Genetic variants associated with sleep disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnostic boundaries of sleep disorders are under considerable debate. The main sleep disorders are partly heritable; therefore, defining heritable pathophysiologic mechanisms could delineate diagnoses and suggest treatment. We collected clinical data and DNA from consenting patients scheduled to undergo clinical polysomnograms, to expand our understanding of the polymorphisms associated with the phenotypes of particular sleep disorders. METHODS: Patients at least 21 years of age were recruited to contribute research questionnaires, and to provide access to their medical records, saliva for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and polysomnographic data. From these complex data, 38 partly overlapping phenotypes were derived indicating complaints, subjective and objective sleep timing, and polysomnographic disturbances. A custom chip was used to genotype 768 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Additional assays derived ancestry-informative markers (eg, 751 participants of European ancestry). Linear regressions controlling for age, gender, and ancestry were used to assess the associations of each phenotype with each of the SNPs, highlighting those with Bonferroni-corrected significance. RESULTS: In peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta (PPARGC1B), rs6888451 was associated with several markers of obstructive sleep apnea. In aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (ARNTL), rs10766071 was associated with decreased polysomnographic sleep duration. The association of rs3923809 in BTBD9 with periodic limb movements in sleep was confirmed. SNPs in casein kinase 1 delta (CSNK1D rs11552085), cryptochrome 1 (CRY1 rs4964515), and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor A (RORA rs11071547) were less persuasively associated with sleep latency and time of falling asleep. CONCLUSIONS: SNPs associated with several sleep phenotypes were suggested, but due to risks of false discovery, independent replications are needed before the importance of these associations can be assessed, followed by investigation of molecular mechanisms.

Effectiveness of monovalent and pentavalent rotavirus vaccine.

OBJECTIVE: Previous US evaluations have not assessed monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1, a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain) effectiveness, because of its later introduction (2008). Using case-control methodology, we measured the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the 2-dose RV1 and 3-dose pentavalent vaccine (RV5) series against rotavirus disease resulting in hospital emergency department or inpatient care. METHODS: Children were eligible for enrollment if they presented to 1 of 5 hospitals (3 in Georgia, 2 in Connecticut) with diarrhea of ≤10 days' duration during January through June 2010 or 2011, and were born after RV1 introduction. Stools were collected; immunization records were obtained from providers and state electronic immunization information system (IIS). Case-subjects (children testing rotavirus antigen-positive) were compared with 2 control groups: children testing rotavirus negative and children selected from IIS. RESULTS: Overall, 165 rotavirus-case subjects and 428 rotavirus-negative controls were enrolled. Using the rotavirus-negative controls, RV1 VE was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI] 80 to 95) and RV5 VE was 92% (CI 75 to 97) among children aged ≥8 months. The RV1 VE against G2P[4] disease was high (94%, CI 78 to 98), as was that against G1P[8] disease (89%, CI 70 to 96). RV1 effectiveness was sustained among children aged 12 through 23 months (VE 91%; CI 75 to 96). VE point estimates using IIS controls were similar to those using rotavirus-negative controls. CONCLUSIONS: RV1 and RV5 were both highly effective against severe rotavirus disease. RV1 conferred sustained protection during the first 2 years of life and demonstrated high effectiveness against G2P[4] (heterotypic) disease.

FMR1, circadian genes and depression: suggestive associations or false discovery?

BACKGROUND: There are several indications that malfunctions of the circadian clock contribute to depression. To search for particular circadian gene polymorphisms associated with depression, diverse polymorphisms were genotyped in two samples covering a range of depressed volunteers and participants with normal mood. METHODS: Depression mood self-ratings and DNA were collected independently from a sample of patients presenting to a sleep disorders center (1086 of European origin) and from a separate sample consisting of 399 participants claiming delayed sleep phase symptoms and 406 partly-matched controls. A custom Illumina Golden Gate array of 768 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was assayed in both samples, supplemented by additional SNPlex and Taqman assays, including assay of 41 ancestry-associated markers (AIMs) to control stratification. RESULTS: In the Sleep Clinic sample, these assays yielded Bonferroni-significant association with depressed mood in three linked SNPs of the gene FMR1: rs25702 (nominal P=1.77E-05), rs25714 (P=1.83E-05), and rs28900 (P=5.24E-05). This FMR1 association was supported by 8 SNPs with nominal significance and a nominally-significant gene-wise set test. There was no association of depressed mood with FMR1 in the delayed sleep phase case-control sample or in downloaded GWAS data from the GenRED 2 sample contrasting an early-onset recurrent depression sample with controls. No replication was located in other GWAS studies of depression. Our data did weakly replicate a previously-reported association of depression with PPARGC1B rs7732671 (P=0.0235). Suggestive associations not meeting strict criteria for multiple testing and replication were found with GSK3B, NPAS2, RORA, PER3, CRY1, MTNR1A and NR1D1. Notably, 16 SNPs nominally associated with depressed mood (14 in GSK3B) were also nominally associated with delayed sleep phase syndrome (P=3E10-6). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the inconsistencies between samples and the likelihood that the significant three FMR1 SNPs might be linked to complex polymorphisms more functionally related to depression, large gene resequencing studies may be needed to clarify the import for depression of these circadian genes.

