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1.
Health Promot Pract ; 19(3): 331-340, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28578606

RESUMO

This article presents the feasibility and acceptability of using mobile health technology by community health workers (CHWs) in San Juan Province, Dominican Republic, to improve identification of pregnancy complications and access to care for pregnant women. Although most women in the Dominican Republic receive four antenatal care visits, poor women and adolescents in remote areas are more likely to have only one initial prenatal visit to verify the pregnancy. This community-based research began when community leaders raised concern about the numbers of their mothers who died in childbirth annually; San Juan's maternal mortality rate is 144/100,000 compared to the Caribbean rate of 85/100,000. Eight CHWs in three communities were taught to provide third-trimester antenatal assessment, upload the data on a mobile phone application, send the data to the local physician who monitored data for "red flags," and call directly if a mother had an urgent problem. Fifty-two pregnant women enrolled, 38 were followed to delivery, 95 antenatal care postintake were provided, 2 urgent complications required CHW home management of mothers, and there were 0 deaths. Stakeholders endorsed acceptability of intervention. Preliminary data suggest CHWs using mobile health technology is feasible, linking underserved and formal health care systems with provision of primary care in mothers' homes.


Assuntos
Agentes Comunitários de Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Complicações na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Telemedicina , Adolescente , Adulto , Telefone Celular , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde/organização & administração , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , República Dominicana , Feminino , Humanos , Pobreza , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Adulto Jovem
2.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 8(10): e3188, 2014 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25299181

RESUMO

An epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) illness that occurred in July 2007 on Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia prompted entomological studies to identify both the primary vector(s) involved in transmission and the ecological parameters contributing to the outbreak. Larval and pupal surveys were performed to identify the major containers serving as oviposition habitat for the likely vector(s). Adult mosquitoes were also collected by backpack aspiration, light trap, and gravid traps at select sites around the capital city. The predominant species found on the island was Aedes (Stegomyia) hensilli. No virus isolates were obtained from the adult field material collected, nor did any of the immature mosquitoes that were allowed to emerge to adulthood contain viable virus or nucleic acid. Therefore, laboratory studies of the probable vector, Ae. hensilli, were undertaken to determine the likelihood of this species serving as a vector for Zika virus and other arboviruses. Infection rates of up to 86%, 62%, and 20% and dissemination rates of 23%, 80%, and 17% for Zika, chikungunya, and dengue-2 viruses respectively, were found supporting the possibility that this species served as a vector during the Zika outbreak and that it could play a role in transmitting other medically important arboviruses.


Assuntos
Aedes/virologia , Febre de Chikungunya/transmissão , Vírus Chikungunya/fisiologia , Insetos Vetores/virologia , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissão , Zika virus/fisiologia , Animais , Febre de Chikungunya/epidemiologia , Dengue/epidemiologia , Dengue/transmissão , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Micronésia/epidemiologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia
3.
J Travel Med ; 20(3): 165-70, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23577862

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine is recommended for travelers to Asia whose itineraries increase their risk of exposure to JE virus. The numbers of travelers with such itineraries and the proportion of those who receive JE vaccine are unknown. We performed a survey to estimate the proportion of US travelers to Asia who receive JE vaccine according to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations. METHODS: We surveyed US residents ≥ 18 years old departing on 38 flights to Asia selected through a stratified random sample of all direct flights to JE-endemic countries from three US airports. We asked participants about planned itineraries and activities, sources of travel health information, JE vaccination status, and potential barriers to vaccination. Participants planning to spend ≥ 30 days in Asia or at least half of their time in rural areas were defined as "higher JE risk" travelers for whom vaccination should have been considered. RESULTS: Of 2,341 eligible travelers contacted, 1,691(72%) completed the survey. Among these 1,691 participants, 415 (25%) described itineraries for which JE vaccination should have been considered. Of these 415 higher JE risk travelers, only 47 (11%) reported receiving ≥ 1 dose of JE vaccine. Of the 164 unvaccinated higher JE risk travelers who visited a health care provider before their trip, 113 (69%) indicated that they had never heard of JE vaccine or their health care provider had not offered or recommended JE vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: A quarter of surveyed US travelers to Asia reported planned itineraries for which JE vaccination should have been considered. However, few of these at-risk travelers received JE vaccine.


