Reliability and Validity of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Spanish Version in University Students.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) scale in Colombian university students. METHODS: This was a methodological study to verify reliability and construct validity. A total of 763 undergraduate university students in Cali, Colombia, agreed to participate in the study by filling out a form that included information on sociodemographic characteristics and the HPLP-II scale Spanish version. Data were collected between February and June 2021. To determine construct validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and internal consistency was determined through Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis of the proposed theoretical model showed that the goodness-of-fit indices of the scale demonstrated an acceptable level of validity nearing an excellent level of fit (χ2 = 7168.98; gl = 1268; p < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation = 0.08; normed fit index, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.95). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.94, and the subscales ranged from 0.68 to 0.89. CONCLUSIONS: The HPLP-II Spanish version is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the health-promoting lifestyle profile of university students.

Effectiveness of an Interpersonal Influence Intervention to Increase Commitment to Adopt Health-Promoting Behavior in Nursing Students.

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of the "interpersonal influence intervention" conducted by health professionals to increase the commitment to adopt health-promoting behavior in nursing students compared to the usual care of a university wellness program. Patients and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was performed. The study included 114 nursing students from a university in Cali, Colombia, who were divided into a control group (n = 57) that received usual care and an experimental group (n = 57) that received the intervention designed and validated according to Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model. The main outcome was the lifestyle measured before and after the test using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Spanish version. The effect of the intervention was carried out through the average comparison, effect size measures were calculated using Cohen's d and analysis of the effect of possible confounding variables on the intervention (ANCOVA). Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the experimental group and the control group (p = 0.015; 95% CI -0.42, -0.05). The effect size of the intervention was 0.49. The interpersonal influences exhibited by health professionals can increase the commitment to adopt health-promoting behaviors (Hypothesis 1), and the greater the commitment to a specific action plan, the more likely it is that health-promoting behaviors will be maintained over time (Hypothesis 2). Conclusion: The effectiveness of the intervention interpersonal influences exerted by health professionals to increase the commitment to adopt health-promoting behavior is proven. Evidence demonstrates the practical utility of the Health Promotion Model.

Validez y confiabilidad de un instrumento para identificar factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento en personas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular

Introducción: Es necesario contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables para identificar los factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento en personas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. En Colombia, Bonilla y Gutiérrez diseñaron un instrumento que cuenta con validez facial y de contenido. Sin embargo, no se ha demostrado la validez de constructo. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de constructo y confiabilidad del instrumento, factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico en personas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Metodología: Investigación metodológica. Participaron 694 personas con factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular residentes en tres ciudades de Colombia (Neiva, Espinal y Tunja). Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (extracción de componentes principales y rotación Varimax), análisis factorial confirmatorio (estimación de máxima verosimilitud) y una prueba de confiabilidad global y por dimensiones (alfa de Cronbach y Test-retest). Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio reportó un instrumento de 30 ítems con estructura de 4 factores (varianza total acumulada de 42,6 %). Los índices de ajuste del modelo propuesto indicaron ajuste absoluto excelente y ajuste incremental aceptable. El alfa de Cronbach global fue 0,86, lo que indica alta confiabilidad. Discusión: El estudio proporciona evidencia de un instrumento más robusto que otras versiones. Los instrumentos estandarizados para medir factores que influyen en la adherencia pueden ser muy útiles para la investigación y la práctica si cumplen con pruebas psicométricas de fiabilidad y validez. Conclusión: Se pone a disposición de los investigadores y del personal de salud un instrumento válido y confiable. Se recomienda su uso en poblaciones similares a la de este estudio.

Introduction: It is necessary to have valid and reliable instruments to identify the factors that influence adherence to treatment in people with cardiovascular risk factors. In Colombia, Bonilla y Gutierrez designed an instrument that has face and content validity. However, construct validity has not been demonstrated. Objective: To determine the construct validity and reliability of the instrument, factors that influence adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment in people with cardiovascular risk factors. Methodology: Methodological research. A total of 694 people with risk factors for cardiovascular disease residing in three Colombian cities (Neiva, Espinal and Tunja) participated. Exploratory factor analysis (extraction of principal components and Varimax rotation), confirmatory factor analysis (maximum likelihood estimation) and global and dimensional reliability test (Cronbach's alpha and Test-retest) were performed. Results: The exploratory factor analysis reported a 30-item instrument with a 4-factor structure (total cumulative variance of 42.6%). The fit indices of the proposed model indicated excellent absolute fit and acceptable incremental fit. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.86, indicating high reliability. Discussion: The study provides evidence of a more robust instrument than other versions. Standardized instruments to measure factors that influence adherence can be very useful for research and practice if they meet psychometric tests of reliability and validity. Conclusion: A valid and reliable instrument is made available to researchers and health personnel. Its use is recommended in populations similar to that of this study.

