Predictive Value of MRI in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Treated with Therapeutic Hypothermia.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a severe pathology, and no unique predictive biomarker has been identified. Our aims are to identify associations of perinatal and outcome parameters with morphological anomalies and ADC values from MRI. The secondary aims are to define a predictive ADC threshold value and detect ADC value fluctuations between MRIs acquired within 7 days (MR0) and at 1 year (MR1) of birth in relation to perinatal and outcome parameters. METHODS: Fifty-one term children affected by moderate HIE treated with hypothermia and undergoing MRI0 and MRI1 were recruited. Brain MRIs were evaluated through the van Rooij score, while ADC maps were co-registered on a standardized cerebral surface, on which 29 ROIs were drawn. Statistical analysis was performed in Matlab, with the statistical significance value at 0.05. RESULTS: ADC0 < ADC1 in the left and right thalami, left and right frontal white matter, right visual cortex, and the left dentate nucleus of children showing abnormal perinatal and neurodevelopmental parameters. At ROC analysis, the best prognostic ADC cut-off value was 1.535 mm2/s × 10-6 (sensitivity 80%, specificity 86%) in the right frontal white matter. ADC1 > ADC0 in the right visual cortex and left dentate nucleus, positively correlated with multiple abnormal perinatal and neurodevelopmental parameters. The van Rooij score was significantly higher in children presenting with sleep disorders. CONCLUSIONS: ADC values could be used as prognostic biomarkers to predict children's neurodevelopmental outcomes. Further studies are needed to address these crucial topics and validate our results. Early and multidisciplinary perinatal evaluation and the subsequent re-assessment of children are pivotal to identify physical and neuropsychological disorders to guarantee early and tailored therapy.

Maternal-Fetal Infections (Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma, Syphilis): Short-Term and Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children Infected and Uninfected at Birth.

(1) Background: Infections in pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, premature birth, infections in newborns, and developmental disabilities in babies. Infected infants, symptomatic at birth, can have long-term sequelae, and asymptomatic babies are also at increased risk of developing long-term sensorineural outcomes. Targeted therapy of the pregnant mother can reduce fetal and neonatal harm. (2) Aim of the study: To explore the association between symptoms and time of onset of long-term sequelae in infected children born from mothers who contracted an infection during pregnancy, by a long-term multidisciplinary follow-up. (3) Methods: For up to 2−4 years, we evaluated cognitive, motor, audiological, visual, and language outcomes in infants with symptomatic and asymptomatic congenital infections and in uninfected infants. (4) Results: 186 infants born from women who acquired Cytomegalovirus infection (n = 103), Toxoplasma infection (n = 50), and Syphilis (n = 33) during pregnancy were observed. Among them, 119 infants acquired the infection in utero. Infected infants, symptomatic at birth, obtained lower scores on the Cognitive and Motor Scale on Bayley-III compared to asymptomatic and uninfected infants (p = 0.026; p = 0.049). Many severe or moderate sequelae rose up within the first year of life. At 24 months, we observed sequelae in 24.6% (14/57) of infected children classified as asymptomatic at birth, compared to 68.6% (24/35) of symptomatic ones (χ2 = 15.56; p < 0.001); (5) Conclusions: Infected babies symptomatic at birth have a worse prognosis than asymptomatic ones. Long-term sequelae may occur in infected children asymptomatic at birth after the first year of life. Multidisciplinary follow-up until 4−6 years of age should be performed in all infected children, regardless of the presence of symptoms at birth.

Obesity and the Risk of Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between obesity and early-onset cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS) and whether fat distribution or sex altered this association. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, multi-center, case-control study included 345 patients, aged 18-49 years, with first-ever, acute CIS. The control group included 345 age- and sex-matched stroke-free individuals. We measured height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Obesity metrics analyzed included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-stature ratio (WSR), and a body shape index (ABSI). Models were adjusted for age, level of education, vascular risk factors, and migraine with aura. RESULTS: After adjusting for demographics, vascular risk factors, and migraine with aura, the highest tertile of WHR was associated with CIS (OR for highest versus lowest WHR tertile 2.81, 95%CI 1.43-5.51; P=0.003). In sex-specific analyses, WHR tertiles were not associated with CIS. However, using WHO WHR cutoff values (>0.85 for women, >0.90 for men), abdominally obese women were at increased risk of CIS (OR 2.09, 95%CI 1.02-4.27; P=0.045). After adjusting for confounders, WC, BMI, WSR, or ABSI were not associated with CIS. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal obesity measured with WHR was an independent risk factor for CIS in young adults after rigorous adjustment for concomitant risk factors.