Assuntos
Encefalite Japonesa , Doenças Endêmicas , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Programas de Imunização , Vacinas contra Encefalite Japonesa/uso terapêutico , Viagem , Adulto , Ásia/epidemiologia , Encefalite Japonesa/epidemiologia , Encefalite Japonesa/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Distribuição Aleatória , Medição de Risco
5.
Vaccine ; 29(1): 58-64, 2010 Dec 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20970488

RESUMO

We reviewed adverse events following receipt of inactivated mouse brain-derived Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine reported to the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) from 1999 to 2009. During this period, VAERS received 300 adverse event reports following JE vaccination (24 per 100,000 doses distributed); 106 (35%) were classified as hypersensitivity reactions (8.4 per 100,000 doses) and four (1%) were classified as neurologic events (0.3 per 100,000 doses). Twenty-three (8%) reports described serious adverse events (1.8 per 100,000 doses distributed). There were no reports of encephalitis, meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome. As reported previously, hypersensitivity reactions were common among persons receiving inactivated mouse brain-derived JE vaccine.


Assuntos
Encefalite Japonesa/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Encefalite Japonesa/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade , Incidência , Vacinas contra Encefalite Japonesa/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/induzido quimicamente , Estados Unidos , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/efeitos adversos , Adulto Jovem
6.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 82(5): 930-6, 2010 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20439978

RESUMO

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a severe disease and a risk for travelers who visit JE-endemic countries. We reviewed all published JE cases in travelers from non-endemic areas from 1973 through 2008, and assessed factors related to risk of infection. There were 55 cases that occurred in citizens of 17 countries. Age range of case-patients was 1-91 years (median = 34 years). Ten (18%) persons died and 24 (44%) had mild to severe sequelae. In a detailed risk assessment of 37 case-patients, 24 (65%) had spent > or = 1 month in JE-endemic areas, and most had factors identified that may have increased infection risk. The estimate of overall JE risk was low, < 1 case/1 million travelers to JE-endemic countries. Nonetheless, for each traveler, a careful assessment of itinerary and activities, a decision on vaccination, and information on mosquito precautions are needed to reduce the risk of this disease.


Assuntos
Encefalite Japonesa/epidemiologia , Doenças Endêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Viagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ásia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ilhas do Pacífico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Adulto Jovem
7.
N Engl J Med ; 360(24): 2536-43, 2009 Jun 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19516034

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In 2007, physicians on Yap Island reported an outbreak of illness characterized by rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. Although serum from some patients had IgM antibody against dengue virus, the illness seemed clinically distinct from previously detected dengue. Subsequent testing with the use of consensus primers detected Zika virus RNA in the serum of the patients but no dengue virus or other arboviral RNA. No previous outbreaks and only 14 cases of Zika virus disease have been previously documented. METHODS: We obtained serum samples from patients and interviewed patients for information on clinical signs and symptoms. Zika virus disease was confirmed by a finding of Zika virus RNA or a specific neutralizing antibody response to Zika virus in the serum. Patients with IgM antibody against Zika virus who had a potentially cross-reactive neutralizing-antibody response were classified as having probable Zika virus disease. We conducted a household survey to estimate the proportion of Yap residents with IgM antibody against Zika virus and to identify possible mosquito vectors of Zika virus. RESULTS: We identified 49 confirmed and 59 probable cases of Zika virus disease. The patients resided in 9 of the 10 municipalities on Yap. Rash, fever, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis were common symptoms. No hospitalizations, hemorrhagic manifestations, or deaths due to Zika virus were reported. We estimated that 73% (95% confidence interval, 68 to 77) of Yap residents 3 years of age or older had been recently infected with Zika virus. Aedes hensilli was the predominant mosquito species identified. CONCLUSIONS: This outbreak of Zika virus illness in Micronesia represents transmission of Zika virus outside Africa and Asia. Although most patients had mild illness, clinicians and public health officials should be aware of the risk of further expansion of Zika virus transmission.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Zika virus , Adolescente , Adulto , Aedes , Distribuição por Idade , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Artralgia/virologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Conjuntivite Viral/virologia , Vírus da Dengue/imunologia , Exantema/virologia , Febre/etiologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Lactente , Insetos Vetores , Micronésia/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População , RNA Viral/sangue , Distribuição por Sexo , Adulto Jovem , Zika virus/genética , Zika virus/imunologia , Zika virus/isolamento & purificação , Infecção por Zika virus/complicações , Infecção por Zika virus/virologia
8.
Clin Infect Dis ; 49(1): 46-54, 2009 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19476429

