Canada's approach to SARS-CoV-2 sero-surveillance: Lessons learned for routine surveillance and future pandemics.

SETTING: In Canada's federated healthcare system, 13 provincial and territorial jurisdictions have independent responsibility to collect data to inform health policies. During the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023), national and regional sero-surveys mostly drew upon existing infrastructure to quickly test specimens and collect data but required cross-jurisdiction coordination and communication. INTERVENTION: There were 4 national and 7 regional general population SARS-CoV-2 sero-surveys. Survey methodologies varied by participant selection approaches, assay choices, and reporting structures. We analyzed Canadian pandemic sero-surveillance initiatives to identify key learnings to inform future pandemic planning. OUTCOMES: Over a million samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from 2020 to 2023 but siloed in 11 distinct datasets. Most national sero-surveys had insufficient sample size to estimate regional prevalence; differences in methodology hampered cross-regional comparisons of regional sero-surveys. Only four sero-surveys included questionnaires. Sero-surveys were not directly comparable due to different assays, sampling methodologies, and time-frames. Linkage to health records occurred in three provinces only. Dried blood spots permitted sample collection in remote populations and during stay-at-home orders. IMPLICATIONS: To provide timely, high-quality information for public health decision-making, routine sero-surveillance systems must be adaptable, flexible, and scalable. National capability planning should include consortiums for assay design and validation, defined mechanisms to improve test capacity, base documents for data linkage and material transfer across jurisdictions, and mechanisms for real-time communication of data. Lessons learned will inform incorporation of a robust sero-survey program into routine surveillance with strategic sampling and capacity to adapt and scale rapidly as a part of a comprehensive national pandemic response plan.

RéSUMé: CONTEXTE: Au Canada, où le système de santé est fédéré, les 13 juridictions provinciales et territoriales ont la responsabilité individuelle de recueillir les données qui leur permettent d'élaborer leurs politiques de santé. Lors de la pandémie de COVID-19 (2020­2023), pour réaliser les enquêtes de séroprévalence à l'échelle régionale et nationale, les autorités ont principalement utilisé l'infrastructure existante pour pouvoir analyser les échantillons et recueillir des données rapidement, mais cela a également nécessité de la communication et de la coordination entre les différentes juridictions. INTERVENTION: Au Canada, il y a eu quatre enquêtes nationales et sept enquêtes régionales sur la séroprévalence du SARS-CoV-2 dans la population générale. Les méthodologies utilisées différaient selon la méthode de sélection des participants, le choix des tests d'analyses et les structures de rapports. Nous avons analysé la façon dont ces enquêtes avaient été réalisées afin d'en dégager des éléments essentiels qui permettront de planifier pour les futures pandémies. RéSULTATS: Entre 2020 et 2023, plus d'un million d'échantillons, répartis en 11 ensembles de données distincts, ont été analysés afin de rechercher la présence d'anticorps au SARS-CoV-2. Dans la plupart des enquêtes nationales, la taille de l'échantillon était insuffisante pour pouvoir estimer la prévalence à l'échelle régionale. La disparité des méthodologies utilisées a entravé la comparaison des enquêtes régionales. Seules quatre enquêtes fournissaient les données recueillies à partir des questionnaires. Il a été impossible de comparer les enquêtes entre elles en raison de la diversité des tests d'analyse utilisés, des méthodes d'échantillonnage et de la durée des enquêtes. Seules trois provinces avaient couplé leurs données avec les archives médicales. Pour réaliser les enquêtes dans les populations éloignées et lors des périodes de confinement, la méthode d'analyse sur gouttes de sang séché a été utilisée. CONCLUSION: Afin de pouvoir fournir, en temps et en heure, des données de haute qualité pour la prise de décisions en matière de santé publique, un système de sérosurveillance continuelle doit être adaptable, modulable et évolutif. En cas de pandémie, un plan national doit prévoir des consortiums pour la conception et la validation des tests d'analyse, des moyens d'amélioration de la capacité de dépistage, des documents de base pour le couplage des données, un mode de transfert du matériel entre les différentes juridictions et des moyens pour une communication en temps réel des données. Les leçons tirées de cette analyse permettront de mettre en place un solide programme d'enquêtes de séroprévalence au sein des systèmes de sérosurveillance continuelle, et que ce programme sera accompagné d'une stratégie d'échantillonnage et d'un plan d'intervention national, rapide et complet en cas de pandémie.

