Development and validation of a novel home-made bench-top training model for retrograde intrarenal surgery.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate a low-cost homemade bench-top training model to facilitate retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) training. METHODS: The RIRS training model (G-Model) was developed using a surgical glove and a recycled ureter access sheath. Fifteen participants including 10 residents and 5 urologists were enrolled. Designed training curriculum for residents was carried out. Face validity, content validity, construct validity and criterion validity evaluation of the G-Model were carried out. RESULTS: The global score of face and content validity was 4.15 ± 0.53 and 4.65 ± 0.29, respectively. For construct validity, the overall modified global rating scale (mGRS) score was significantly improved [12.5 (5.25) vs. 24.0 (5.25), p = 0.004], and the total task time was significantly shortened (39.5 ± 4.48 min vs. 24.1 ± 3.81 min, p < 0.001) within residents after G-Model training. The baseline mGRS score and total task time of residents were poorer than those of urologists [12.5 (5.25) vs. 32.0 (1.00), p < 0.001; 39.5 ± 4.48 min vs. 16.0 ± 1.58 min, p < 0.001]. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between residents' G-Model and real patient performance. CONCLUSION: The current study presented a valid low-cost easily accessible RIRS bench-top training model which could facilitate skill acquisition and translate to real-life scenario.

Early Warning Effect of CHR, NLR and U-HBP on SIRS in Patients with Upper Urinary Tract Calculus After Flexible Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy.

Objective: Rising upper urinary tract calculus (UUTC) cases demand effective treatment. FUL, while efficient, poses infection risks and SIRS. This study explores CHR, NLR, and U-HBP as potential SIRS predictors post-FUL in UUTC patients, aiming to improve early detection and enhance SIRS management. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 216 UUTC patients who underwent FUL between April 2020 and April 2023. Occurrence of SIRS post-FUL was studied. Patients were categorized into SIRS and non-SIRS groups. CHR, NLR, and U-HBP levels were compared. Predictive value of CHR, NLR, and U-HBP for SIRS was assessed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified SIRS influencing factors. Results: In a study involving 216 patients undergoing Flexible Ureteroscopic Holmium Laser Lithotripsy (FUL), Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) occurred in 20.83% of cases. Patients with SIRS exhibited significantly elevated levels of C-reactive protein to High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (CHR) (9.26 ± 2.17 vs. 3.89 ± 0.92), Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) (5.21 ± 0.98 vs. 2.62 ± 0.49), and Urinary Heparin Binding Protein (U-HBP) (3.01 ± 0.51 ng/L vs. 1.22 ± 0.19 ng/L) compared to the non-SIRS group. Multivariate analysis identified factors such as infected stones (OR = 3.294), stone size ≥ 30 mm (OR = 2.034), CHR ≥ 8.76 (OR = 4.554), NLR ≥ 3.74 (OR = 3.951), and U-HBP ≥ 1.55 ng/L (OR = 4.884) as significant predictors for SIRS. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of these biomarkers and stone characteristics in predicting inflammatory responses post-FUL surgery. Conclusion: This study establishes the predictive power of elevated C-reactive protein to High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (CHR), Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), and Urinary Heparin Binding Protein (U-HBP) levels for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) post Flexible Ureteroscopic Holmium Laser Lithotripsy (FUL) in upper urinary tract calculi patients. Stone characteristics, including infected stones and stone size ≥ 30 mm, are also key indicators of SIRS. These findings offer crucial insights for effective post-operative management, enhancing outcomes in urinary calculi treatment.

Penile vascular anomalies: A retrospective single center study and cumulative analysis of studies from China.

