[Histoplasmosis in Argentina: case series in children]. / Histoplasmosis en Argentina: serie de casos en niños.

BACKGROUND: Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease, endemic in South America, and seldom reported in paediatrics. AIMS: To report the epidemiology, clinical features and outcome of children diagnosed with histoplasmosis in an Argentinian Children's Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective and descriptive study was performed from January 2008 to December 2016 in Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan Pedro Garrahan'. Patients under 18 years with clinical features, serological tests, cultures and/or histological findings compatible with histoplasmosis were included. Thirteen patients were selected (seven male and six female; mean age was 9 years with interquartile range 3.4-13); three children (23%) were from Buenos Aires province, three (23%) from Santa Fe province, and seven (54%) from other provinces. RESULTS: In ten cases (77%) the clinical form was disseminated, and it was pulmonary in three (23%). Eight cases (62%) suffered other comorbidities. Serological tests were positive in seven patients (54%), with positive cultures obtained in nine patients (69%). Histological findings compatible with histoplasmosis were found in 10 cases (77%). All patients received treatment with amphotericin B (liposomal formulation in seven cases, deoxycholate in six), with 10 patients continuing with oral itraconazole. Three patients (23%) died from causes unrelated to histoplasmosis. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children in the series had comorbidities and disseminated histoplasmosis. Mortality was not directly associated with histoplasmosis.

Aumento inusual de casos de mielitis en un hospital pediátrico en Argentina / Unusual increase of cases of myelitis in a pediatric hospital in Argentina

Introducción: La asociación entre enterovirus D68 y cuadros de mielitis aguda fláccida ha sido descrita en Estados Unidos, en 2014. Desde ese año, se han reportado casos esporádicamente en Canadá y Europa. Se describe, en este estudio, una serie de casos con mielitis aguda fláccida en el Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" en Buenos Aires, Argentina, en 2016. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes internados desde el 1/04/2016 al 1/07/2016 con mielitis fláccida aguda con lesiones en la médula espinal que comprometieran la sustancia gris en la resonancia magnética nuclear. Se procesaron, para la búsqueda etiológica, muestras de secreciones nasofaríngeas, hisopados de materia fecal y líquido cefalorraquídeo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue 4 años (rango de 3 meses a 5 años). Ocho pacientes tuvieron una enfermedad febril autolimitada antes del inicio de los síntomas neurológicos. Los hallazgos neurológicos fueron debilidad fláccida de, al menos, un miembro, cervicoplejia (n= 2) y parálisis facial (n= 2). Todos los pacientes presentaron lesiones longitudinales en la médula espinal, con compromiso de sustancia gris, predominantemente, en el asta anterior. En todos los casos, se realizó una punción lumbar. En 7 pacientes, se observó pleocitosis. En cuatro niños, se identificó enterovirus D68 en secreciones nasofaríngeas y, en uno, se identificó el enterovirusD68 en el líquido cefalorraquídeo. Todos los pacientes persistieron con déficits neurológicos al momento del alta. Conclusiones: Se reporta el primer brote de mielitis aguda fláccida asociada a enterovirusD68 en Argentina. La vigilancia epidemiológica activa permitirá conocer la verdadera incidencia, epidemiología y etiología de esta enfermedad.

Introduction: The association between enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis was first described in the United States in 2014. Since then, sporadic cases have been reported in Canada and Europe. This study describes a series of cases of acute flaccid myelitis at Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan," in Buenos Aires, Argentina, during 2016. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study. All patients with acute flaccid myelitis and lesions in the spinal cord involving the gray matter, as observed in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, hospitalized from 04/01/2016 to 07/01/2016, were included in the study. Samples of nasopharyngeal secretions, fecal swabs and cerebrospinal fluid were collected and processed to look for the causative agent. Results: Ten patients were included. The median age was 4 years old (range from 3 months to 5 years old). Eight patients had a self-limiting febrile condition before the onset of neurological symptoms. Neurological findings were flaccid weakness in, at least, one limb, cervical paralysis (n= 2) and facial paralysis (n= 2). All patients had longitudinal lesions in the spinal cord, with gray matter involvement, mainly in the anterior horn. In all cases, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) was performed. Pleocytosis was observed in 7 patients. In four children, enterovirus D68 was identified in nasopharyngeal secretions, and in one, it was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurological deficit persisted in all patients at the time of discharge. Conclusions: The first outbreak of acute flaccid myelitis associated to enterovirus D68 is reported in Argentina. Active epidemiological surveillance will help to determine the true incidence, epidemiology and etiology of this disease.