The association of non-prescription drug use preceding out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Clinicians may make prognostication decisions for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) using historical details pertaining to non-prescription drug use. However, differences in outcomes between OHCAs with evidence of non-prescription drug use, compared to other OHCAs, have not been well described. METHODS: We included emergency medical service-treated OHCA in the British Columbia Cardiac Arrest Registry (January/2019-June/2023). We classified cases as "non-prescription drug-associated cardiac arrests" (DA-OHCA) if there was evidence of non-prescription drug use preceding the OHCA, including witness accounts of use within 24 hours or paraphernalia at the scene. We fit logistic regression models to investigate the association between DA-OHCA (vs. other cases) and favourable neurological outcome (Cerebral Performance Category [CPC] 1-2) and survival at hospital discharge, and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). RESULTS: Of 34,745 OHCA, 2,171 (12%) were classified as DA-OHCA. DA-OHCA tended to be younger, unwitnessed, occur during the evening or night, and present with a non-shockable rhythm, compared to other OHCA. DA-OHCA (221 [10%]) had a greater proportion (difference 1.8%; 95%CI 0.49-3.2) with favourable neurological outcomes compared to other OHCA (1,365 [8.4%]). Adjusted models did not identify an association of DA-OHCA with favourable neurological outcome (OR 1.08, 95%CI 0.87-1.33) or survival to hospital discharge (OR 1.13, 95%CI 0.93-1.38), but did demonstrate an association with ROSC (OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.004-1.27). CONCLUSION: In unadjusted models, DA-OHCA was associated with an improved odds of survival and favourable neurological outcomes at hospital discharge, compared to other OHCA. However, we did not detect these associations in adjusted analyses.

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): Behavioural Changes in the COVID-19 Era.

Objectives The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted public health systems and individuals' behaviour, with decreasing survival rates among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves OHCA outcomes, which may have been affected by COVID-19. We sought to understand the impacts of COVID-19 on bystanders' willingness to administer CPR in three Canadian provinces. Methods Participants ≥ 18 years of age were surveyed online about their current and recalled pre-pandemic attitudes toward CPR and perceived transmission risk. We compared mean willingness to perform various CPR actions before and during the pandemic using paired t-tests. Differences in willingness across three provinces were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test. We also conducted Chi-square tests to assess changes in willingness to perform CPR on children and older adults. Results Five hundred thirty-five participants were surveyed from October 1 to November 15, 2021. The mean age was 42.7 years (SD 14.5), and 60.2% were female. Participants reported less willingness to perform chest compressions on strangers during the pandemic compared to their recollections before the pandemic (mean willingness 86.2% vs. 94.3% prior, p<0.001). With personal protective equipment (PPE) available, particularly masks, willingness recovered to 91.3% (p<0.001). Willingness was higher in Nova Scotia (NS) than in British Columbia (BC) or Ontario (ON). Reluctance to assist older adults increased from 6.6% to 12.0% (p=0.020). Conclusions This study highlights changes in CPR willingness during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring the importance of PPE and offering insights into public health strategies pertaining to CPR during a pandemic.

Survival After Intra-Arrest Transport vs On-Scene Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Children.

Importance: For pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), emergency medical services (EMS) may elect to transport to the hospital during active cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (ie, intra-arrest transport) or to continue on-scene CPR for the entirety of the resuscitative effort. The comparative effectiveness of these strategies is unclear. Objective: To evaluate the association between intra-arrest transport compared with continued on-scene CPR and survival after pediatric OHCA, and to determine whether this association differs based on the timing of intra-arrest transport. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included pediatric patients aged younger than 18 years with EMS-treated OHCA between December 1, 2005 and June 30, 2015. Data were collected from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Epidemiologic Registry, a prospective 10-site OHCA registry in the US and Canada. Data analysis was performed from May 2022 to February 2024. Exposures: Intra-arrest transport, defined as an initiation of transport prior to the return of spontaneous circulation, and the interval between EMS arrival and intra-arrest transport. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Patients who underwent intra-arrest transport at any given minute after EMS arrival were compared with patients who were at risk of undergoing intra-arrest transport within the same minute using time-dependent propensity scores calculated from patient demographics, arrest characteristics, and EMS interventions. We examined subgroups based on age (<1 year vs ≥1 year). Results: Of 2854 eligible pediatric patients (median [IQR] age, 1 [0-9] years); 1691 males [59.3%]) who experienced OHCA between December 2005 and June 2015, 1892 children (66.3%) were treated with intra-arrest transport and 962 children (33.7%) received continued on-scene CPR. The median (IQR) time between EMS arrival and intra-arrest transport was 15 (9-22) minutes. In the propensity score-matched cohort (3680 matched cases), there was no significant difference in survival to hospital discharge between the intra-arrest transport group and the continued on-scene CPR group (87 of 1840 patients [4.7%] vs 95 of 1840 patients [5.2%]; risk ratio [RR], 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59-1.10]). Survival to hospital discharge was not modified by the timing of intra-arrest transport (P value for the interaction between intra-arrest transport and time to matching = .10). Among patients aged younger than 1 year, intra-arrest transport was associated with lower survival to hospital discharge (RR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33-0.83) but there was no association for children aged 1 year or older (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.77-1.93). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of a North American OHCA registry, intra-arrest transport compared with continued on-scene CPR was not associated with survival to hospital discharge among children with OHCA. However, intra-arrest transport was associated with a lower likelihood of survival to hospital discharge among children aged younger than 1 year.