Influence of Personal Factors on Health-Promoting Behavior in College Students: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine how personal factors influence health-promoting behavior in university students using a structural equation modeling approach guided by the Health Promotion Model. Patients and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. The study included 763 health science students from four universities in Cali, Colombia, who answered a questionnaire on personal factors and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, Spanish version, which was validated in the study population. The direct and indirect relationships between personal factors and health-promoting behaviors were assessed using structural equation modeling. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. Results: A significant relationship was noted between the biological and psychological personal factors of the measurement model (p < 0.05). Psychological personal factors (self-esteem and perceived health status) positively influence health promoting behavior in university students (Hypothesis 2). It's not possible to demonstrate that health promoting behavior is positively influenced by personal biological factors (Hypothesis 1) and by personal sociocultural factors (Hypothesis 3). Conclusion: There is a need for interventions that help improve the health-promoting lifestyle profile and are focused on enhancing the self-esteem and perceived health status of university students.

Riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes escolarizados / Risk of suicide in schooled adolescents

Resumen Introducción: El riesgo de suicidio aumenta durante la adolescencia por factores que actúan acumulativamente. El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores asociados al peligro de suicidio en adolescentes escolarizados. Materiales y métodos: En una muestra de 565 adolescentes escolarizados se midió el riesgo de suicidio a través de la escala de Plutchick y se identificó su asociación con el género, funcionamiento familiar, ser víctima de desplazamiento forzado, tener antecedentes familiares de intento y/o suicidio consumado, síntomas psiquiátricos, dependencia a sustancias psicoactivas, acoso escolar y adicción al internet, por medio de la aplicación de instrumentos válidos y confiables. Resultados: Un 28,8 % de los adolescentes escolarizados presentó riesgo de suicidio. La mayoría de los factores estudiados se asociaron al riesgo de suicidio, tales como el género (χ² = 14,539a; gl = 1; p = 0,000), víctima de desplazamiento (χ² = 4,095a; gl = 1; p = 0,043), antecedentes familiares de suicidio e intento de suicidio (χ² = 54,891a; gl = 1; p = 0,000), funcionalidad familiar (χ² = 82,819a; gl = 3; p = 0,000), síntomas psiquiátricos (χ² = 187,915a; gl = 1; p = 0,000), consumo de riesgo de marihuana (χ² = 6,830a; gl = 1; p = 0,009), cocaína (χ² = 6,023a; gl = 1; p = 0,014) y tranquilizantes (χ² = 6,354a; gl = 1; p = 0,012), acoso escolar (χ² = 8,754a; gl = 1; p = 0,003) y adicción al internet (χ² = 16,486a; gl = 1; p = 0,000). Conclusión: El riesgo de suicidio en los adolescentes escolarizados está asociado a varios factores, es decir es un fenómeno multifactorial, por lo que se sugiere estrategias integrales de prevención con enfoque de gestión integral de riesgos, que permitan identificar tempranamente el riesgo de suicidio para priorizar las medidas preventivas y terapéuticas como parte integral del proceso educativo de los adolescentes.

Abstract Introduction: The risk of suicide increases during adolescence due to risk factors that act cumulatively. The objetive of the study was to identify the factors associated with the risk of suicide in adolescents enrolled in school. Materials and methods: In a sample of 565 adolescents enrolled in school, the risk of suicide was measured using the Plutchick scale and its association with gender, family functioning, being a victim of forced displacement, having a family history of attempted and / or completed suicide, psychiatric symptoms, psychoactive substances dependence, bullying and internet addiction, through the application of valid and reliable instruments. Results: 28,8 % of school adolescents presented risk of suicide. Most of the factors studied were associated with risk of suicide, such as gender (χ² = 14,539a; gl = 1; p = 0,000), victim of displacement (χ² = 4,095a; gl = 1; p = 0,043), family history of suicide and suicide attempt (χ² = 54,891a; gl = 1; p = 0,000), family functionality (χ² = 82,819a; gl = 3; p = 0,000), psychiatric symptoms (χ² = 187,915a; gl = 1; p = 0,000), risky consumption of marijuana (χ² = 6,830a; df = 1; p = 0,009), cocaine (χ² = 6,023a; df = 1; p = 0,014) and tranquilizers (χ² = 6,354a; gl = 1; p = 0,012), bullying (χ² = 8,754a; gl = 1; p = 0,003) and internet addiction (χ² = 16,486a; gl = 1; p = 0,000). Conclusion: The risk of suicide in school adolescents is associated with several factors, that is, it is a multi- factorial phenomenon, so comprehensive prevention strategies with a comprehensive risk management approach are suggested, which allow early identification of suicide risk to prioritize measures. preventive and therapeutic as an integral part of the educational process of adolescents.