Objective: Penile vascular anomalies (PVAs) or hemangioma can arouse patient concern about aesthetics and cause symptoms like bleeding and sexual dysfunction. However, its low incidence and the deficiency of large-volume studies hinder urologists from making informed decisions. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features and treatment experience of PVAs at the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Furthermore, by systematically analysis of studies on PVAs in Chinese people, we aimed to provide novel insights on the management of this condition. Methods: We retrospectively investigated clinical features and pathology of surgery-treated PVAs at our center. Moreover, by systemically reviewing the literature from PubMed and the three largest medical databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, and Chinese Medical Journal Database) in China, we analyzed the clinical features and various therapies of PVAs in Chinese people. Results: Between March 1, 2018 and March 1, 2023, a total of 356 cases with vascular anomalies were treated with surgery at out center. Only seven (2.0%) cases had lesions involving the perineum and external genitalia. All the seven cases were pathologically benign and demonstrated no recurrence over a follow-up period of 1-52 months (median 14 months). A total of 410 cases from 44 studies were selected in the cumulative analysis. Most patients (92.4%) diagnosed with PVAs were asymptomatic, and 68.8% of the patients were treated with sclerotherapy. As to the pathology, 57.1% were venous malformation. Conclusion: The most common PVA is venous malformation and the majority of patients are asymptomatic. Sclerotherapy and laser have emerged as viable options for treating small lesions. Surgery still has its role in treating large lesions and obtaining pathology. Although PVAs often relapse or demand multiple treatments, the prognosis is favorable.

Efficacy of ultra-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery in the treatment of 2-3 cm lower calyceal stones / Eficacia de la nefrolitotomía percutánea ultramini y la cirugía intrarrenal retrógrada en el tratamiento de cálculos caliceales inferiores de 2-3 cm

Abstract We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of ultra-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (UMP) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for the management of lower calyceal stones. A group of 136 patients with a single lower calyceal stone (2-3 cm in diameter) was divided into the UMP or RIRS groups. The average operation time in the RIRS group was significantly longer than that in the UMP group, and the intraoperative blood loss in the former was markedly less than that in the latter. Besides, in the RIRS group, the decreased value of postoperative Hb was obviously lower, the postoperative hospital stay was evidently shorter, and the total hospitalization expenses were markedly less than those in UMP group were. Moreover, the success rate of the first-stage lithotripsy in the UMP group was notably higher than that in RIRS group. The RIRS group had an obviously lower VAS score but a markedly higher BCS score than the UMP group six hours after surgery. At 24 h after operation, the levels of serum CRP, TNF-α and IL -6 in patients in both groups were remarkably increased, and they were evidently lower in the RIRS group than those in the UMP group were. Three days after surgery, the levels of serum CRP, TNF-α and IL -6 were notably lower in the UMP group than those in RIRS group were. RIRS and UMP are safe and effective in the treatment of 2-3 cm lower calyceal stones. The first-stage UMP is characterized by a high stone-free rate (SFR), short operation time and low postoperative infection risk, while RIRS is associated with less blood loss and low total expenses.

Resumen Nuestro objetivo fue comparar la eficacia y seguridad de la nefrolitotomía percutánea ultramini (UMP) y la cirugía intrarrenal retrógrada (CRIR) en el manejo quirúrgico de los cálculos caliceales inferiores. Un grupo de 136 pacientes con un solo cálculo calicial inferior (2-3 cm de diámetro) se dividió en un grupo UMP o un grupo CRIR. El tiempo de operación promedio en el grupo CRIR fue significativamente más largo que en el grupo UMP, y la pérdida de sangre intraoperatoria en el primero fue marcadamente menor que en el segundo. Además, en el grupo CRIR, el valor disminuido de la Hb postoperatoria fue obviamente menor, la estancia hospitalaria postoperatoria fue evidentemente más corta y los gastos totales de hospitalización fueron notablemente menores que los del grupo UMP. Además, la tasa de éxito de la litotricia de primera etapa en el grupo UMP fue notablemente más alta que en el grupo CRIR. El grupo CRIR tuvo una puntuación VAS obviamente más baja pero una puntuación BCS marcadamente más alta que el grupo UMP a seos horas después de la operación. A las 24 h después de la operación, los niveles séricos de PCR, TNF-α e IL -6 en los pacientes de ambos grupos aumentaron notablemente y fueron evidentemente más bajos en el grupo CRIR que en el grupo UMP. Tres días después de la operación, los niveles séricos de PCR, TNF-α e IL -6 fueron notablemente más bajos en el grupo UMP que en el grupo CRIR. Los procedimientos CRIR y el UMP son seguros y eficaces en el tratamiento de cálculos caliciales inferiores de 2-3 cm. El UMP de primera etapa se caracteriza por tener una tasa libre de cálculo (SFR) alta, un tiempo de operación corto y un riesgo de infección posoperatorio bajo, y el RIRS se caracteriza por una menor pérdida de sangre y gastos totales bajos.

