Gene replacement therapy for spinal muscular atrophy: safety and preliminary efficacy in a Brazilian cohort.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a motor neuron disease associated with progressive muscle weakness, ventilatory failure, and reduced survival. Onasemnogene abeparvovec is the first gene replacement therapy (GT) approved to treat this condition. An observational retrospective study was conducted to assess adverse events and efficacy of GT in SMA patients. Forty-one patients with SMA (58.5% females and 80.1% SMA type 1) were included. The mean age at GT dosing was 18 (±6.4) months. Thirty-six patients (87.8%) were under previous treatment with nusinersen, and 10 (24.4%) continued nusinersen after GT. Mean CHOP-INTEND increased 13 points after 6 months and this finding did not differ between groups according to nusinersen maintenance after GT (p = 0.949). Among SMA type 1 patients, 14 (46.6%) reached the ability to sit alone. Liver transaminases elevation at least two times higher than the upper limit of normal value occurred in 29 (70.7%) patients. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 13 (31.7%) patients, and one presented thrombotic microangiopathy. Older age (>2 years) was associated with more prolonged use of corticosteroids (p = 0.021). GT is effective in SMA patients, combined nusinersen after GT did not appear to add gain in motor function and older age is associated with prolonged corticosteroid use.

Neuromuscular diseases and social distance resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), generically called COVID-2019, classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, has made health practices around the world face unique challenges. Since then, physical distancing and measures such as confinement have been adopted by different governments to control human-to-human transmission. This distance affected the treatment of individuals with progressive diseases such as neuromuscular diseases (NMDs). OBJECTIVE: To identify how patients with NMDs performed the therapeutic routine during social distancing and confinement resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Application of a questionnaire prepared in the Google forms application, whose link for access and participation was sent by email or WhatssApp for family members and/or individuals with DNMs to respond. The questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice questions, divided into the following sections: personal data, treatments performed before and during the pandemic, activities performed during confinement, and characterization of motor function in activities of daily living comprising the period between September and October 2020. RESULTS: We observed a significant reduction in medical appointments for patients with NMDs. On the other hand, the results showed that most patients underwent motor and/or respiratory physiotherapy in person or by telemonitoring. The study participants reported spending more time playing indoors, and all pointed out motor changes during social distancing. CONCLUSION: There were changes in the therapeutic routine of patients with NMDs during the period of social distancing due to COVID-19.

ANTECEDENTES: A síndrome respiratória aguda grave por coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), genericamente chamada de COVID-2019, classificada como pandemia pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, tem feito as práticas de saúde em todo o mundo enfrentar desafios únicos. Desde então, o distanciamento físico e medidas como o confinamento foram adotadas por diferentes governos para controlar a transmissão inter-humana. Este distanciamento afetou o tratamento de indivíduos com doenças progressivas, como no caso das doenças neuromusculares (DNMs). OBJETIVO: Identificar como os pacientes com DNMs realizaram a rotina terapêutica durante o distanciamento social e confinamento decorrentes da pandemia de COVID-19. MéTODOS: Aplicação de um questionário elaborado no aplicativo Google forms, cujo link para acesso e participação foi enviado por e-mail ou WhatssApp para familiares e/ou indivíduos com DNMs responderem. O questionário consistiu em questões de múltipla escolha, dividido nas seguintes sessões: dados pessoais, tratamentos realizados antes e durante a pandemia, atividades realizadas durante o confinamento e caracterização das funções motoras nas atividades de vida diária, referente ao período de setembro a outubro de 2020. RESULTADOS: Observamos uma redução significativa nas consultas médicas dos pacientes com DNMs. Por outro lado, os resultados demonstraram que a maior parte dos pacientes realizou fisioterapia motora e/ou respiratória de modo presencial ou por telemonitoramento. Os participantes do estudo relataram gastar mais tempo com atividades dentro de casa, além de todos terem apontado mudanças motoras durante o distanciamento social. CONCLUSãO: Houve mudanças na rotina terapêutica de pacientes com DNM durante o período de distanciamento social da COVID-19.