Reasons why women accept or reject the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) during pregnancy.

The aim of the study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons why pregnant women accept or reject the seasonal influenza vaccine. The qualitative descriptive design used a face-to-face semi-structured interview format. Sixty pregnant and postpartum women at two hospitals in the Northeastern United States participated. Content analysis was the inductive method used to code the data and identify emergent themes. Six themes emerged from the data: differing degrees of influence affect action to vaccinate; two-for-one benefit is a pivotal piece of knowledge that influences future vaccination; fear if I do (vaccinate), fear if I don't; women who verbalize 'no need' for the vaccine also fear the vaccine; a conveniently located venue for vaccination reduces barriers to uptake; H1N1-a benefit and barrier to the seasonal vaccine. Our study supports previous findings and reveals a deeper understanding and interpretation of the behavior and decision-making to accept or reject the influenza vaccine. Understanding the reasons behind the behavior of vaccine rejection gives us the chance to change it.

Cocooning: a concept to protect young children from infectious diseases.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite focused efforts aimed at preventing infectious diseases among infants, recent years have seen a surge of infections among this population, particularly in pertussis, reminiscent of the 1940s prevaccine era. Given these trends, this review serves to discuss cocooning for infants against pertussis and its more recent application in influenza, and the barriers to and facilitators of this important strategy. RECENT FINDINGS: Infection with pertussis and influenza remains a significant cause of hospitalization among infants aged less than 1 year. Simultaneously, uptake of both tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) and influenza vaccines is very low among adults reporting close contact with an infant. To date, widespread implementation of cocooning has been thwarted by both individual-level and system-level issues, although general acceptance of vaccination is high in settings in which cocooning is encouraged. SUMMARY: Better characterization and improvement of the cocooning strategy are necessary. Additionally, longitudinal research evaluating the effectiveness of cocooning against pertussis and influenza is essential. Ultimately, the effectiveness of cocooning to produce sustained control of infections will be dependent on healthcare provider advocacy, patient education, implementation and enforcement of policies, and the development of cost-effective programs.

Genotyping sleep disorders patients.

OBJECTIVE: The genetic susceptibility factors underlying sleep disorders might help us predict prognoses and responses to treatment. Several candidate polymorphisms for sleep disorders have been proposed, but there has as yet inadequate replication or validation that the candidates may be useful in the clinical setting. METHODS: To assess the validity of several candidate associations, we obtained saliva deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples and clinical information from 360 consenting research participants who were undergoing clinical polysomnograms. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. These were thought to be related to depression, circadian sleep disorders, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome (RLS), excessive sleepiness, or to slow waves in sleep. RESULTS: With multivariate generalized linear models, the association of TEF rs738499 with depressive symptoms was confirmed. Equivocal statistical evidence of association of rs1801260 (the C3111T SNP in the CLOCK gene) with morningness/eveningness and an association of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) rs429358 with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were obtained, but these associations were not strong enough to be of clinical value by themselves. Predicted association of SNPs with sleep apnea, RLS, and slow wave sleep were not confirmed. CONCLUSION: The SNPs tested would not, by themselves, be of use for clinical genotyping in a sleep clinic.

Wrist actigraphic scoring for sleep laboratory patients: algorithm development.

Wrist actigraphy is employed increasingly in sleep research and clinical sleep medicine. Critical evaluation of the performance of new actigraphs and software is needed. Actigraphic sleep-wake estimation was compared with polysomnographic (PSG) scoring as the standard in a clinical sleep laboratory. A convenience sample of 116 patients undergoing clinical sleep recordings volunteered to participate. Actiwatch-L recordings were obtained from 98 participants, along with 18 recordings using the newer Spectrum model (Philips Electronics), but some of the actigraphic recordings could not be adequately aligned with the simultaneous PSGs. Of satisfactory alignments, 40 Actiwatch recordings were used as a training set to empirically develop a new Scripps Clinic algorithm for sleep-wake scoring. The Scripps Clinic algorithm was then prospectively evaluated in 39 Actiwatch recordings and 16 Spectrum recordings, producing epoch-by-epoch sleep-wake agreements of 85-87% and kappa statistics averaging 0.52 (indicating moderate agreement). Wake was underestimated by the scoring algorithm. The correlations of PSG versus actigraphic wake percentage estimates were r = 0.6690 for the Actiwatch and r = 0.2197 for the Spectrum. In general, using a different weighting of activity counts from previous and subsequent epochs, the Scripps Clinic algorithm discriminated sleep-wake more successfully than the manufacturer's Actiware algorithms. Neither algorithm had fully satisfactory agreement with PSG. Further evaluations of algorithms for these actigraphs are needed, along with controlled comparisons of different actigraphic designs and software.