Diagnostic and prognostic potentials of AK126393 in bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the diagnostic and prognostic potentials of lncRNA AK126393 in bladder cancer. METHODS: The expression levels of AK126393 in 60 matched bladder cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues were determined. In addition, AK126393 level in bladder cancer patients with different tumor staging (stage I-II and stage III-IV) was detected as well. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was introduced for assessing the diagnostic potential of AK126393 in bladder cancer. Based on the cut-off value of AK126393 in the enrolled 60 bladder cancer patients, they were assigned into high and low expression groups, respectively. Correlation between AK126393 level and pathological indexes of bladder cancer patients was analyzed by chi-square test. By collecting 5-year follow-up data, Kaplan-Meier method was conducted to evaluate survival influenced by AK126393. Moreover, Cox regression model was applied for analyzing potential factors affecting the prognosis of bladder cancer patients. RESULTS: AK126393 was downregulated in bladder cancer tissues than in paracancerous ones. Its level remained lower in bladder cancer patients with stage III-IV relative to those with stage I-II. ROC illustrated the diagnostic potential of AK126393 in bladder cancer (AUC=0.8647, diagnosis threshold=2.03, sensitivity=76.7%, specificity=96.7%, Youden index=0.734). Besides, lower level of AK126393 was observed in bladder cancer patients with stage III-IV, lymph node metastasis or high-level differentiation. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated worse prognosis in bladder cancer patients expressing low level of AK126393. Cox regression analysis showed that AK126393 level, TNM staging, lymph node metastasis and tumor differentiation were independent risk factors influencing the prognosis of bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: AK126393 is downregulated in bladder cancer and closely linked to high rate of metastasis, advanced stage and poor prognosis. AK126393 may serve as diagnostic and prognostic hallmark in bladder cancer.

Temperature profiles of calyceal irrigation fluids during flexible ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate calyceal irrigation fluid temperature changes during flexible ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. METHODS: Between May 2019 and January 2020, patients with kidney stones undergoing flexible ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy were enrolled. A K-type thermocouple was applied for intraoperative temperature measurement. Laser was activated at different power (1 J/20 Hz and 0.5 J/20 Hz) and irrigation (0 ml/min, 15 ml/min and 30 ml/min) settings, temperature-time curve was drawn and time needed to reach 43 °C without irrigation was documented. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were enrolled in our study. The temperature-time curve revealed a quick temperature increase followed by a plateau. With 15 ml/min or 30 ml/min irrigation, 43 °C was not reached after 60 s laser activation at both 1 J/20 Hz and 0.5 J/20 Hz. At the power setting of 1 J/20 Hz and irrigation flow rate of 15 ml/min, the temperature rise was significantly higher than other groups. Without irrigation, the time needed to reach 43 °C at 1 J/20 Hz was significantly shorter than that at 0.5 J/20 Hz (8.84 ± 1.41 s vs. 13.71 ± 1.53 s). CONCLUSION: Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy can induce significant temperature rise in calyceal fluid. With sufficient irrigation, temperatures can be limited so that a toxic thermal dose is not reached, when irrigation is closed, the temperature increased sharply and reached 43 °C in a few seconds.

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic artery-sparing varicocelectomy using indocyanine green fluorescence angiography: Initial experience.