Beliefs of physician directors on the management of devastating brain injuries at the Canadian emergency department and intensive care unit interface: a national site-level survey.

PURPOSE: Insufficient evidence-based recommendations to guide care for patients with devastating brain injuries (DBIs) leave patients vulnerable to inconsistent practice at the emergency department (ED) and intensive care unit (ICU) interface. We sought to characterize the beliefs of Canadian emergency medicine (EM) and critical care medicine (CCM) physician site directors regarding current management practices for patients with DBI. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of EM and CCM physician directors of adult EDs and ICUs across Canada (December 2022 to March 2023). Our primary outcome was the proportion of respondents who manage (or consult on) patients with DBI in the ED. We conducted subgroup analyses to compare beliefs of EM and CCM physicians. RESULTS: Of 303 eligible respondents, we received 98 (32%) completed surveys (EM physician directors, 46; CCM physician directors, 52). Most physician directors reported participating in the decision to withdraw life-sustaining measures (WLSM) for patients with DBI in the ED (80%, n = 78), but 63% of these (n = 62) said this was infrequent. Physician directors reported that existing neuroprognostication methods are rarely sufficient to support WLSM in the ED (49%, n = 48) and believed that an ICU stay is required to improve confidence (99%, n = 97). Most (96%, n = 94) felt that providing caregiver visitation time prior to WLSM was a valid reason for ICU admission. CONCLUSION: In our survey of Canadian EM and CCM physician directors, 80% participated in WLSM in the ED for patients with DBI. Despite this, most supported ICU admission to optimize neuroprognostication and patient-centred end-of-life care, including organ donation.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'insuffisance des recommandations fondées sur des données probantes pour guider les soins aux individus atteints de lésions cérébrales dévastatrices rend ces personnes vulnérables à des pratiques incohérentes à la jonction entre le service des urgences et de l'unité de soins intensifs (USI). Nous avons cherché à caractériser les croyances des directeurs médicaux canadiens en médecine d'urgence et médecine de soins intensifs concernant les pratiques de prise en charge actuelles des personnes ayant subi une lésion cérébrale dévastatrice. MéTHODE: Nous avons réalisé un sondage transversal auprès des directeurs médicaux des urgences et des unités de soins intensifs pour adultes du Canada (décembre 2022 à mars 2023). Notre critère d'évaluation principal était la proportion de répondant·es qui prennent en charge (ou jouent un rôle de consultation auprès) des personnes atteintes de lésions cérébrales dévastatrices à l'urgence. Nous avons effectué des analyses en sous-groupes pour comparer les croyances des médecins des urgences et des soins intensifs. RéSULTATS: Sur les 303 personnes répondantes admissibles, 98 (32 %) ont répondu aux sondages (directions médicales des urgences, 46; directions médicales d'USI, 52). La plupart des directeurs médicaux ont déclaré avoir participé à la décision de retirer des traitements de maintien des fonctions vitales (TFMV) pour des patient·es atteint·es de lésions cérébrales dévastatrices à l'urgence (80 %, n = 78), mais 63 % (n = 62) ont déclaré que c'était peu fréquent. Les directions médicales ont indiqué que les méthodes de neuropronostic existantes sont rarement suffisantes pour appuyer le retrait des TMFV à l'urgence (49 %, n = 48) et croyaient qu'un séjour aux soins intensifs était nécessaire pour améliorer leur confiance en ces méthodes (99 %, n = 97). La plupart (96 %, n = 94) estimaient que le fait d'offrir du temps de visite aux personnes soignantes avant le retrait des TMFV était un motif valable d'admission aux soins intensifs. CONCLUSION: Dans le cadre de notre sondage mené auprès des directions médicales des services d'urgence et des USI au Canada, 80 % d'entre elles ont participé au retrait de TMFV à l'urgence pour des patient·es souffrant de lésions cérébrales dévastatrices. Malgré cela, la plupart d'entre elles étaient en faveur d'une admission aux soins intensifs afin d'optimiser le neuropronostic et les soins de fin de vie axés sur les patient·es, y compris le don d'organes.

