Both clades of the epidemic KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone ST258 share a modified galactan O-antigen type.

Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 is a globally disseminated, extremely drug resistant, nosocomial clone with limited treatment options. We show that the vast majority of ST258 isolates express modified d-galactan-I lipopolysaccharide O-antigen, termed hereinafter as D-galactan-III. The genetic determinant required for galactan-III synthesis was identified as a distinct operon adjacent to the rfb (wb) locus encoding D-galactan-I synthesis. The three genes within the operon encode predicted glycosyltransferases. Testing an isogenic transformant pair revealed that expression of D-galactan-III, in comparison to D-galactan-I, conferred improved survival in the presence of human serum. Eighty-three percent of the more than 200 ST258 draft genome sequences currently available carries the corresponding operon and hence these isolates are predicted to express galactan-III antigens. A D-galactan-III specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) was shown to bind to extracted LPS from a panel of ST258 isolates. The same mAb confirmed accessibility of galactan-III in surface staining of ST258 irrespective of the distinct capsular antigens expressed by both clades described previously. Based on these data, the galactan-III antigen may represent an attractive target for active and passive immunization approaches against K. pneumoniae ST258.

Smg6/Est1 licenses embryonic stem cell differentiation via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a post-transcriptional mechanism that targets aberrant transcripts and regulates the cellular RNA reservoir. Genetic modulation in vertebrates suggests that NMD is critical for cellular and tissue homeostasis, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we generate knockout mice lacking Smg6/Est1, a key nuclease in NMD and a telomerase cofactor. While the complete loss of Smg6 causes mouse lethality at the blastocyst stage, inducible deletion of Smg6 is compatible with embryonic stem cell (ESC) proliferation despite the absence of telomere maintenance and functional NMD. Differentiation of Smg6-deficient ESCs is blocked due to sustained expression of pluripotency genes, normally repressed by NMD, and forced down-regulation of one such target, c-Myc, relieves the differentiation block. Smg6-null embryonic fibroblasts are viable as well, but are refractory to cellular reprograming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, depletion of all major NMD factors compromises ESC differentiation, thus identifying NMD as a licensing factor for the switch of cell identity in the process of stem cell differentiation and somatic cell reprograming.

Glucose substitution prolongs maintenance of energy homeostasis and lifespan of telomere dysfunctional mice.

DNA damage and telomere dysfunction shorten organismal lifespan. Here we show that oral glucose administration at advanced age increases health and lifespan of telomere dysfunctional mice. The study reveals that energy consumption increases in telomere dysfunctional cells resulting in enhanced glucose metabolism both in glycolysis and in the tricarboxylic acid cycle at organismal level. In ageing telomere dysfunctional mice, normal diet provides insufficient amounts of glucose thus leading to impaired energy homeostasis, catabolism, suppression of IGF-1/mTOR signalling, suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis and tissue atrophy. A glucose-enriched diet reverts these defects by activating glycolysis, mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative glucose metabolism. The beneficial effects of glucose substitution on mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism are blocked by mTOR inhibition but mimicked by IGF-1 application. Together, these results provide the first experimental evidence that telomere dysfunction enhances the requirement of glucose substitution for the maintenance of energy homeostasis and IGF-1/mTOR-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis in ageing tissues.

A differentiation checkpoint limits hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal in response to DNA damage.

Checkpoints that limit stem cell self-renewal in response to DNA damage can contribute to cancer protection but may also promote tissue aging. Molecular components that control stem cell responses to DNA damage remain to be delineated. Using in vivo RNAi screens, we identified basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF) as a major component limiting self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in response to telomere dysfunction and γ-irradiation. DNA damage induces BATF in a G-CSF/STAT3-dependent manner resulting in lymphoid differentiation of HSCs. BATF deletion improves HSC self-renewal and function in response to γ-irradiation or telomere shortening but results in accumulation of DNA damage in HSCs. Analysis of bone marrow from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome supports the conclusion that DNA damage-dependent induction of BATF is conserved in human HSCs. Together, these results provide experimental evidence that a BATF-dependent differentiation checkpoint limits self-renewal of HSCs in response to DNA damage.

Puma and p21 represent cooperating checkpoints limiting self-renewal and chromosomal instability of somatic stem cells in response to telomere dysfunction.

The tumour suppressor p53 activates Puma-dependent apoptosis and p21-dependent cell-cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. Deletion of p21 improved stem-cell function and organ maintenance in progeroid mice with dysfunctional telomeres, but the function of Puma has not been investigated in this context. Here we show that deletion of Puma improves stem- and progenitor-cell function, organ maintenance and lifespan of telomere-dysfunctional mice. Puma deletion impairs the clearance of stem and progenitor cells that have accumulated DNA damage as a consequence of critically short telomeres. However, further accumulation of DNA damage in these rescued progenitor cells leads to increasing activation of p21. RNA interference experiments show that upregulation of p21 limits proliferation and evolution of chromosomal imbalances of Puma-deficient stem and progenitor cells with dysfunctional telomeres. These results provide experimental evidence that p53-dependent apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest act in cooperating checkpoints limiting tissue maintenance and evolution of chromosomal instability at stem- and progenitor-cell levels in response to telomere dysfunction. Selective inhibition of Puma-dependent apoptosis can result in temporary improvements in maintenance of telomere-dysfunctional organs.

