RESUMO
Four types of ionic liquids (ILs) of [X]TFSI ([X]+ is a cation such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium BMIm+, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium BMPyrr+, 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium BMPip+ and methyltrioctylammonium MOc3Am+ and TFSI- is the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion) were confined in halloysite nanoclay (Hal) at an excess ionic liquid concentration (IL : Hal â¼55 : 45 wt%) and studied by X-ray diffraction, TG, DSC analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that the physicochemical properties of ILs trapped by halloysite at maximum loading are similar to those of bulk ILs and change depending on the cation type and size. The cold crystallization temperature (T cc) and melting point (T m) of the crystalline mesophase in confined BMIm+ and BMPyrr+ ionic liquids are higher than in the bulk ones, while in the amorphous BMPyrr+ mesophase, the T cc and T m values decrease by 9.7 and 14.2 °C, respectively. Confined BMPip+ and MOc3Am+ only have the glass transition temperature (T g), which increases by 1.5 and 8.0 °C, respectively, compared to bulk ILs. The onset decomposition temperature (T d) decreases by 106.5, 40.7, 19.0 and 7.7 °C in BMIm+, BMPip+, BMPyrr+ and MOc3Am+, respectively. The changes in the properties are explained by the cation and anion interaction with halloysite, as well as by the transformation of the ionic liquid structure. It is found that in this case the amount of the TFSI- anion trans-conformer increases in the following order: BMIm+ > BMPyrr+ â¼ BMPip+ >> MOc3Am+.
RESUMO
The evaluation of economic damage was implemented in relation to premature mortality of population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the region with particular social economic and natural climatic conditions specific to territories of the North. The calculation of economic damage is based on methodology proposed by number of ministries of the Russian Federation and Rosstat in 2012. The presented evaluations and analysis of materials give an idea about total amount of economic damage because of mortality of population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) which is necessary to consider during development of regional programs of decreasing of population mortality.