Design and Validation of a Self-care Evaluation Instrument to Prevent Diabetic Foot.

OBJECTIVES: This work sought to design and validate a self-care instrument to prevent diabetic foot in Colombian adults with diabetes. METHODS: Psychometric study in which an instrument was designed to measure self-care to prevent diabetic foot according to the Medium Range Theory of Self-care in chronic diseases. With a sample of 230 people with type-2 diabetes, construct validity was determined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Favorable evidence of construct validity was obtained with a model consisting of three scales: self-care maintenance with a three-factor structure (accumulated variance 43%), α = 0.7, with good fit (𝜒2= 64.698, p = 0.001; RMSEA = 0.066; RMSSR = 0.071; CFI = 0.936, NNFI = 0.910). Monitoring of self-care with presence of symptoms a two-factor structure was found, α = 0.950, with good fit (𝜒2 = 266.837, p = 0.000; RMSEA = 0.321; RMSSR = 0.057; CFI = 0.848; NNFI = 0.789); and without symptoms, a single-factor structure (cumulative variance 84%), α = 0.9, acceptable fit (𝜒2= 377.327, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.355; RMSSR = 0.073; CFI = 0.832; NNFI = 0.764). And self-care management with two-factor structure (cumulative variance 53.7%) α = 0.7, with good fit (𝜒2 = 14.317, p = 0.014; RMSEA = 0.144; RMSSR = 0.063; CFI = 0.905; NNFI = 0.809). CONCLUSIONS: The resulting instrument has adequate psychometric properties, consistent with the theoretical model of self-care in chronic diseases. Its use is recommended to evaluate self-care to prevent diabetic foot in populations similar to the study population.

Design and Validation of a Self-care Evaluation Instrument to Prevent Diabetic Foot / Diseño y validación de un instrumento para la evaluación del autocuidado para la prevención del pie diabético / Desenho e validação do instrumento de avaliação de autocuidado para prevenir pé diabético

Objective. This work sought to design and validate a self-care instrument to prevent diabetic foot in Colombian adults with diabetes. Methods. Psychometric study in which an instrument was designed to measure self-care to prevent diabetic foot according to the Medium Range Theory of Self-care in chronic diseases. With a sample of 230 people with type-2 diabetes, construct validity was determined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results. Favorable evidence of construct validity was obtained with a model consisting of three scales: self-care maintenance with a three-factor structure (accumulated variance 43%), α = 0.7, with good fit (x2= 64.698, p = 0.001; RMSEA = 0.066; RMSSR = 0.071; CFI = 0.936, NNFI = 0.910). Monitoring of self-care with presence of symptoms a two-factor structure was found, α = 0.950, with good fit (x2= 266.837, p = 0.000; RMSEA = 0.321; RMSSR = 0.057; CFI = 0.848; NNFI = 0.789); and without symptoms, a single-factor structure (cumulative variance 84%), α = 0.9, acceptable fit (x2= 377.327, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.355; RMSSR = 0.073; CFI = 0.832; NNFI = 0.764). And self-care management with two-factor structure (cumulative variance 53.7%) α = 0.7, with good fit (x2= 14.317, p = 0.014; RMSEA = 0.144; RMSSR = 0.063; CFI = 0.905; NNFI = 0.809). Conclusions. The resulting instrument has adequate psychometric properties, consistent with the theoretical model of self-care in chronic diseases. Its use is recommended to evaluate self-care to prevent diabetic foot in populations similar to the study population.