Neuromuscular diseases and social distance resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic / Doenças neuromusculares e o distanciamento social decorrente da pandemia COVID-19

Abstract Background Coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), generically called COVID-2019, classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, has made health practices around the world face unique challenges. Since then, physical distancing and measures such as confinement have been adopted by different governments to control human-to-human transmission. This distance affected the treatment of individuals with progressive diseases such as neuromuscular diseases (NMDs). Objective To identify how patients with NMDs performed the therapeutic routine during social distancing and confinement resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Application of a questionnaire prepared in the Google forms application, whose link for access and participation was sent by email or WhatssApp for family members and/or individuals with DNMs to respond. The questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice questions, divided into the following sections: personal data, treatments performed before and during the pandemic, activities performed during confinement, and characterization of motor function in activities of daily living comprising the period between September and October 2020. Results We observed a significant reduction in medical appointments for patients with NMDs. On the other hand, the results showed that most patients underwent motor and/or respiratory physiotherapy in person or by telemonitoring. The study participants reported spending more time playing indoors, and all pointed out motor changes during social distancing. Conclusion There were changes in the therapeutic routine of patients with NMDs during the period of social distancing due to COVID-19.

Resumo Antecedentes A síndrome respiratória aguda grave por coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), genericamente chamada de COVID-2019, classificada como pandemia pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, tem feito as práticas de saúde em todo o mundo enfrentar desafios únicos. Desde então, o distanciamento físico e medidas como o confinamento foram adotadas por diferentes governos para controlar a transmissão inter-humana. Este distanciamento afetou o tratamento de indivíduos com doenças progressivas, como no caso das doenças neuromusculares (DNMs). Objetivo Identificar como os pacientes com DNMs realizaram a rotina terapêutica durante o distanciamento social e confinamento decorrentes da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Aplicação de um questionário elaborado no aplicativo Google forms, cujo link para acesso e participação foi enviado por e-mail ou WhatssApp para familiares e/ou indivíduos com DNMs responderem. O questionário consistiu em questões de múltipla escolha, dividido nas seguintes sessões: dados pessoais, tratamentos realizados antes e durante a pandemia, atividades realizadas durante o confinamento e caracterização das funções motoras nas atividades de vida diária, referente ao período de setembro a outubro de 2020. Resultados Observamos uma redução significativa nas consultas médicas dos pacientes com DNMs. Por outro lado, os resultados demonstraram que a maior parte dos pacientes realizou fisioterapia motora e/ou respiratória de modo presencial ou por telemonitoramento. Os participantes do estudo relataram gastar mais tempo com atividades dentro de casa, além de todos terem apontado mudanças motoras durante o distanciamento social. Conclusão Houve mudanças na rotina terapêutica de pacientes com DNM durante o período de distanciamento social da COVID-19.

Influence of Different Types of Corticosteroids on Heart Rate Variability of Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-A Pilot Cross Sectional Study.

Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) have an impairment of cardiac autonomic function categorized by parasympathetic reduction and sympathetic predominance. The objective of this study was to assess the cardiac autonomic modulation of individuals with DMD undergoing therapy with Prednisone/Prednisolone and Deflazacort and compare with individuals with DMD without the use of these medications and a typically developed control group. Methods: A cross-sectional study was completed, wherein 40 boys were evaluated. The four treatment groups were: Deflazacort; Prednisone/Prednisolone; no corticoid use; and typical development. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was investigated via linear indices (Time Domain and Frequency Domain) and non-linear indices Results: The results of this study revealed that individuals with DMD undertaking pharmacotherapies with Prednisolone demonstrated HRV comparable to the Control Typically Developed (CTD) group. In contrast, individuals with DMD undergoing pharmacotherapies with Deflazacort achieved lower HRV, akin to individuals with DMD without any medications, as demonstrated in the metrics: RMSSD; LF (n.u.), HF (n.u.), LF/HF; SD1, α1, and α1/α2, and a significant effect for SD1/SD2; %DET and Ratio; Shannon Entropy, 0 V%, 2 LV% and 2 ULV%. Conclusions: Corticosteroids have the potential to affect the cardiac autonomic modulation in adolescents with DMD. The use of Prednisone/Prednisolone appears to promote improved responses in terms of sympathovagal activity as opposed to Deflazacort.