Investigating the Antibody Imprinting Hypothesis among Canadian Paramedics after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Circulation.

Recent research has highlighted the Omicron variant's capacity to evade immune protection conferred by wild-type (WT) mRNA vaccines. Despite this observation, the potential involvement of antigenic sin phenomena remains unclear. Our hypothesis posited that a greater number of prior WT vaccine doses might lead to reduced anti-Omicron neutralization Abs following Omicron infection. To investigate this, we analyzed blood samples from human participants in the COVID-19 Occupational Risk, Seroprevalence, and Immunity among Paramedics (CORSIP) study who had received at least one WT mRNA vaccine before contracting Omicron. The exposure variable was the number of WT mRNA vaccines administered, and the outcome was the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) percent inhibition specific to the BA.4/BA.5 Omicron Ag. Contrary to expectations, our findings revealed that more WT-based vaccines were associated with an enhanced Omicron-specific immune response.

Performance of the Medical Priority Dispatch System® in Identifying Patients Requiring Chest Compressions at Overdose Prevention Services: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS)® is used to triage 9-1-1 calls according to acuity, with certain coding receiving telecommunicator cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR) for suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, this may be challenging for those with drug poisoning emergencies, who may resemble OHCA. We sought to examine the performance of the system to correctly identify cases requiring T-CPR, specifically at overdose prevention services (OPS). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients attended by the provincial emergency medical system (EMS) (May 1, 2019-January 31, 2023). We calculated the diagnostic performance of MPDS® assessment of whether the case required T-CPR instructions against the gold standard of whether the patient was found pulseless on EMS clinician arrival. We compared performance among subgroups, specifically OPS vs other locations and drug poisoning-classified cases vs other case classifications. RESULTS: Comparing OPS to other locations, the sensitivity of MPDS® was similar (66.7% vs 62.4%, p = 0.4), with lower specificity (87.3% vs 98.1%, p < 0.01) and positive predictive value (0.3% vs 35.7%, p < 0.01) and higher negative predictive value (99.9% vs 99.4%, p < 0.01). The negative likelihood ratio of MPDS® was 0.381 at OPS locations, compared with 0.383 at other locations, while the positive likelihood ratio was 5.24, compared with 32.36. In patients with drug poisoning emergencies, compared with other 9-1-1 events, MPDS® had higher sensitivity (83.6% vs 60.6%, p < 0.01) but lower specificity (77.6% vs 98.9%, p < 0.01) and positive predictive value (10.5% vs 48.5%, p < 0.01), and similar negative predictive value (99.33% vs 99.35%, p = 0.03). The negative likelihood ratio of MPDS® was 0.212 in drug poisoning emergencies compared with 0.398 for all other presentations, and the positive likelihood ratio was 3.73 compared with 57.88. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The ability of MPDS® to correctly identify patients needing telecommunicator cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions differed between OPS settings and other locations, frequently recommending T-CPR for patients not suffering OHCA at an OPS. Different strategies developed in collaboration with people who use substances are required to better tailor dispatch instructions prior to EMS arrival to avoid delays in life-saving interventions.

Cardiorespiratory Sensors and Their Implications for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Detection: A Systematic Review.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major health problem, with a poor survival rate of 2-11%. For the roughly 75% of OHCAs that are unwitnessed, survival is approximately 2-4.4%, as there are no bystanders present to provide life-saving interventions and alert Emergency Medical Services. Sensor technologies may reduce the number of unwitnessed OHCAs through automated detection of OHCA-associated physiological changes. However, no technologies are widely available for OHCA detection. This review identifies research and commercial technologies developed for cardiopulmonary monitoring that may be best suited for use in the context of OHCA, and provides recommendations for technology development, testing, and implementation. We conducted a systematic review of published studies along with a search of grey literature to identify technologies that were able to provide cardiopulmonary monitoring, and could be used to detect OHCA. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Engineering Village using MeSH keywords. Following inclusion, we summarized trends and findings from included studies. Our searches retrieved 6945 unique publications between January, 1950 and May, 2023. 90 studies met the inclusion criteria. In addition, our grey literature search identified 26 commercial technologies. Among included technologies, 52% utilized electrocardiography (ECG) and 40% utilized photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors. Most wearable devices were multi-modal (59%), utilizing more than one sensor simultaneously. Most included devices were wearable technologies (84%), with chest patches (22%), wrist-worn devices (18%), and garments (14%) being the most prevalent. ECG and PPG sensors are heavily utilized in devices for cardiopulmonary monitoring that could be adapted to OHCA detection. Developers seeking to rapidly develop methods for OHCA detection should focus on using ECG- and/or PPG-based multimodal systems as these are most prevalent in existing devices. However, novel sensor technology development could overcome limitations in existing sensors and could serve as potential additions to or replacements for ECG- and PPG-based devices.

