The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS).

With the advent of the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO), a complement of multi-spacecraft missions and ground-based observatories to study the space environment, data retrieval, analysis, and visualization of space physics data can be daunting. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), a grass-roots software development platform (www.spedas.org), is now officially supported by NASA Heliophysics as part of its data environment infrastructure. It serves more than a dozen space missions and ground observatories and can integrate the full complement of past and upcoming space physics missions with minimal resources, following clear, simple, and well-proven guidelines. Free, modular and configurable to the needs of individual missions, it works in both command-line (ideal for experienced users) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) mode (reducing the learning curve for first-time users). Both options have "crib-sheets," user-command sequences in ASCII format that can facilitate record-and-repeat actions, especially for complex operations and plotting. Crib-sheets enhance scientific interactions, as users can move rapidly and accurately from exchanges of technical information on data processing to efficient discussions regarding data interpretation and science. SPEDAS can readily query and ingest all International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP)-compatible products from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), enabling access to a vast collection of historic and current mission data. The planned incorporation of Heliophysics Application Programmer's Interface (HAPI) standards will facilitate data ingestion from distributed datasets that adhere to these standards. Although SPEDAS is currently Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based (and interfaces to Java-based tools such as Autoplot), efforts are under-way to expand it further to work with python (first as an interface tool and potentially even receiving an under-the-hood replacement). We review the SPEDAS development history, goals, and current implementation. We explain its "modes of use" with examples geared for users and outline its technical implementation and requirements with software developers in mind. We also describe SPEDAS personnel and software management, interfaces with other organizations, resources and support structure available to the community, and future development plans. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A use of freeze-dried bone in endodontics.

A 40-yr-old man was referred for the treatment of a large bony lesion of the mandible proximal to the root apices of the lower left first molar. Treatment had been done 7 to 8 yr previous to the examination, and the fill appeared to be adequate. Treatment was curettement of the lesion, apical curettage, and filling of the lesion with sterile freeze-dried bone. The patient was seen 6 months later and reported that he had been asymptomatic and was very pleased with the treatment. A postoperative radiograph was taken at that time and it showed that there had been an ingrowth of healthy bone into the bony lesion and that only a small radiolucency at the mesial root remained. In only 6 months, a very large lesion of the mandible had almost completely resolved after using freeze-dried bone to act as a matrix for the ingrowth of new bone tissue. At 7 months postoperatively, another radiograph was taken which showed continued healing.

Incidence of postoperative pain after single- and multiple-visit endodontic procedures.

A series of 359 endodontic cases were followed and evaluated by the frequency of reported postoperative pain. A statistical analysis of the data obtained attempted to identify a relationship between pain experienced and the anatomic location, the pulpal vitality as determined by hemorrhage, or the number of treatment visits used in completing the case. Data obtained indicated no relationship between pain experience and pulpal vitality, no statistically significant relationship to the anatomic location, and a significant relationship to the number of visits used. The data indicate a 2 to 1 higher frequency of pain reported following treatment completed in multiple visits as compared to that reported for those completed in one visit.