Meeting 24-h movement behavior guidelines is associated with academic engagement, social-emotional functioning in obese/overweight youth.

BACKGROUND: The 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines suggest that the integration of adequate sleep (SL), increased physical activity (PA), and limited screen time (ST) has general health benefits. However, associations of meeting integrated guidelines with academic engagement and social-emotional functioning among obese/overweight youth have yet to be fully examined. Thus, we aimed to investigate the associations between meeting 24-HMB guidelines and the above-presented outcome measures among this unique group. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 2800 children and adolescents (youth aged 6-17 years old) that were retrieved from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) were included for data analysis. Exposure of interests included adherence to 24-HMB guideline(s), while indicators of academic engagement and social-emotional functioning were operationalized. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression was conducted while adjusting for social-demographic variables including age, sex, ethnicity, household income, parental education level and mental health status. RESULTS: The percentages of meeting 24-HMB guidelines varied greatly across different combinations: 1399 participants (49.96 %) met 1 of the 3 guidelines, 580 participants (20.91 %) met 2 guidelines, while only 91 participants (2.94 %) met all 3 guidelines. Meeting integrated guidelines was selectively associated with higher odds of indicators (showing interest/curiosity in learning, caring about school performance, and completing all required homework) of academic engagement. Additionally, Meeting SL + ST guideline (OR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.29-0.93, p < 00.05) was associated with lower odds of serious difficulty in concentrating, remembering, and making decisions, while meeting ST + SL guideline (OR = 1.67, 95%CI: 1.03-2.69, p < 00.05) was more likely to be good at making and keeping friendships. Furthermore, meeting all 3 guidelines was associated with less argumentative behaviors (OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.33-0.99, p < 00.05) and a higher level of resilience (OR = 3.51, 95%CI: 1.88-6.54, p < 00.01), while meeting any two integrated guidelines was associated with a higher level of resilience (OR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.09-2.71, p < 00.05). CONCLUSION: Findings have indicated the role of meeting 24-HMB guidelines, especially integrated guidelines in the healthy development of obese/overweight youth. Policymakers should implement a long-term plan for this unique group to engage in physical activity, achieve enough sleep, and limit screen time.

Synthesis Strategy Guided by Decision Tree for Morphology Control of Metal Phosphonates.

The morphology control of metal phosphonates is always a difficulty because there are many challenges derived from the complexity of crystallization and the multivariable synthesis system. Responding to challenges, we propose a synthesis strategy guided by a decision tree for morphology control of metal phosphonates, through which directional design of the morphology-controlled synthesis can be realized. Specifically, any one synthetic condition involving the synthesis of metal phosphonates can be regarded as a decision problem to construct a binary decision tree. By means of the classification principle of the binary decision tree, the samples synthesized under the boundary value of each synthesis condition are classified based on crystal phase and morphology. The key synthetic conditions determining crystal phase and morphology can be precisely screened out to serve as decision nodes for the binary decision tree and are also rapidly optimized by the recursion level by level, whereas others cannot. Here, the ß-polymorph of copper phenylphosphonate (ß-CuPP) is selected as an example to elaborate the decision-tree-guided synthesis strategy for morphology control of metal phosphonates. From the constructed binary decision tree, it is clear that the right amount of methanol in the solvent is vital to obtain ß-phase of CuPP, whereas the reactant concentration, pH value, and reaction time are important for morphology and phase transformation. Under the optimal synthetic conditions screened out by the binary decision tree, ß-CuPP can thus be controlled to be hierarchically flower-like microsphere morphology through either the direct synthesis route or the solid-to-solid phase transformation route. This research work confirms that the decision-tree-guided synthesis is highly efficacious for the morphology control of metal phosphonates. Furthermore, the morphology-controlled synthesis guided by a decision tree may provide some valuable inspiration for morphology control of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and even coordinate compounds.