The association of extreme environmental heat with incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in British Columbia: A time series analysis.

Background: The impact of extreme heat on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) incidence and outcomes is under-studied. We investigated OHCA incidence and outcomes over increasing temperatures. Methods: We included non-traumatic EMS (Emergency Medical Services)-assessed OHCAs in British Columbia during the warm seasons of 2020-2021. We fit a time-series quasi-Poisson generalized linear model to estimate the association between temperature and incidence of both EMS-assessed, EMS-treated, and EMS-untreated OHCAs. Second, we employed a logistic regression model to estimate the association between "heatwave" periods (defined as a daily mean temperature > 99th percentile for ≥ 2 consecutive days, plus 3 lag days) with survival and favourable neurological outcomes (cerebral performance category ≤ 2) at hospital discharge. Results: Of 5478 EMS-assessed OHCAs, 2833 were EMS-treated. OHCA incidence increased with increasing temperatures, especially exceeding a daily mean temperature of 25 °C Compared to the median daily mean temperature (16.9 °C), the risk of EMS-assessed (relative risk [RR] 3.7; 95%CI 3.0-4.6), EMS-treated (RR 2.9; 95%CI 2.2-3.9), and EMS-untreated (RR 4.3; 95%CI 3.2-5.7) OHCA incidence were higher during days with a temperature over the 99th percentile. Of EMS-treated OHCAs, during the heatwave (n = 179) and non-heatwave (n = 2654) periods, 4 (2.2%) and 270 (10%) survived and 4 (2.2%) and 241 (9.2%) had favourable neurological outcomes, respectively. Heatwave period OHCAs had decreased odds of survival (adjusted OR 0.28; 95%CI 0.10-0.79) and favourable neurological outcome (adjusted OR 0.31; 95%CI 0.11-0.89) at hospital discharge, compared to other periods. Conclusion: Extreme heat was associated with a higher incidence of OHCA, and lower odds of survival and favourable neurological status at hospital discharge.

Regional variation in accessibility of automated external defibrillators in British Columbia.

OBJECTIVES: Bystander-applied Automated External Defibrillators (AED) improve outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. AED placement is often driven by private enterprise or non-for-profit agencies, which may result in inequitable access. We sought to compare AED availability between four regions in British Columbia (BC). METHODS: We identified AEDs (confirmed to be operational) and emergency medical system (EMS)-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) from provincial registries. We compared AED availability between BC's four most populous regions. The primary outcome was the total regional weekly accessible AED-hours per 100,000 population. We also examined: AEDs per 100,000 population and per km2, the ratio of AEDs to OHCA, and the distance from each OHCA to the closest AED. RESULTS: From provincial registries, we included 879 AEDs from BC's four most populous regions, where 9333 EMS-treated OHCA occurred over a 5-year period. The most common AED location types were stores, public community centres, and office buildings. Ten percent of AEDs were accessible for all hours. Weekly accessible AED-hours/100,000 population in the four regions were: 3845, 1734, 1594, and 1299. AEDs/100,000 population ranged from 22 to 48, and AEDs/km2 ranged from 0.0048 to 0.20. The number of OHCAs per AED per year ranged from 1.1 to 2.8. The median OHCA-to-closest AED distance ranged from 503 (IQR 244, 947) to 925 (IQR 455, 1501) metres. The regional mean accessibility of individual AEDs ranged between 59 and 79 h per week. CONCLUSION: BC's four most populous regions demonstrate substantial variability in AED accessibility. Further benefit could be derived from AEDs if placed in locations accessible all hours. Our data may encourage community planning efforts to use data-based strategies to systematically place AEDs in optimal locations with strategies to maximize accessibility.