Managing intrathecal administration of nusinersen in adolescents and adults with 5q-spinal muscular atrophy and previous spinal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease of lower motor neurons associated with frequent occurrence of spinal deformity. Nusinersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that increases SMN protein level and is administrated by frequent intrathecal lumbar injections. Thus, spinal deformities and previous spinal surgery are important challenges for drug delivery in SMA. OBJECTIVE: To report imaging methods used for Nusinersen injection in SMA patients. METHODS: Nusinersen injection procedures in SMA types 2 and 3 patients who had previous spinal surgery were analyzed retrospectively to describe the imaging and puncture procedures, as well as the occurrence of complications. RESULTS: Nine SMA patients (14 to 50 years old) underwent 57 lumbar punctures for nusinersen injection. Six patients had no interlaminar space available; in five of them, a transforaminal approach was used, and another one underwent a surgery to open a posterior bone window for the injections. Transforaminal puncture was performed using CT scan in three cases and fluoroscopy in the other two, with a similar success rate. One patient in the transforaminal group had post-procedure radiculitis, and another one had vagal reaction (hypotension). In three cases, with preserved interlaminar space, injections were performed by posterior interlaminar puncture, and only one adverse event was reported (post-puncture headache). CONCLUSION: In SMA patients with previous spinal surgery, the use of imaging-guided intervention is necessary for administering intrathecal nusinersen. Transforaminal technique is indicated in patients for whom the interlaminar space is not available, and injections should always be guided by either CT or fluoroscopy.

Trunk Control and Upper Limb Function of Walking and Non-walking Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Individuals.

Aim: To verify and compare trunk control and upper limb functionality (ULs) in walking and non-walking DMD individuals, with that of individuals without dystrophinopathies.Method: Cross-sectional study, with children without dystrophinopathy (healthy control group) and in walking and non-walking DMD children evaluated by the following scales: Segmental Control Evaluation Trunk (SATCo); Performance of Upper Limb (PUL) and Jebsen-Taylor Test (JTT).Results: There was a difference between the groups in trunk control and ULs function by the PUL scale, but there was no difference between walking and the reference group in all JTT subtests; The JTT writing subtest was not different between groups. There was a strong correlation between PUL and SATCo, both had a strong correlation with disease staging and a weak correlation with JTT.Conclusions: There is relevance to the evaluation of trunk control and ULs function of walking and non-walking DMD.

Funcionalidade de membro superior em pacientes deambuladores e não deambuladores com distrofia muscular de Duchenne / Funcionalidad de los miembros superiores en pacientes caminantes y no caminantes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne / Upper limb function in ambulatory and non-ambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

RESUMO Novos tratamentos propostos para os pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) têm sua eficácia avaliada por testes de membros inferiores. Contudo, os testes funcionais de membros superiores (MMSS) avaliam tanto deambuladores (D) como não deambuladores (ND). Assim, este estudo se propôs a comparar a funcionalidade de MMSS de pacientes D e ND com DMD e correlacionar o estadiamento da doença e a função de MMSS. Trata-se de um estudo transversal no qual os pacientes foram divididos em D e ND de acordo com a escala Vignos. Posteriormente, a funcionalidade dos MMSS foi avaliada pela escala performace of upper limb (PUL). Foi realizado o teste t independente, teste qui-quadrado, teste Mann-Whitney, regressão linear e teste de correlação de Spearman pelo programa SPSS, versão 22. A pesquisa foi composta de 51 pacientes, sendo 20 D e 31 ND. Houve diferença entre os grupos em relação à idade (p=0,001), ao índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p=0,016), à escolaridade (p=0,011), quanto ao escore na escala Vignos (p<0,001) e na função dos MMSS (p<0,001). Na análise de regressão linear observamos que o paciente ser D ou ND influencia na função dos MMSS em 18 pontos na escala PUL. Houve forte correlação entre o estadiamento da doença e a função de MMSS (r2=−0,769, p<0,001). A condição funcional dos MMSS depende se o paciente é D ou ND, sendo pior nos ND. Concluiu-se que a função de MMSS tem forte correlação com o estadiamento da doença.