We reported our initial experience of robotic-assisted laparoscopic artery-sparing varicocelectomy using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography in treatment of varicocele. A total of 45 varicocelectomies in 27 patients were performed. The mean operation time was 49.1 ± 8.5 min for unilateral and 65.6 ± 8.3 min for bilateral repair. 47.2 s after ICG injection, testicular artery (TA) was visualised. After an interval of 31.3 s, fluorescent veins were identified. Of all the 45 spermatic cords, 68.9% had a solitary artery, while 31.1% had 2 arteries. The mean hospital stay was 1.6 ± 0.9 days. Semen concentration and motility were significantly improved 6 months after surgery, no recurrence, hydrocele or testicular atrophy was observed. Our study demonstrated that robotic-assisted laparoscopic artery-sparing varicocelectomy using ICG fluorescence angiography is a safe, effective and promising technique in treatment of varicocele.

A Modified Transurethral Stenting Technique for (Robot-Assisted) Laparoscopic Ureteral Reimplantation.

BACKGROUND: Ureteral stenting is a technique-demanding procedure performed during robot-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation (RALUR). Many stenting techniques have been reported; however, none of them could be accepted as an ideal way. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to report our initial results of a modified stenting technique for RALUR. METHODS: Consecutive 4 patients undergoing RALUR were prospectively enrolled into our study. Our ureteral stenting technique included the following steps: catheterize a head-cut Foley catheter at the beginning of the operation, drag out the Foley catheter from the ureterovesical stoma after finishing posterior anatomosis, insert a guide wire through the catheter to the ureter lumen, and place the double-J (DJ) stent over the guide wire with a pusher. RESULTS: All surgeries were successfully performed without severe complications. The mean stenting time was 1.6 min. No submucosa pseudocanal was found during stenting. DJ stent was removed 4 weeks after surgery. During the 3-month follow-up, it was observed that no vesicoureteral reflux or ureter stricture was found. CONCLUSIONS: Our ureteral stenting technique is an effective, simple, and safe procedure in RALUR, and could also be performed in laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation.

Long non-coding RNA ARAP1-AS1 promotes the progression of bladder cancer by regulating miR-4735-3p/NOTCH2 axis.

Accumulative reports have documented the critical functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the progression of malignant tumors, including bladder cancer (BCa). LncRNA ARAP1-AS1 was chosen to be the object of this study due to it was significantly upregulated in the BCa samples of TCGA database. qRT-PCR further validated the dysregulation of ARAP1-AS1 in 88 pairs of BCa tissues and six BCa cells. Kaplan Meier analysis was utilized to analyze the prognostic value of ARAP1-AS1 for patients with BCa. To evaluate the oncogenic property of ARAP1-AS1 in bladder cancer, loss-of-function assays were conducted in two BCa cells in which ARAP1-AS1 was expressed highest. Mechanically, ARAP1-AS1 was enriched in the cytoplasm of BCa cells, suggesting that ARAP1-AS1 might act as a ceRNA to regulate gene expression and biological processes in bladder cancer. It was certified that ARAP1-AS1 can bind with miR-4735-3p in BCa cells. Moreover, functional assays supported the hypothesis that miR-4735-3p is a tumor suppressor in BCa. Additionally, NOTCH2 mRNA could be targeted by miR-4735-3p in BCa cells. The results of all mechanism experiments indicated that ARAP1-AS1 regulated miR-4735-3p/NOTCH2 axis in BCa by acting as a ceRNA. All our research findings may bring novel insights into the treatment of bladder cancer.

[Roles of Donor/Recipient Body Surface Area Ratio and Donor Kidney Glomerular Filtration Rate in Kidney Selection for Living Transplantation from Family Members].