ABSTRAIT: OBJECTIFS: Les défibrillateurs externes automatisés (DEA) appliqués par les témoins améliorent les résultats en cas d'arrêt cardiaque hors hôpital. Le placement des DEA est souvent dirigé par une entreprise privée ou des organismes sans but lucratif, ce qui peut entraîner un accès inéquitable. Nous avons cherché à comparer la disponibilité des DEA entre quatre régions de la Colombie-Britannique. MéTHODES: Nous avons identifié les DEA (dont la mise en service a été confirmée) et les SMU (système médical d'urgence) traités par arrêt cardiaque hors hôpital (AHC) dans les registres provinciaux. Nous avons comparé la disponibilité des DEA entre les quatre régions les plus peuplées de la Colombie-Britannique. Le résultat principal était le nombre total d'heures de DEA accessibles hebdomadaires par région pour 100000 habitants. Nous avons également examiné : les DEA par 100000 habitants et par km2, le rapport entre les DEA et l'AHCA, et la distance entre chaque AHCA et le DEA le plus proche. RéSULTATS: À partir des registres provinciaux, nous avons inclus 879 DEA des quatre régions les plus peuplées de la Colombie-Britannique, où 9333 OHCA traités par les SMU se sont produits sur une période de 5 ans. Les types de DEA les plus courants étaient les magasins, les centres communautaires publics et les immeubles de bureaux. Dix pour cent des DEA étaient accessibles toutes les heures. La population hebdomadaire accessible en heures AED/100000 habitants dans les quatre régions était de 3845, 1734, 1594 et 1299. Le nombre de DEA/100 000 habitants variait de 22 à 48, et le nombre de DEA/km2 variait de 0,018 à 0,018. Le nombre de CASO par DEA par année variait de 1,1 à 2,8. La distance médiane entre le DEA OHCA et le DEA le plus proche variait de 503 mètres (IQR 244, 947) à 925 mètres (IQR 455, 1501). L'accessibilité moyenne régionale des DEA individuels variait entre 59 et 79 heures par semaine. CONCLUSION: Les quatre régions les plus populeuses de la Colombie-Britannique présentent une variabilité importante de l'accessibilité aux DEA. D'autres avantages pourraient découler des DEA s'ils sont placés dans des endroits accessibles toutes les heures. Nos données peuvent encourager les efforts de planification communautaire à utiliser des stratégies fondées sur les données pour placer systématiquement les DEA dans des endroits optimaux avec des stratégies pour maximiser l'accessibilité.

Association of admission serum sodium and outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic association between dysnatremia and outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is not well understood. Given hypernatremia is associated with poor outcomes in critical illness and hyponatremia may exacerbate cerebral edema, we hypothesized that dysnatremia on OHCA hospital admission would be associated with worse neurological outcomes. METHODS: We studied adults (≥19 years) with non-traumatic OHCA between 2009 and 2016 who were enrolled in the British Columbia Cardiac Arrest Registry and survived to hospital admission at 2 quaternary urban hospitals. We stratified cases by admission serum sodium into hyponatremic (<135 mmol/L), normonatremic (135-145 mmol/L), and hypernatremic (>145 mmol/L) groups. We used logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, shockable rhythm, admission serum lactate, and witnessed arrest, to estimate the association between admission sodium and favorable neurological outcome (cerebral performance category 1-2 or modified Rankin scale 0-3). RESULTS: Of 414 included patients, 63 were hyponatremic, 330 normonatremic, and 21 hypernatremic. In each respective group, 21 (33.3%), 159 (48.2%), and 3 (14.3%) experienced good neurological outcomes. In univariable models, hyponatremia (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30-0.93) and hypernatremia (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.65) were associated with lower odds of good neurological outcomes compared to the normonatremia group. After adjustment, only hypernatremia was associated with lower odds of good neurological outcomes (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.05-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Hypernatremia at admission was independently associated with decreased probability of good neurological outcomes at discharge post-OHCA. Future studies should focus on elucidating the pathophysiology of dysnatremia following OHCA.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian emergency medical system management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A retrospective cohort study.

