Exoproteome analysis of Starmerella bombicola results in the discovery of an esterase required for lactonization of sophorolipids.

The yeast Starmerella bombicola secretes sophorolipids, a family of biosurfactants that find applications in green household products and cosmetics. Over the past years, a gene cluster was discovered that is responsible for the entire synthesis of the open (acidic) form of these molecules from glucose, fatty acids and acetyl-CoA building blocks. However, a significant fraction of the natural product is obtained as a ring closed form (lactonic). Both genetic and proteomic approaches hitherto failed to discover an enzyme responsible for the esterification reaction required for the ring closure step. We hypothesized that this enzyme is extracellularly secreted. Therefore, we characterized the composition of the S. bombicola exoproteome at different time points of the growth and compared it with known yeast exoproteomes. We identified 44 proteins, many of them commonly found in other fungi. Curiously, we discovered an enzyme with homology to Pseudozyma antarctica lipase A. A deletion mutation of its gene resulted in complete abolishment of the sophorolipid lactonization providing evidence that this might be the missing enzyme in the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Growing concern about the impact of chemical processes on the environment increases consumers' demand for bio-based products. Lately, the household care and personal care sectors show increasing interest in naturally occurring biosurfactants, which constitute environment-friendly alternatives for chemical surfactants, typically derived from mineral oils. A particular group of biosurfactants, sophorolipids, already found their way to the market, being used in a range of household detergent products and in cosmetics. This work describes how proteomic approaches have led to the completion of our knowledge on the biosynthetic pathway of sophorolipids as performed by Starmerella bombicola, a fungus used in the industrial production of these biosurfactants. Moreover, we proved that by creating a deletion mutant in the lactone esterase discovered in this study, we can shape the biosynthesis towards custom-made sophorolipids with desired functions. Herewith, we demonstrate the potential of proteomics in industrial biotechnology.

Cyclodextrin polysulphate protects articular cartilage in experimental lapine knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vivo chondroprotective effect of cyclodextrin polysulphate (CDPS) in a rabbit model of experimental osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN: Experimental OA was induced in rabbits by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Forty-eight hours post-surgery, the rabbits were randomised into three treatment groups (n=15 in each group) and a sham-operated control group. The rabbits were either injected subcutaneously with saline, 0.25 mg/kg CDPS or 1 mg/kg CDPS once a week for a period of 12 weeks, and their weight was monitored as a parameter for their general status. The animals were then sacrificed for macroscopic and histological assessment of the knee joints. RESULTS: At the lowest dose, CDPS treatment was unable to induce a significant improvement of cartilage degradation vs the saline control in the experimentally induced knee OA. However, subcutaneous injections of 1 mg/kg CDPS induced a marked inhibition (P<0.05) of osteophyte formation. Additionally, a significant reduction of cartilage degradation revealed an overall chondroprotective effect of CDPS at a concentration of 1 mg/kg. No significant effects on weight gain were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic administration of CDPS is able to protect cartilage in vivo and can therefore be considered as a chondroprotective agent with structure modifying capacities.

Cyclodextrin polysulphates repress IL-1 and promote the accumulation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of cyclodextrin polysulphate (CDPS) on the extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism of human articular cartilage chondrocytes. METHODS: Isolated chondrocytes from femoral condyle cartilage of human knee joints were cultured in gelled alginate to maintain their differentiated phenotype. During 1 week of culture, the cells were exposed to different concentrations of CDPS. Synthesis of aggrecans was investigated in these cultures after using Na(2)(35)SO(4) as a radioactive precursor during the last 24h of culture. The artificial matrix was then solubilised with Na-citrate and newly synthesised aggrecan aggregates, accumulated during culture, were liberated and assayed. The isolated chondrocytes were labelled with antibodies against aggrecan and type II collagen to analyse the ECM molecules in the cell-associated matrix (CAM). Plasma membrane levels of receptors for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1RI) and for interleukin-1 (IL-1RI and IL-1RII), as well as levels of IGF-1, IL-1alpha and -beta were determined after the cells had been permeabilized and stained with the appropriate antibodies. The release of IL-6 in the culture media was used as a variable reflecting auto/paracrine IL-1 activity of the cells in different experimental conditions. RESULTS: CDPS significantly increased total (35)S-incorporation rates in ECM aggrecan. When compared with controls, CDPS-treated chondrocytes expressed significantly higher CAM aggrecan and type II collagen levels. As plasma membrane-bound IGFR1 and intracellular IGF-1 levels remained unchanged, this increase in accumulated CAM compounds may have resulted from suppressed catabolic activities by the chondrocytes in culture. CDPS-treated cells expressed significantly lower amounts of intracellular IL-1alpha and -beta levels. Plasma membrane-bound IL-1RI and decoy IL-1RII remained unchanged. beta-cyclodextrin-treated chondrocytes released significantly less IL-6 in the supernatant culture media. CONCLUSION: CDPS is a novel polysulfated polysaccharide showing cartilage structure modifying effects in vitro as it improves the synthesis of aggrecan and the accumulation of CAM macromolecules. This effect probably resulted in part from the downregulation of IL-1.