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) relies on acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear and culture results. Two rapid tests that use nucleic acid amplification (NAA) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the diagnosis of TB based on detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from specimens obtained from the respiratory tract. We evaluated the performance of NAA testing under field conditions in a large urban setting with moderate TB prevalence. METHODS: The medical records of patients with suspected TB during 2000-2004 were reviewed. Analysis was restricted to the performance of NAA on specimens collected within 7 days after the initiation of treatment for TB. The assay's sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) were evaluated. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with confirmed or suspected TB whose respiratory tract specimens were tested by use of NAA increased from 429 (12.9%) of 3334 patients in 2000 to 527 (15.6%) of 3386 patients in 2004; NAA testing among patients whose respiratory tract specimens tested positive for AFB increased from 415 (43.6%) of 952 patients in 2000 to 487 (55.5%) of 877 patients in 2004 (P < .001 for both trends). Of the 16,511 patients being evaluated for pulmonary TB, 4642 (28.1%) had specimens that tested positive for AFB on smear. Of those 4642 patients, 2241 (48.3%) had NAA performed on their specimens. Of those 2241 patients, 1279 (57.1%) had positive test results. Of those 1279 patients, 1262 (98.7%) were confirmed to have TB. For 1861 (40.1%) of the 4642 patients whose specimens tested positive for AFB on smear, the NAA test had a sensitivity of 96.0%, a specificity of 95.3%, a PPV of 98.0%, and an NPV of 90.9%. For 158 patients whose specimens tested negative for AFB on smear, the NAA test had a sensitivity of 79.3%, a specificity of 80.3%, a PPV of 83.1%, and an NPV of 76.0%, respectively. For the 215 specimens that tested positive for AFB by smear, we found a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 97.5%, 93.6%, 95.1%, and 96.8%, respectively. A high-grade smear was associated with a better test performance. CONCLUSION: NAA testing was helpful for determining whether patients whose specimens tested positive for AFB on smear had TB or not. This conclusion supports the use of this test for early diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB.


Assuntos
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Escarro/microbiologia , Estados Unidos , População Urbana
9.
Pediatrics ; 118(2): 577-85, 2006 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16882810

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There has been a gradual decrease in the proportion of children covered by private health insurance in Colorado and the United States with a commensurate increase in those with public insurance or having no insurance which may impact access to care and outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to determine whether children with public or no health insurance have differences in hospital admission rates, morbidity, mortality, and/or charges that might be improved if standards of primary care comparable to those of children with private insurance could be achieved. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective comparison of hospitalization-related outcomes for children < 18 years of age in Colorado from 1995-2003 and in the United States in 2000. Population-based rates for hospital admission were determined stratified by age, race/ethnicity, disease grouping, and health insurance status. RESULTS: Compared with those with private insurance, children in Colorado and the United States with public or no insurance have significantly higher rates of total hospital admission, as well as admission for chronic illness, asthma, diabetes, vaccine-preventable disease, psychiatric disease, and ruptured appendix. These children have higher mortality rates, higher severity of illness, are more likely to be admitted through the emergency department and have significantly higher hospital charges per insured child. Higher hospitalization rates occur in children who are nonwhite and/or Hispanic and those who are younger. If children with public or no health insurance in the United States in 2000 had the same hospitalization outcomes as children with private insurance, $5.3 billion in hospital charges could have been saved. CONCLUSIONS: There is an opportunity to achieve improved health outcomes and decreased hospitalization costs for children with public or no health insurance if private insurance standards of health care could be achieved for all US children.


Assuntos
Criança Hospitalizada/estatística & dados numéricos , Preços Hospitalares , Mortalidade Hospitalar/tendências , Cobertura do Seguro/estatística & dados numéricos , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoas sem Cobertura de Seguro de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Morbidade/tendências , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colorado/epidemiologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Grupos Diagnósticos Relacionados , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Hospitalização/economia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Seguro Saúde/classificação , Seguro Saúde/economia , Masculino , Assistência Médica/economia , Grupos Minoritários/estatística & dados numéricos , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
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