Background: Accurate assessing donor renal function is crucial to the success of living kidney transplants. We studied the roles of donor kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and donor/recipient body surface area (BSA) ratio in kidney selection for living transplantation from family members. Methods: We included 204 recipients who were subjected to living kidney transplantation from family members in our hospital from February 2011 to February 2015 and followed up for over 2 years. Recipients were divided into six groups according to donor GFR and donor/recipient BSA ratio. The effects of donor GFR or donor/recipient BSA ratio on the recovery of renal graft functions were evaluated. Results: The post-operative serum creatinine (SCr) reduction rate, steady-state SCr level, and estimated GFR (eGFR) of the group with donor GFR ≥ 40 ml/min were slightly higher to those of the group with donor GFR < 40 ml/min (p > 0.05). The renal function recovery of the group with donor/recipient BSA ratio ≤ 0.8 was significantly lower than that of the group with donor/recipient BSA ratio ≥ 1.2 (p < 0.05). The post-operative SCr reduction rate, steady-state SCr level, and eGFR of the group with GFR < 40 ml/min and donor/recipient BSA ratio ≤ 0.8 were all significantly lower than those of the other five groups (P < 0.05). Such values of the two groups with donor/recipient BSA ratio >1.2 were significantly higher than those of the other four groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The selection of donor kidneys from relatives for living kidney transplantation should also consider donor/recipient BSA ratio in addition to donor GFR.

Lentivirus-Mediated Silencing of Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 2 Inhibits Release of Inflammatory Cytokines and Apoptosis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Via Inhibition of the TLR4/NF-kB Pathway in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Renal reperfusion injury occurs after the blood flow to the ischemic kidney is re-established under various clinical conditions, such as organ transplantation, renal artery stenosis, embolic disease, and the repair of descending aortic. The current study aims to explore the effects of src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) on the release of inflammatory cytokines and the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS: A total of 60 normal clean Sprague Dawley (SD) (WT) rats were used in this study. The levels of creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The apoptosis in renal tissue was detected by TUNEL assay. The renal tubular epithelial cells of rats were cultured, infected and treated with different lentivirus vectors. The serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1ß and SHP27 were measured. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerases chain reaction and Western blot analysis were performed to measure the expression of relevant genes and proteins. Furthermore, the effect of SHP-2 on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells was also investigated. RESULTS: In the serum of rats with renal I/R injury and prolonged reperfusion time, the contents of Cr and BUN were increased, the positive expression of SHP-2 was higher, the level of apoptosis was promoted, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1ß and SHP27 expression in the serum was increased, the expression of SHP2, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α and Bax was up-regulated, and the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated. Lentivirus-mediated silencing of SHP-2 promoted the proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells, inhibited their apoptosis, and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors in these cells by functionally suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that lentivirus-mediated silencing of SHP-2 inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokines and the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells, and promoted the proliferation of these cells by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with renal I/R injury.

Upregulation of Long Noncoding RNA TUG1 Promotes Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Inhibiting miR-29c.

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) plays an important role in the development and progression of numerous cancers, including BC. However, the exact role of TUG1 in modulating BC progression is still poorly known. In this study, we found that TUG1 was upregulated and microRNA-29c (miR-29c) was downregulated in BC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of TUG1 promoted the cell proliferation of T24 and EJ cells, whereas TUG1 knockdown had the opposite effect. Upregulation of TUG1 obviously facilitated the migration and invasion of T24 and EJ cells. In contrast, TUG1 silencing repressed the migration and invasion of T24 and EJ cells. Furthermore, TUG1 knockdown markedly increased the expression of miR-29c in vitro. On the contrary, overexpression of TUG1 remarkably decreased the expression of miR-29c. Transfection with plasmids containing mutant TUG1 has no effect on the expression of miR-29c. There were direct interactions between miR-29c and the binding sites of TUG1. In addition, the inhibitory effects of small interfering RNA specific for TUG1 on BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were reversed by downregulation of miR-29c. Collectively, our study strongly demonstrates that TUG1 promotes BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by inhibiting miR-29c, suggesting that lncRNA TUG1 may be a promising target for BC gene therapy.

Hypoxia-Responsive Mir-301a and Mir-301b Promote Radioresistance of Prostate Cancer Cells via Downregulating NDRG2.