RESUMEN Se evalúa la eficacia de los nuevos tratamientos propuestos para pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) mediante pruebas de miembros inferiores. Sin embargo, las pruebas funcionales de las extremidades superiores (MMSS) evalúan tanto a los caminantes (C) como a los no caminantes (NC). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar la funcionalidad de MMSS de pacientes C y NC con DMD y correlacionar la estadificación de la enfermedad y la función de MMSS. Este es un estudio transversal en el cual se dividieron a los pacientes en C y NC, según la escala de Vignos. Posteriormente, se evaluó la funcionalidad de las extremidades superiores utilizando la escala de rendimiento de la extremidad superior (PUL). La prueba t independiente, la prueba de chi-cuadrado, la prueba de Mann-Whitney, la regresión lineal y la prueba de correlación de Spearman se realizaron utilizando el programa SPSS, versión 22. Participaron 51 pacientes, de los cuales 20 C y 31 NC. Hubo una diferencia entre los grupos con respecto a la edad (p=0,001), índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p=0,016), nivel de estudios (p=0,011), con respecto al puntaje en la escala de Vignos (p < 0,001) y la función de los MMSS (p<0,001). En el análisis de regresión lineal, observamos que ser C o NC influye en la función de las extremidades superiores en 18 puntos en la escala PUL. Hubo una fuerte correlación entre la estadificación de la enfermedad y la función de los MMSS (r2=−0.769, p<0,001). La condición funcional de los MMSS depende si el paciente es C o NC, empeorando cuando NC. Se concluyó que la función de los MMSS tiene una fuerte correlación con la estadificación de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT New treatments proposed for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have their efficacy evaluated by lower limb tests. However, upper limb function tests evaluate both ambulatory (A) and non-ambulatory (NA) people. Thus, this work aimed to compare the upper limb function of patients A and NA with DMD and to correlate disease staging and upper limb function. This is a cross-sectional study in which patients were divided into A and NA according to the Vignos scale. Subsequently, the upper limb function was evaluated by the performance of upper limb (PUL) scale. The independent t-test, chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, linear regression and Spearman's correlation test were performed by SPSS, version 22. The research dealt with 51 patients, 20 A and 31 NA. There were differences between the groups reference age (p=0.001), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.016), schooling (p=0.011), Vignos score (p<0.001) and upper limb function (p<0.001). The linear regression analysis showed that whether the patient was A or NA influenced the upper limb function in 18 points on the PUL scale. There was a strong correlation between disease staging and upper limb function (r2=−0.769, p<0.001). The functional condition of the upper limb depends on whether the patient is A or NA, being worse function in NA patients. We concluded that the upper limb function has a strong correlation with the staging of the disease.

Treatment of sleep central apnea with non-invasive mechanical ventilation with 2 levels of positive pressure (bilevel) in a patient with myotonic dystrophy type 1.

We are reporting a case of a 29 year-old female with diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (Steinert's disease) with excessive daytime sleepiness, muscle fatigue, snoring, frequent arousals, non-restorative sleep, and witnessed apneas. Pulmonary function tests revealed a mild decrease of forced vital capacity. Nocturnal polysomnography showed an increase of apnea/hypopnea index (85.9 events/h), mainly of central type (236), minimal oxygen saturation of 72%, and end-tidal carbon dioxide values that varied from 45 to 53 mmHg. Bi-level positive airway pressure titration was initiated at an inspiratory pressure (IPAP) of 8 and an expiratory pressure (EPAP) of 4 cm H2O. IPAP was then gradually increased to eliminate respiratory events and improve oxygen saturation. An IPAP of 12cm H20 and an EPAP of 4cm H2O eliminated all respiratory events, and the oxygen saturation remained above 90%. Bi-level positive airway pressure treatment at spontaneous/timed mode showed an improvement in snoring, apneas, and Epworth sleepiness scale decreased from 20 to 10. This case illustrates the beneficial effects of Bi-level positive airway pressure support in central sleep apnea syndrome of a patient with myotonic dystrophy type 1.

Restless leg syndrome exacerbated by amytriptiline in a patient with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

We report an unusual case of a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy(DMD) patient who initiated a restless leg syndrome after the use of amytriptiline. The prescription and use of this medication for patients with persistent neuropathic pain is relatively common, especially for patients with DMD. Normally, this medication is well tolerated, however, we now report the occurrence of an induction or intensification of a restless leg syndrome case in a young patient with DMD, treated with amytriptiline for his chronic pain.