AIM: We sought to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care provided by Canadian emergency medical system (EMS) clinicians to patients suffering out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and whether any observed changes persisted beyond the initial phase of the pandemic. METHODS: We analysed cases of adult, non-traumatic, OHCA from the Canadian Resuscitation Outcome Consortium (CanROC) registry who were treated between January 27th, 2018, and December 31st, 2021. We used adjusted regression models and interrupted time series analysis to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (January 27th, 2020 - December 31st, 2021)on the care provided to patients with OHCA by EMS clinicians. RESULTS: There were 12,947 cases of OHCA recorded in the CanROC registry in the pre-COVID-19 period and 17,488 during the COVID-19 period. We observed a reduction in the cumulative number of defibrillations provided by EMS (aRR 0.91, 95% CI 0.89 - 0.93, p < 0.01), a reduction in the odds of attempts at intubation (aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.31 - 0.34, p < 0.01), higher rates of supraglottic airway use (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.16-1.30, p < 0.01), a reduction in vascular access (aOR for intravenous access 0.84, 95% CI 0.79 - 0.89, p < 0.01; aOR for intraosseous access 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 - 0.96, p < 0.01), a reduction in the odds of epinephrine administration (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.85 - 0.94, p < 0.01), and higher odds of resuscitation termination on scene (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.31 - 1.46, p < 0.01). Delays to initiation of chest compressions (2 min. vs. 3 min., p < 0.01), intubation (16 min. vs. 19 min., p = 0.01), and epinephrine administration (11 min. vs. 13 min., p < 0.01) were observed, whilst supraglottic airways were inserted earlier (11 min. vs. 10 min., p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with substantial changes in EMS management of OHCA. EMS leaders should consider these findings to optimise current OHCA management and prepare for future pandemics.

The Association of Post-COVID-19-Related Symptoms and Preceding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Among Fully Vaccinated Paramedics in Canada.

This study investigated the association between previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and risk of symptoms associated with post-COVID conditions among fully vaccinated paramedics in Canada. We included vaccinated paramedics who provided blood sample and questionnaire data on the same date during the study period. We examined the presence of symptoms associated with post-COVID conditions and depression severity against prior SARS-CoV-2 infection categories. Compared to the "no previous SARS-CoV-2 infection" group, there was no detected association between known prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio [OR], 1.42 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.96-2.09]), nor unknown prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.29-1.00]), and the presence of symptoms associated with post-COVID conditions.

Non-prescription drug-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Changes in incidence over time and the odds of receiving resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: Multiple jurisdictions reported a significant increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) incidence over the past decade, however the reasons for this remain unclear. We investigated how drug-associated OHCA (DA-OHCA) contributed to overall OHCA incidence, and whether the likelihood of treatment by emergency medical services (EMS) was associated with DA-OHCA classification. METHODS: Using a large provincial cardiac arrest registry, we included consecutive, non-traumatic adult OHCA from 2016-2022. We classified as drug-associated if there were historical accounts of non-prescription drug use within the preceding 24 hours or evidence of paraphernalia at the scene. We examined year-by-year trends in OHCA and DA-OHCA incidence. We also investigated the association between DA-OHCA and odds of EMS treatment using an adjusted logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of 33,365 EMS-assessed cases, 1,985/18,591 (11%) of EMS-treated OHCA and 887/9,200 (9.6%) of EMS-untreated OHCA were DA-OHCA. Of EMS-treated DA-OHCA, the median age was 40 years (IQR 31-51), 1,059 (53%) had a known history of non-prescription drug use, and 570 (29%) were public-location. From 2016 to 2022, EMS-treated OHCA incidence increased from 60 to 79 per 100,000 person-years; EMS-treated DA-OHCA incidence increased from 3.7 to 9.1 per 100,000 person-years. The proportion of overall OHCA classified as DA-OHCA increased from 6.1% to 11.5%. DA-OHCA was associated with greater odds of EMS treatment (AOR 1.34; 95%CI 1.13-1.58). CONCLUSION: Although EMS-treated DA-OHCA incidence increased by nearly three-fold, it comprised a minority of the overall OHCA increase during the study period. DA-OHCA was associated with an increased likelihood of EMS treatment.