The NICU during COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Maternal Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress (PMTS).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to assess how hospital and outpatient clinic policies changes due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impact pediatric medical traumatic stress (PMTS) symptoms in mothers of newborns admitted in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). STUDY DESIGN: Observational case-control study included the comparison between mothers of infants admitted in the NICU at birth during the COVID-19 pandemic and mothers of infants admitted in the NICU before the COVID-19 pandemic. The control group was selected matching 1:1 with the study group for the following infants' clinical variables: gender, type of pathology, gestational age, weight at birth, day of recovery, ventilator time days, and associated malformations. The Italian version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) was used as a measure of PMTS. RESULT: Mothers of the study group (50) scored significantly higher than mothers of the control group on three of four scales of IES-R ("IES-R total": F = 6.70; p = 0.011; IES-R subscale "intrusion": F = 7.45; p = 0.008; IES-R subscale "avoidance": F = 8.15; p = 0.005). A significantly higher number of mothers in the study group scored above the IES-R total clinical cut-off compared with mothers of control group (72 vs. 48%; Chi2 = 6.00; p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic acted as superimposed stress in mothers of newborns admitted in the NICU at birth determining high levels of PMTS. Clinicians and researchers should identify and implement novel strategies to provide family-centered care during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. KEY POINTS: · COVID-19 acted as superimposed stress on NICU population.. · PMTS in mothers got significantly worse during the COVID-19 pandemic.. · Alert on long-term consequences on child development..

Is His-optimized superior to conventional cardiac resynchronization therapy in improving heart failure? Results from a propensity-matched study.

BACKGROUND: His bundle pacing (HBP), alone or optimized in association with coronary sinus pacing (HBP+LV) has recently been proposed as an alternative to conventional cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, there is lack of controlled studies that assessed clinical outcome. METHODS: We did a single-center, propensity-score matched, case-control study of comparison of HBP and HBP+LV versus conventional CRT in patients with heart failure (HF) and standard indications for CRT. The study group patients were consecutively enrolled in the year 2019. The control group patients were selected, by propensity score matching, among those CRT implantations performed in the years 2015-2018. RESULTS: There were 27 patients in each group. In the active group, 12 (44%) patients received HBP alone and 12 (44%) patients HBP+LV pacing. HBP failed in three (11%) patients. In the control group, conventional CRT was achieved in 26 (96%) patients and failed in one. Paced QRS width was shorter in the active than in the control group (128 ± 18 vs. 148 ± 27 ms, p = .004). During a mean of 9.6 months of follow-up, a composite clinical outcome of death, hospitalization for HF or worsening HF occurred in three (11%) in the active group and in four (15%) in the control group, p = .58. No difference was also observed with softer endpoints: NYHA class (1.9 ± 0.7 vs. 2.1 ± 0.7), subjective improvement (74% vs. 74%) and LV ejection fraction (40.7% vs. 40.7%). CONCLUSION: Compared with conventional CRT, a shorter QRS width can be obtained with HBP alone or in association with coronary sinus pacing but we were unable to show a better clinical outcome. There is urgent need for large, randomized trials.

Clinical and Genetic Findings in a Series of Eight Families with Arthrogryposis.

