RESUMO
Male zebra finches display two song behaviors: directed and undirected singing. The two differ little in the vocalizations produced but greatly in how song is delivered. "Directed" song is usually accompanied by a courtship dance and is addressed almost exclusively to females. "Undirected" song is not accompanied by the dance and is produced when the male is in the presence of other males, alone, or outside a nest occupied by its mate. Here, we show that the anterior forebrain vocal pathway contains medial and lateral "cortical-basal ganglia" subdivisions that have differential ZENK gene activation depending on whether the bird sings female-directed or undirected song. Differences also occur in the vocal output nucleus, RA. Thus, although these two vocal behaviors are very similar, their brain activation patterns are dramatically different.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Meio Social , Aves Canoras/fisiologia , Vocalização Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Mapeamento Encefálico , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Audição/fisiologia , Masculino , Neurônios/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , Telencéfalo/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
AIM: To measure 24-h ambulatory oesophageal pH data in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease prior to, during and after acute treatment with comparable doses of omeprazole and ranitidine. METHODS: The subjects were 20 adults with at least 8% acid contact time. Ten subjects were treated for 1 week with omeprazole 20 mg q.d.s. and 10 subjects with ranitidine 300 mg t.d.s. All subjects were examined at the end of 1 week of therapy and subsequent to cessation of treatment (1 day for ranitidine and 3 days for omeprazole). RESULTS: Both drugs produced a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in acid contact time with acute treatment. Omeprazole produced a significantly greater decrease in acid contact time when compared to ranitidine. Subsequent to treatment cessation, the total acid contact time for omeprazole remained significantly less than the baseline level, while ranitidine returned to levels which were not significantly different from the baseline. CONCLUSION: These data provide no evidence for a 'reflux rebound' subsequent to the cessation of acute acid secretory suppression.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Esôfago/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Gástrico/metabolismo , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/metabolismo , Antagonistas dos Receptores H2 da Histamina/uso terapêutico , Omeprazol/uso terapêutico , Ranitidina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Antiulcerosos/administração & dosagem , Esôfago/metabolismo , Feminino , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas dos Receptores H2 da Histamina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Omeprazol/administração & dosagem , Ranitidina/administração & dosagem , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Veterinary medicine is a profession based on contract. Many aspects of veterinary practice involve legally enforceable contract obligations. Legal rules established by statutes or court cases govern contract formation, interpretation, and enforcement. This article explains several legal principles governing contract law and applies some of these principles to common contractual settings in veterinary medicine.
Assuntos
Legislação Veterinária , Serviços Contratados/legislação & jurisprudência , Competição Econômica/legislação & jurisprudência , Emprego/legislação & jurisprudência , Honorários e Preços/legislação & jurisprudência , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/legislação & jurisprudência , Crédito e Cobrança de Pacientes/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Estados UnidosRESUMO
A neurilemoma presenting in the foot is uncommon. The tumor is a solitary benign type that does not require transection of the involved nerve. A clinical review with an uncommon presentation and brief history of a benign neurilemoma is presented, followed by a discussion using magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonification, double contrast doppler, arteriograms and venograms to aid in a differential diagnosis.