The relationship between the number of COVID-19 vaccines and infection with Omicron ACE2 inhibition at 18-months post initial vaccination in an adult cohort of Canadian paramedics.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has rapidly evolved since late 2019, due to highly transmissible Omicron variants. While most Canadian paramedics have received COVID-19 vaccination, the optimal ongoing vaccination strategy is unclear. We investigated neutralizing antibody (NtAb) response against wild-type (WT) Wuhan Hu-1 and Omicron BA.4/5 lineages based on the number of doses and past SARS-CoV-2 infection, at 18 months post-initial vaccination (with a Wuhan Hu-1 platform mRNA vaccine [BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273]). Demographic information, previous COVID-19 vaccination, infection history, and blood samples were collected from paramedics 18 months post-initial mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. Outcome measures were ACE2 percent inhibition against Omicron BA.4/5 and WT antigens. We compared outcomes based on number of vaccine doses (two vs. three) and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status, using the Mann-Whitney U test. Of 657 participants, the median age was 40 years (IQR 33-50) and 251 (42 %) were females. Overall, median percent inhibition to BA.4/5 and WT was 71.61 % (IQR 39.44-92.82) and 98.60 % (IQR 83.07-99.73), respectively. Those with a past SARS-CoV-2 infection had a higher median percent inhibition to BA.4/5 and WT, when compared to uninfected individuals overall and when stratified by two or three vaccine doses. When comparing two vs. three WT vaccine doses among SARS-CoV-2 negative participants, we did not detect a difference in BA.4/5 percent inhibition, but there was a difference in WT percent inhibition. Among those with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection(s), when comparing two vs. three WT vaccine doses, there was no observed difference between groups. These findings demonstrate that additional Whttps://www.covid19immunitytaskforce.ca/citf-databank/#accessing https://www.covid19immunitytaskforce.ca/citf-databank/#accessinguhan Hu-1 platform mRNA vaccines did not improve NtAb response to BA.4/5, but prior SARS-CoV-2 infection enhances NtAb response.

Eleven-month SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody decay, and associated factors, among mRNA vaccinees: implications for booster vaccination.

Background: We examined the 11 month longitudinal antibody decay among two-dose mRNA vaccinees, and identified factors associated with faster decay. Methods: The study included samples from the COVID-19 Occupational Risk, Seroprevalence and Immunity among Paramedics (CORSIP) longitudinal observational study of paramedics in Canada. Participants were included if they had received two mRNA vaccines without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and provided two blood samples post-vaccination. The outcomes of interest were quantitative SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations. We employed spaghetti and scatter plots (with kernel-weighted local polynomial smoothing curve) to describe the trend of the antibody decay over 11 months post-vaccine and fit a mixed effect exponential decay model to examine the loss of immunogenicity and factors associated with antibody waning over time. Results: This analysis included 652 blood samples from 326 adult paramedics. Total anti-spike antibody levels peaked on the twenty-first day (antibody level 9042 U ml-1) after the second mRNA vaccine dose. Total anti-spike antibody levels declined thereafter, with a half-life of 94 [95 % CI: 70, 143] days, with levels plateauing at 295 days (antibody level 1021 U ml-1). Older age, vaccine dosing interval <35 days, and the BNT162b2 vaccine (compared to mRNA-1273 vaccine) were associated with faster antibody decay. Conclusion: Antibody levels declined after the initial mRNA series with a half-life of 94 days, plateauing at 295 days. These findings may inform the timing of booster vaccine doses and identifying individuals with faster antibody decay.

The association of tibial vs. humeral intraosseous vascular access with patient outcomes in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.

AIM: Humeral and tibial intraosseous (IO) vascular access can deliver resuscitative medications for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), however the optimal site is unclear. We examined the association between IO tibia vs. humerus as the first-attempted vascular access site with OHCA outcomes. METHODS: We used prospectively-collected data from the British Columbia Cardiac Arrest registry, including adult OHCAs treated with IO humerus or IO tibia as the first-attempted intra-arrest vascular access. We fit logistic regression models on the full study cohort and a propensity-matched cohort, to estimate the association between IO site and both favorable neurological outcomes (Cerebral Performance Category 1-2) and survival at hospital discharge. RESULTS: We included 1041 (43%) and 1404 (57%) OHCAs for whom IO humerus and tibia, respectively, were the first-attempted intra-arrest vascular access. Among humerus and tibia cases, 1010 (97%) and 1369 (98%) had first-attempt success, and the median paramedic arrival-to-successful access interval was 6.7 minutes (IQR 4.4-9.4) and 6.1 minutes (IQR 4.1-8.9), respectively. In the propensity-matched cohort (n = 2052), 31 (3.0%) and 44 (4.3%) cases had favourable neurological outcomes in the IO humerus and IO tibia groups, respectively; compared to IO humerus, we did not detect an association between IO tibia with favorable neurological outcomes (OR 1.44; 95% CI 0.90-2.29) or survival to hospital discharge (OR 1.29; 95% CI 0.83-2.01). Results using the full cohort were similar. CONCLUSIONS: We did not detect an association between the first-attempted intra-arrest IO site (tibia vs. humerus) and clinical outcomes. Clinical trials are warranted to test differences between vascular access strategies.