BACKGROUND MiR-301a and miR-301b are 2 oncomiRs involved in multiple types of cancer. In this study, we explored the expression change of miR-301a and miR-301b in prostate cancer cells in hypoxia and studied their regulation of autophagy and radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS QRT-PCR was performed to quantify the expression change of miR-301a and miR-301b in hypoxia. Their effects on autophagy were measured by Western blot analysis, and their effects on radiosensitivity were measured by clonogenic assay and flow cytometry. In addition, the regulation of miR-301a and miR-301b on NDRG2, a tumor-suppressor gene in prostate cancer, was also studied. The effect of miR-301a/b-NDRG2 axis on autophagy and radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cells was further investigated. RESULTS MiR-301a and miR-301b are 2 hypoxia responsive miRNAs that are significantly upregulated in hypoxia in prostate cancer cells. Higher level of miR-301a and miR-301b expression results in elevated autophagy and increased radioresistance in LNCaP cells. MiR-301a and miR-301b simultaneously target NDRG2 and decrease its expression. Knockdown of NDRG2 leads to increased autophagy and radioresistance. CONCLUSIONS MiR-301a and miR-301b are 2 hypoxia-responsive miRNAs that decrease autophagy of prostate cancer cells in hypoxia by targeting NDRG2. Through downregulating NDRG2, miR-301a and miR-301b can promote radioresistance of prostate cancer cells.

Identification of new hub genes associated with bladder carcinoma via bioinformatics analysis.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Bladder carcinoma (BC) is one of the most common malignant cancers worldwide. Several genes related to the mechanism of BC have been studied in recent years, but the current understanding of BC is still rather limited. This study aimed to find new differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the occurrence and development of BC. METHODS: In this work, we downloaded gene expression data from Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number GSE27448, which included 10 GeneChips from urinary BC tissues and 5 from normal tissues. DEGs were identified by the LIMMA package in R. Then the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) networks were analyzed with the database of Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, and gene ontology (GO) was applied to explore the underlying function of the DEGs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. RESULTS: A total of 2,068 DEGs were found between BC and normal tissues. These genes were involved in 49 functional clusters. The top 10 highest degree nodes, such as POLR2F/2H (DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide F/polypeptide H) and RPS14/15 (ribosomal protein S14/S15), were proven to be hub nodes in the PPIs network. ITGA7 (integrin, alpha 7), GRB14 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 14), CDC20 (cell division cycle 20) and PSMB1 (proteasome subunit, beta type, 1) were significant DEGs identified in the functional clusters. CONCLUSIONS: Genes such as POLR2F/2H, RPS14/15, ITGA7, GRB14, CDC20 and PSMB1 were forecast to play important roles in the occurrence and progression of BC.

Overexpression of flotillin-1 is involved in proliferation and recurrence of bladder transitional cell carcinoma.

Flotillin-1 (FLOT1) is known to have a role in tumorigenesis; however, the effect of FLOT1 on proliferation and recurrence of human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is unclear. Samples from 156 TCC patients and 142 patients undergoing open bladder surgery for indications other than TCC were used in the present study. FLOT1 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, and mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. A FLOT1-expressing pcDEF3 vector was stably transfected into 4 TCC cell lines and FLOT1 expression was decreased by RNAi. Proliferative analysis of TCC cells was detected by the WST-1 assay and a xenograft model using BALB/C nude mice. The association between FLOT1 expression and TCC recurrence was also analyzed by adhesion, migration and invasion assays. FLOT1 expression in TCC was significantly overexpressed compared to normal urothelial tissue, and the level of FLOT1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size, pathologic grade, clinical stage and recurrence. In addition, FLOT1 significantly increased the proliferative ability of TCC cells in vitro and in vivo. TCC cells with a high level of FLOT1 expression exhibited a higher level of adhesion, migration and invasion. FLOT1 expression was shown to be upregulated in human TCC. These findings suggest that FLOT1 plays an important role in the proliferation and recurrence of TCC and that silencing FLOT1 expression might be a novel therapeutic strategy.