DA content. A possible reason for this phenomenon is discussed. Genetic analysis of the difference showed that DDC activity in Drosophila virilis is controlled by single autosomal gene (or a cluster of tightly linked genes).

[Genetic control of the stress response of the system of juvenile hormone metabolism in Drosophila virilis]. / Geneticheskii kontrol' otveta sistemy metabolizma iuvenil'nogo gormona Drosophila virilis na stressiruiushchee vozdeistvie.

Metabolism of juvenile hormone (JH) in 11-day-old D. virilis flies from resistant and sensitive lines and in hybrids of these lines was analyzed after short-term heat stress (4 h, 38 degrees C). The level of JH hydrolysis after stress remained constant in the sensitive line, but drastically decreased in the resistant one. Between-line differences of the metabolic JH response to stress were shown to be controlled monogenically or by a block of closely linked genes. The allele of the resistant line was dominant.

[Role of juvenile hormone metabolism in the adaptation of Drosophila populations to stressful environmental conditions]. / Rol' metabolisma iuvenil'nogo gormona v adaptatsii populiatsii Drosophila k stressiruiushchim usloviiam sredy.

The effect of heat stress on the system of degradation of juvenile hormone (JH) and on fertility of Drosophila virilis and D. melanogaster was studied. In wild-type strains of both species, stress resulted in delay of oviposition and in a decrease in JH hydrolysis and fertility, which lasted for several days after heat treatment. Experimental repression of juvenile hormone esterase showed that stress response of the Drosophila reproductive system is determined by the decrease in JH hydrolysis. Fertility of Drosophila strains that did not respond to stress by decreasing JH degradation level was not reduced under stress. The role of JH metabolism in Drosophila reproduction under stress and in adaptation of natural Drosophila populations to stressful environments is discussed.

[The enzymes of juvenile hormone metabolism in Drosophila virilis ontogeny]. / Fermenty metabolizma iuvenil'nogo gormona v ontogeneze Drosophila virilis.

Time-related changes in the activity of enzymes that degrade the juvenile hormone, epoxide hydrolase, and juvenile hormone esterase, was studied in two strains (101 and 147) of Drosophila virilis. The changes of the juvenile hormone titer during the pupal-imaginal development of D.virilis are determined by the juvenile hormone esterase activity, rather than epoxide hydrolase. Among the two forms of juvenile hormone esterase present in D. virilis, one is diisopropylphosphofluoridate-sensitive and active during the studied period, while the other, diisopropylphosphofluoridate-sensitive, is present only during metamorphosis and before flight of imago and is practically absent in sexually mature individuals. Interstrain differences were shown in the activity of the diisopropylphosphofluoridate-insensitive form in the D. virilis imago. It was shown that achievement of a certain level of its activity in females of strains 101 and 147 agrees quite well with the timing of oviposition. A possible role of this form of the juvenile hormone esterase in reproduction of D. virilis is discussed.

[Genetic control of juvenile hormone metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster]. / Geneticheskii kontrol' metabolizma iuvenil'nogo gormona u Drosophila melanogaster.

Juvenile hormone (JH) metabolism in two lines of Drosophila melanogaster adults was studied under normal conditions and after short-time heat stress. Females of the line Cy/L; D/Sb were shown to have high JH hydrolysis levels which to decreased when they experienced heat stress by decreasing its level, Genetic analysis of differences in the level of JH metabolism in lines 921283 and Cy/L; D/Sb of D, melanogaster under normal conditions was performed. It was established that the trait studied was inherited according to the incomplete dominance type. It was shown that these differences were controlled by the gene (genes) localized in chromosome 2.

[Genetic analysis of differences in alkaline phosphatase activity in two Drosophila virilis strains differing in heat stress response]. / Genetic analiz razlichii v aktivnosti shchelochnoi fosfatazy u dvukh linii Drosophila virilis, razlichaiushchikhsia reaktsiei na teplovoi stress.

Genetic control of changes in alkaline phosphatase activity was studied in adult individuals from two strains of Drosophila virilis under normal conditions and at a high temperature (38 degrees C). Flies from strain 101 responded to the heat shock with a reduction in enzyme activity, whereas flies from strain 147 lacked this response. Strains 101 and 147 were shown to differ in alkaline phosphatase activity at a normal temperature. Genetic analysis of these differences was performed. They were shown to be controlled monogenically (or by a battery of tightly linked genes). The gene determining alkaline phosphatase activity was localized on an autosome.

[Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in Drosophila virilis lines with contrasting stress response and in their F1 hybrids]. / Aktivnost' tirozingidroksilazy u kontrastnykh po reaktsii na stress linii Drosophila virilis i ikh F1-gibridov.

Activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined in adult flies from stress lines of Drosophila virilis resistant and nonresistant to heat and from their hybrids under heat stress and normal conditions. The resistant line was shown to have higher enzyme activity and dominate for this character. Gene(s) controlling the level of TH activity under normal conditions were not sex-linked. It was shown than 30-min heat stress caused a decrease in TH activity; with 120-min stress, the activity increased. A possible mechanism of these changes is discussed. In the nonresistant line, the TH activity does not change under heat stress; the line dominates at this trait. Gene(s) controlling the level of the enzyme activity under stress are not sex-linked.

[Genetic analysis of differences in metabolism of juvenile hormone in lines of Drosophila virilis resistant and sensitive to heat stress]. / Geneticheskii analiz razlichii v metabolizme iuvenil'nogo gormona u ustrichivoi i chuvstvitel'noi k teplovomu stressu linii Drosophila virilis.

The metabolism of juvenile hormone (JH) in imagos of two Drosophila species (D. virilis and D. melanogaster) was studied in the normal state and after short-term heat stress. Females of both species respond to stress by a decrease in the activity of JH esterase. This decrease is realized through a decrease in the amount of protein. JH metabolism in males does not change after heat stress. Genetic analysis of differences in the activity of DPF-resistant JH esterase in stress-sensitive and stress-resistant strains of D. virilis was performed. The differences are controlled by one autosomal gene.

[Polymorphism of natural Drosophila melanogaster populations by level of juvenile hormone metabolism and reaction to heat stress]. / Polimorfizm prirodnykh populiatsii Drosophila melanogaster po urovniu metabolizma iuvenil'nogo gormona i reaktsii na teplovoi stress.

The juvenile hormone metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster females from the laboratory line Canton S and from two natural populations of the Altaiskii krai was studied under normal conditions and under heat shock. The Canton S females were shown to have a high level of juvenile hormone and responded to heat shock by decreasing it. The natural populations were polymorphic for this trait. In both populations examined, flies with a low level of the hormone occurred at high frequencies (56 and 64%). The natural populations were also polymorphic for response of the system of juvenile hormone metabolism to heat shock: flies with a low level of the hormone did not respond to stress by decreasing it.