Association of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with infant growth in the first 24 months of life.

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the association of maternal nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) with infant growth in the first 24 months of life and compare the effect of fetal gender. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted in Zhoushan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhejiang, from 2011 to 2018. 1942 pairs of singleton newborns and their mothers were selected as participants. Main outcomes were gestational weight gain (GWG), birth outcomes (birthweight and gestational age) and infant growth [weight, height, weight/height-for-age Z score (WAZ/HAZ), the weight gain during childhood]. The associations of NVP with birth outcomes and infant growth at children's age of 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months were analyzed by multivariable regression models. RESULTS: Of the 1942 women, 1395 had NVP at first trimester (T1) and among them, 210 still experienced NVP at second trimester (T2). Compared with women without NVP, women experienced severe NVP at T1 were related with lower total GWG. Mild and moderate NVP at T1 were negatively associated with lower birthweight among women with male infants. Female infants exposed to maternal NVP at T1, especially for severe degree, were showed greater weight, WAZ, height, HAZ, and weight gain after 1 year old (at age of 12, 18, 24 months). No association between maternal NVP and infant growth was observed among male infants. CONCLUSION: Exposure to NVP at T1 was, respectively, associated with lower GWG. Favorable influence of NVP at T1 on infant growth was observed among female offspring.

Association of trimester-specific gestational weight gain with birth weight and fetal growth in a large community-based population.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that the association of gestational weight gain (GWG) with fetal birthweight and offspring developmental growth was unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the respective effect of 1 kg of GWG during three trimesters on birthweight and offspring growth from birth to 3 years of age. METHODS: We extracted the decoded information from the Maternal and Child Health Information Management System of Zhoushan Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Zhejiang, China from October 2001 to March 2015, and used multiple linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: This study included 20,232 women with a full-term singleton birth and 15,557 newborns who took regular health check-ups. Compared to that in the 2nd and 3rd trimester, 1 kg GWG increasing in the 1st trimester had the strongest positive association with higher birthweight, body weight, and height from 1 to 36 months. Their associations with BMI after birth were similar among the three trimesters. In addition, some positive dose-response effects found between quartiles of GWG in the 1st trimester and offspring body weight, as well as BMI. The 1 kg GWG in 1st trimester played the strongest role in contributing to birth weight and benefiting to body growth among children aged up to 3 years. CONCLUSION: The 1 kg GWG in 1st trimester contributed more to birth weight and body development from birth to 3 years compared to the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The possible beneficial effects of GWG in the 1st trimester on birthweight and offspring development in under/normal weight mothers are found.