The term "arthrogryposis" is used to indicate multiple congenital contractures affecting two or more areas of the body. Arthrogryposis is the consequence of an impairment of embryofetal neuromuscular function and development. The causes of arthrogryposis are multiple, and in newborns, it is difficult to predict the molecular defect as well as the clinical evolution just based on clinical findings. We studied a consecutive series of 13 participants who had amyoplasia, distal arthrogryposis (DA), or syndromic forms of arthrogryposis with normal intellectual development and other motor abilities. The underlying pathogenic variants were identified in 11 out of 13 participants. Correlating the genotype with the clinical features indicated that prenatal findings were specific for DA; this was helpful to identify familial cases, but features were non-specific for the involved gene. Perinatal clinical findings were similar among the participants, except for amyoplasia. Dilatation of the aortic root led to the diagnosis of Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) in one case. The phenotype of DA type 5D (DA5D) and Escobar syndrome became more characteristic at later ages due to more pronounced pterygia. Follow-up indicated that DA type 1 (DA1)/DA type 2B (DA2B) spectrum and LDS had a more favorable course than the other forms. Hand clenching and talipes equinovarus/rocker bottom foot showed an improvement in all participants, and adducted thumb resolved in all forms except in amyoplasia. The combination of clinical evaluation with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis in the newborn may allow for an early diagnosis and, particularly in the DAs, suggests a favorable prognosis.

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty as a palliative treatment in patients with severe aortic stenosis and limited life expectancy: a single center experience.

Whether balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) may provide an effective palliation in symptomatic high-risk patients is uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate outcomes in symptomatic high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), who underwent BAV. All-cause mortality and length of hospitalization for heart failure (HF) up to death or to 1-year follow up were collected after BAV. One hundred thirty-two (132) patients (62% women), mean age 85±7 years, underwent BAV with a substantial reduction of the peak-to-peak aortic gradient from 53±21 to 29±15 mmHg (p<0.001). The median of days of HF hospitalization prior to BAV was 9 (0-19), and decreased after BAV to 0 (0-9), p<0.001. During 1-year follow-up patients with untreated CAD (85, 64%) had a higher mortality compared to patients with insignificant/treated CAD (47, 36%): 1-year survival: 45±7% vs. 66± 7%; p=0.02. After adjustment for STS risk score and severity of residual AS, patients with untreated CAD remained at higher risk of mortality (adjusted HR 1.74 [1.01-2.91]; p=0.04). Thus, in this series of symptomatic high-risk patients, BAV was associated with a significant reduction in aortic valve gradient and hospitalization time for HF post-BAV. In patients with significant CAD, percutaneous intervention might be considered in order to improve survival.

Spatial competences in Prader-Willi syndrome: a radial arm maze study.

The present study was aimed at investigating the spatial abilities in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) by using the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) task. We trained PWS individuals with the deletion subtype in two different RAM paradigms that tapped different aspects of spatial memory. To evaluate the extent of spatial deficit in PWS individuals, it seemed interesting to compare their performances with those of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) in which deficits in spatial abilities have been well described. The two syndromic groups were compared to typically developing (TD) individuals mental-age and gender matched. The findings evidenced the impairment of PWS individuals in solving the RAM task with variable severity depending on the paradigm requests. Since the RAM is a task that allows the acquisition of spatial competences through the movement, we advance that the spatial deficits observed in PWS individuals may be related to the malfunctioning of spatial and motor integrative processing.

Non-invasive diagnosis of acute ischemic bowel disease detected as hepatic portal venous gas during intra-aortic balloon percutaneous counterpulsation.

The authors report a very unusual case of non-invasive diagnosis of acute ischemic bowel disease detected as hepatic portal venous gas during intra-aortic balloon percutaneous counterpulsation. A 64-year-old man with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock was treated with percutaneous angioplasty and intra-aortic balloon percutaneous counterpulsation. The post-procedural period was complicated by severe abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed hepatic portal venous gas. Multiple kidney and splenic ischemic areas were also identified. Colonoscopy showed signs referring to acute ischemic colitis. Computed tomography detection of hepatic portal venous gas has permitted the non-invasive diagnosis of bowel necrosis.

[Breast arterial calcifications and coronary calcifications: a common link with atherosclerotic subclinical disease?]. / Calcificazioni arteriose mammarie e calcificazioni coronariche: un "link" comune con la malattia aterosclerotica subclinica?

Coronary artery calcifications seem to be correlated with a high risk of coronary heart disease. Computed tomography has been shown to be capable of providing accurate, non-invasive measurements of coronary artery calcifications. Coronary calcium is a recognized marker of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic burden of coronary arteries correlates strongly with the amount of coronary artery calcifications measured by computed tomography. The presence and extent of breast arterial calcifications detected at mammography has been associated with diabetes and hypertension and it seems to be correlated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. This review analyzes the relationship between coronary artery calcifications, breast arterial calcifications and the increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.