Regeneration of the exocrine pancreas is delayed in telomere-dysfunctional mice.

INTRODUCTION: Telomere shortening is a cell-intrinsic mechanism that limits cell proliferation by induction of DNA damage responses resulting either in apoptosis or cellular senescence. Shortening of telomeres has been shown to occur during human aging and in chronic diseases that accelerate cell turnover, such as chronic hepatitis. Telomere shortening can limit organ homeostasis and regeneration in response to injury. Whether the same holds true for pancreas regeneration in response to injury is not known. METHODS: In the present study, pancreatic regeneration after acute cerulein-induced pancreatitis was studied in late generation telomerase knockout mice with short telomeres compared to telomerase wild-type mice with long telomeres. RESULTS: Late generation telomerase knockout mice exhibited impaired exocrine pancreatic regeneration after acute pancreatitis as seen by persistence of metaplastic acinar cells and markedly reduced proliferation. The expression levels of p53 and p21 were not significantly increased in regenerating pancreas of late generation telomerase knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that pancreatic regeneration is limited in the context of telomere dysfunction without evidence for p53 checkpoint activation.

ROS induced DNA damage and checkpoint responses: influences on aging?

The free radical theory of aging sustains that reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce cellular damage limiting organismal fitness but experimental data do not clearly support this hypothesis. Mouse models have shown that severe alterations of ROS metabolism can result in impairments of organ homeostasis and premature organ failure. However, partial impairments in anti-oxidants defence did not influence the aging process in laboratory mice and most clinical studies on antioxidants treatments in humans failed to show clear beneficial effects. Studies dysfunction in accelerating aging. Together, it seems that mild increases of ROS levels do not significantly influence the natural rate of aging. There is even some evidence that ROS induction is required to mediate positive effects of calorie restriction and physical exercise on organismal fitness and longevity.

Alterations of the systemic environment are the primary cause of impaired B and T lymphopoiesis in telomere-dysfunctional mice.

There is growing evidence that telomere dysfunction can contribute to human aging. Telomere dysfunction limits lymphopoiesis in aging telomerase knockout (mTerc(-/-)) mice primarily by the induction of stem cell-extrinsic alterations. The relative contribution of alterations in the stem cell niche and the systemic environment to the impairment of lymphopoiesis in response to telomere dysfunction is currently unknown. This study reveals a minor impact of stem cell-intrinsic defects on the impairment of B and T lymphopoiesis in response to telomere dysfunction. The impairment in B and T lymphopoiesis in aging telomere-dysfunctional mice was mainly due to alterations of the systemic environment. Telomere dysfunction had no significant cell-autonomous effects impairing the function of thymic or bone marrow niches in supporting B and T lymphopoiesis. Moreover, age-related alterations in the cellular composition of the thymic epithelium in telomere-dysfunctional mice were rescued by transplantation of the thymus into a wild-type environment; these rejuvenated thymi supported normal T lymphopoiesis in recipient mice. Together, these data place alterations in the systemic environment on top of the hierarchy of events limiting lymphopoiesis in response to telomere dysfunction.

Sod2 haploinsufficiency does not accelerate aging of telomere dysfunctional mice.

Telomere shortening represents a causal factor of cellular senescence. At the same time, several lines of evidence indicate a pivotal role of oxidative DNA damage for the aging process in vivo. A causal connection between the two observations was suggested by experiments showing accelerated telomere shorting under conditions of oxidative stress in cultured cells, but has never been studied in vivo. We therefore have analysed whether an increase in mitochondrial derived oxidative stress in response to heterozygous deletion of superoxide dismutase (Sod2(+/-)) would exacerbate aging phenotypes in telomere dysfunctional (mTerc(-/-)) mice. Heterozygous deletion of Sod2 resulted in reduced SOD2 protein levels and increased oxidative stress in aging telomere dysfunctional mice, but this did not lead to an increase in basal levels of oxidative nuclear DNA damage, an accumulation of nuclear DNA breaks, or an increased rate of telomere shortening in the mice. Moreover, heterozygous deletion of Sod2 did not accelerate the depletion of stem cells and the impairment in organ maintenance in aging mTerc(-/-) mice. In agreement with these observations, Sod2 haploinsufficiency did not lead to a further reduction in lifespan of mTerc(-/-) mice. Together, these results indicate that a decrease in SOD2-dependent antioxidant defence does not exacerbate aging in the context of telomere dysfunction.