Vascular surgery patients: perioperative and long-term risk according to the ACC/AHA guidelines, the additive role of post-operative troponin elevation.

AIMS: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the prognostic role of pre-operative stratification in patients undergoing elective major vascular surgery, the timing of adverse outcomes, and the predictive role of troponin (cTn). METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive vascular surgery candidates (n=391) were prospectively stratified and treated according to the ACC/AHA guidelines. The patients were categorized into three groups: (1) with coronary revascularization in the past 5 years, (2) with intermediate clinical risk predictors, and (3) with minor or no clinical risk predictors. cTnI was measured post-operatively. By 18 months, 18.7% of subjects had experienced death or acute myocardial infarction (MI) (by the ACC/ESC criteria). The hazard ratio (HR) was 5.21 (95% CI=2.60-10.43; P<0.0001) in group 1 and 2.58 (95% CI=1.27-4.38; P=0.004) in group 2 when compared with group 3. Most events occurred within 30 days. Elevations of cTnI were associated with adverse outcomes even after multivariable adjustment at long-term (adjusted overall HR=4.73, 95% CI=2.92-7.65; P<0.0001) and at 30 days (adjusted HR=5.52, 95% CI=3.23-9.42; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: After pre-operative stratification, patients undergoing elective major vascular surgery remain at high risk of MI and death. Events occur mainly early after surgery. cTnI elevations are frequent and independently associated with increased risk. These findings suggest the need for a major re-evaluation of our approach to these patients.

Aortic valve periprosthetic leakage: anatomic observations and surgical results.

BACKGROUND: One of the most frequent causes of reoperation after heart valve replacement is periprosthetic leakage (PPL). Previous studies have failed to determine whether PPL is linked to specific anatomic details. The aim of this study was to examine the location within the aortic annulus where PPL occurs, and to evaluate the postoperative outcome after surgical correction. METHODS: Between January 1985 and December 2001, 28 patients underwent reoperation because of PPL after aortic valve replacement. The aortic annulus was analyzed in a clockwise format with hour 1 corresponding to the commissure between the left coronary sinus and the right coronary sinus, hour 5 to the commissure between the right coronary sinus and the noncoronary sinus, and hour 9 to the commissure between the noncoronary sinus and the left coronary sinus. RESULTS: Overall operative mortality was 7.1% (2 patients). Repair of PPL was carried out in 8 patients whereas prosthetic valve replacement was necessary in 20 patients. Urgency or emergency operation (p < 0.0037), preoperative New York Heart Association class IV (p < 0.04), need for prosthetic valve replacement (p = 0.05), and implant of mechanical valve (p = 0.031) were independent determinants of dismal prognosis. Periprosthetic leakage occurred more frequently between hour 4 and hour 8 (19 patients), with the risk of leakage being two times greater than in other annular areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that PPL occurs more frequently in a specific portion of the peculiar aortic annulus. In case of PPL diagnosis, a timely reoperation might decrease operative risks by avoiding emergency procedures and unfavorable preoperative clinical conditions, and preventing prosthetic valve replacement.

[Calcium score quantification using new techniques and its prognostic role in various subgroups of patients]. / Quantificazione del calcio coronarico (calcium score) attraverso l'utilizzo di nuove tecniche di imaging e suo ruolo prognostico in vari sottogruppi di pazienti.

Coronary artery disease is the first cause of mortality in industrialized countries notwithstanding the diagnostic and therapeutic progresses. Electron beam computed tomography and multislice computed tomography with calcium score software seem to have an important role in the early diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Coronary calcium is associated with a high probability of subclinical atherosclerosis. In particular the area of calcification has a positive correlation with the histologically analyzed area of the atheromatous burden plaque. The pathophysiological mechanism may be that the calcium adherent to the plaque makes unstable the plaque with possible rupture. Several studies have analyzed the predictive value of calcium score in various subgroups of patients (asymptomatic, with chest pain, with diabetes) and they have confirmed the presence of large calcific deposits in subjects with a high cardiovascular risk. The correlation of the other risk factors with calcium score is unclear and whether this is due to genetic predisposition requires further investigation.