Caracterización geno-fenotípica de aislados de Escherichia coli (AEEC) de pacientes pediátricos con procesos diarreicos infecciosos en la ciudad de La Paz: Implicancias para el diagnóstico y epidemiología de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas / Geno-phenotypic characterization of AEEC Escherichia coli isolated from children with infectious diarrhea in La Paz: Epidemiology and diagnostic implications

Objetivo: En el presente estudio se realizó la caracterización de Escherichia coli Enteropatogénica (EPEC) y Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica (EHEC), dos categorías patogénicas de E. coli, causantes de la lesión de adherencia y esfacelación (EAEE), en muestras de heces diarreicas de niños menores a 5 años. Método: El perfil patogénico de EAEE se realizó mediante el análisis por PCR, de los genes intimina (eae), bundlina (bfpA) y toxinas siga (stx1 y stx2). Estas pruebas, se complementaron con ensayos fenotípicos de la resistencia a antibióticos, fermentación de sorbitol y producción de ?-D-glucoronidasa. Resultados: La prevalencia de EAEE fue del 7 por ciento con preponderancia de las cepas EPEC (95 por ciento) sobre EHEC. Se encontró una mayor proporción (83 por ciento) de cepas EPEC atípicas que típicas. Un alto porcentaje de los aislados de EPEC es resistente a más de 5 antibióticos analizados. La frecuencia de multiresistencia a bloques de 5 y 2 antibióticos sugiere que la resistencia es transmisible por vía horizontal. La correlación entre la pertenencia a un serogrupo particular de EPEC y las características genotípicas, mostró heterogeneidad en el perfil de patogenicidad tanto entre un mismo como entre diferentes serogrupos, demostrando que el diagnóstico de DEC mediante serotipificación no es útil en nuestro medio. Los aislados de EHEC, se caracterizan por presentar una marcada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se reporta la presencia de los serogrupos O157 y O6. Conclusiones: Este estudio, constituye el primer reporte en nuestro medio sobre la determinación y caracterización geno-fenotípica de EPEC y EHEC por métodos moleculares. En conjunto, los datos obtenidos tienen relevancia para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y estudio de la epidemiología de AEEC en las EDA en Bolivia.

Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coli that produce attaching and effacing lesions were isolated and characterized from children under 5 years-old with diarrhea. Method: AEEC pathogenic profile was analyzed by PCR searching the presence of Intimin (eae), bundle-forming pilus (bfpa) and Shiga-toxin (stx 1 - stx2) genes. Phenotypic analysis for the presence of antibiotic multiple resistance, sorbitol fermentation and B-D glucorunidase was also performed. Results: AEEC prevalence was 7 percent and EPEC accounted for 95 percent of isolates (83 percent atypical). A high percentage of EPEC isolates are resistant to more than 5 antibiotics, suggesting resistance transmission by lateral transfer. The lack of correlations between EPEC serogroups and genotypic strain profile demonstrates that serological DEC diagnosis is not useful for local isolates. EHEC isolates were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested. The isolation of 0157 and 06 serogroups is reported. Conclusions: First report of EPEC and EHEC molecular strain characterization. The results described are relevant for EAEE diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of diarrhea in Bolivia.

Caracterización geno-fenotípica de aislados de Escherichia coli AEEC de pacientes pediátricos con procesos diarreicos infecciosos en la ciudad de La Paz: implicancias para el diagnóstico y epidemiología de las enfermedades diarreicas

Resumen En el presente estudio se realizó la caracterización de Escherichia coli enteropatogénica (EPEC) y Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC), dos categorías patogénicas de E. coli, causantes de la lesión de adherencia y esfacelación (EAEE), en muestras de heces diarreicas de niños menores de 5 años. El perfil patogénico de EAEE se realizó mediante el análisis por PCR, de los genes intimina (eae), bundlina (bfpA) y toxinas siga (stx1 y stx2). Estas pruebas se complementaron con ensayos fenotípicos de la resistencia a antibióticos, fermentación de sorbitol y producción de b-D-glucoronidasa. La prevalencia de EAEE fue del 7% con preponderancia de las cepas EPEC (95%) sobre EHEC. Se encontró una mayor proporción (83%) de cepas EPEC atípicas que típicas. Un alto porcentaje de los aislados de EPEC es resistente a más de cinco antibióticos analizados. La frecuencia de multirresistencia a bloques de cinco y dos antibióticos sugiere que la resistencia es transmisible por vía horizontal. La correlación entre la pertenencia a un serogrupo particular de EPEC y las características genotípicas, mostró heterogeneidad en el perfil de patogenicidad, tanto entre un mismo como entre diferentes serogrupos, demostrando que el diagnóstico de DEC mediante serotipificación no es útil en nuestro medio. Los aislados de EHEC, se caracterizan por presentar una marcada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se reporta la presencia de los serogrupos O157 y O6. Este estudio constituye el primer reporte en nuestro medio sobre la determinación y caracterización geno-fenotípica de EPEC y EHEC por métodos moleculares. En conjunto, los datos obtenidos tienen relevancia para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y estudio de la epidemiología de AEEC en las EDA en Bolivia.

Summary In this study, enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli, two E. coli categories causing attaching and effacing lesions, were isolated and characterized from children with diarrhea less than 5 years of age. The AEEC pathogenic profile was analyzed by PCR for the presence of the intimin (eae), bundle-forming pilus (bfpA) and Shiga toxin (stx, stx2) genes. Phenotypic analysis for the presence of antibiotic multi-resistance, sorbitol fermentation and B-D glucoronidase were also performed. AEEC prevalence was 7%. EPEC accounted for 95% of the isolates of which 83% were atypical. A high percentage of EPEC isolates is resistant to more than 5 antibiotics. The multi-resistance frequency to 5 and 2 antibiotics suggest antibiotic resistance transmission by lateral transfer. The lack of correlations between EPEC serogroups and genotypic strain profile demonstrates that serological DEC diagnosis is not useful for local isolates. EHEC isolates were remarkably susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested. The isolation of 0157 and 06 serogroups is reported. This is the first report of EPEC and EHEC molecular strain characterization. The results described are relevant for EAEE diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of diarrheal diseases in Bolivia.

Caracterización geno-fenotípica de aislados de Escherichia coli AEEC de pacientes pediátricos con procesos diarreicos infecciosos en la ciudad de La Paz: implicancias para el diagnóstico y epidemiología de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas / Geno-Phenotypic characterization of aeec Escherichia coli isolated from children with infectious diarrheal diseases in La Paz: relevancy for the diagnosis and epidemiology of acute diarrheal diseases

En el presente estudio se realizó la caracterización de Escherichia coli Enteropatogénica (EPEC) y Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica (EHEC), dos categorías patogénicas de E. Coli, causantes de la lesión de adherencia y esfacelación (EAEE), en muestras de heces diarreicas de niños menores a 5 años. El perfil patogénico de EAEE se realizo mediante el análisis por PCR, de los genes intimina (eae), bundlina (bfpA) y toxinas siga (stx1 y stx2). Estas pruebas, se complementaron con ensayos fenotípicos de la resistencia a antibióticos, fermentación de sorbitol y producción de b-D-glucoronidasa. La prevalencia de EAEE fue del 7% con preponderancia de las cepas EPEC (95%) sobre EHEC. Se encontró una mayor proporción (83%) de cepas EPEC atípicas que típicas. Un alto porcentaje de los aislados de EPEC es resistente a más de 5 antibióticos analizados. La frecuencia de multiresistencia a bloques de 5 y 2 antibióticos sugiere que la resistencia es transmisible por vía horizontal. La correlación entre la pertenencia a un serogrupo particular de EPEC y las características genotípicas, mostró heterogeneidad en el perfil de patogenicidad tanto entre un mismo como entre diferentes serogrupos, demostrando que el diagnostico de DEC mediante serotipificación no es útil en nuestro medio. Los aislados de EHEC, se caracterizan por presentar una marcada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se reporta la presencia de los serogrupos O157 y O6. Este estudio, constituye el primer reporte en nuestro medio sobre la determinación y caracterización geno-fenotípica de EPEC y EHEC por métodos moleculares. En conjunto, los datos obtenidos tienen relevancia para el diagnostico, tratamiento y estudio de la epidemiología de AEEC en las EDA en Bolivia.

In this study, enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. Coli, two E. Coli categories causing attaching and effacing lesions, were isolated and characterized from children with diarrhea less than 5 years of age. The AEEC pathogenic profile was analyzed by PCR for the presence of the intimin (eae), bundle-forming pilus (bfpA) and Shiga toxin (stx, stx2) genes. Phenotypic analysis for the presence of antibiotic multi-resistance, sorbitol fermentation and B-D glucoronidase were also performed. AEEC prevalence was 7%. EPEC accounted for 95% of the isolates of which 83% were atypical. A high percentage of EPEC isolates is resistant to more than 5 antibiotics. The multi-resistance frequency to 5 and 2 antibiotics suggest antibiotic resistance transmission by lateral transfer. The lack of correlations between EPEC serogroups and genotypic strain profile demonstrates that serological DEC diagnosis is not useful for local isolates. EHEC isolates were remarkably susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested. The isolation of 0157 and 06 serogroups is reported. This is the first report of EPEC and EHEC molecular strain characterization. The results described are relevant for EAEE diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of diarrheal diseases in Bolivia.