Objetivo. Diseñar y validar un instrumento de autocuidado para prevenir el pie diabético en adultos colombianos con diabetes. Métodos. Estudio psicométrico en el que se diseñó un instrumento para la evaluación del autocuidado para prevención el pie según la Teoría de Mediano Rango del Autocuidado en enfermedades crónicas. Con una muestra de 230 personas con diabetes tipo 2, se determinó la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. La consis-tencia interna se calculó con el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Se obtuvo evidencia favorable de validez de constructo con un modelo formado por tres escalas: manteni¬miento del autocuidado con una estructura de tres factores (varian¬za acumulada 43 %), α = 0,7 con buen ajuste (x2 = 64.698, p = 0,001; RMSEA = 0.066; SRMR = 0.071; CFI = 0.936, NNFI = 0.910); monitoreo del autocuidado con la presencia de síntomas halló una estructura bifactorial (varianza acumulada 74.8 %) α = 0.950, con buen ajuste (x2 = 266.83, p < 0,0001; RMSEA = 0.321; SRMR = 0.057; CFI = 0.848; NNFI = 0.789) y sin presencia de síntomas con una estructura unifactorial (varianza acumulada 84 %) α = 0,9 con ajuste aceptable (x2 = 377.327, p <0.01; RMSEA = 0.355; SRMR = 0.073; CFI = 0,832; NNFI = 0.764) y la tercera escala gestión del autocuidado con una estructura bifactorial (varianza acumulada 53.7%) α = 0.7, con buen ajuste (x2= 14.317, p = 014; RMSEA = 0.144; SRMR = 0.063; CFI = 0.905; NNFI = 0.809). Conclusión. El instrumento resultante posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas, coherente con el modelo teórico del autocuidado en enfermedades crónicas. Se recomienda su uso para la evaluación del autocuidado para la prevención del pie diabético en poblaciones similares a la población de estudio.

Objetivo. Desenhar e validar o instrumento de autocuidado para prevenir o pé diabético em adultos colombianos com diabetes. Métodos. Estudo psicométrico no qual foi elaborado um instrumento para avaliação do autocuidado para prevenção do pé de acordo com a Teoria de Médio Alcance do Autocuidado em doenças crônicas. Com uma amostra de 230 pessoas com diabetes tipo 2, a validade de construto foi determinada por análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória. A consistência interna ¬foi calculada pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Evidência favorável de validade de construto foi obtida com um modelo composto por três escalas: ¬manutenção do autocuidado com estrutura de três fatores (variância cumulativa 43%), α = 0.7 com bom ajuste (x2 = 64.698, p =0,001; RMSEA = 0.066 , SRMR = 0.071, CFI = 0.936, NNFI = 0.910); monitoramento do autocuidado com a presença de sintomas, foi encontrada uma estrutura bifatorial (variância acumulada 74,8%) α = 0.950, com bom ajuste (x2 = 266.83, p < 0.0001; RMSEA = 0.321; SRMR = 0.057; CFI = 0.848; NNFI = 0.789) e sem a presença de sintomas com estrutura unifatorial (variância cumulativa 84%) α = 0.9 com ajuste aceitável (x2 = 377.327, p <0.01; RMSEA = 0.355; SRMR = 0.073; CFI = 0.832; NNFI = 0.764) e a terceira escala de gestão do autocuidado com estrutura bifatorial (variância cumulativa 53.7%) α = 0.7, com bom ajuste (x2 = 14.317, p = 014; RMSEA = 0.144; SRMR = 0.063; CFI = 0.905; NNFI = 0.809). Conclusão. O instrumento resultante apresenta propriedades psicométricas adequadas, condizentes com o modelo teórico de autocuidado em doenças crônicas. Seu uso é recomendado para avaliação do autocuidado para prevenção do pé diabético em populações semelhantes à população do estudo.

Intervención de enfermería toma de decisiones para el manejo de síntomas en personas con falla cardíaca / Nursing intervention, decision-making for symptom management of people with heart failure / Intervenção da enfermagem toma de decisões para o manejo de sintomas em pessoas com falha cardíaca

Resumen Objetivo: determinar la efectividad de la intervención de enfermería toma de decisiones para manejo de los síntomas, para mejorar el autocuidado en personas con falla cardíaca. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un ensayo controlado aleatorizado. De una población de 176 personas con FC de Montería, Colombia, se tomó una muestra de 114 participantes que fueron asignados aleatoriamente al grupo de intervención (n = 57) y grupo control (n = 57). El protocolo de intervención y el material educativo se diseñaron y validaron según la teoría de situación específica autocuidado en falla cardiaca. Para medir los desenlaces (mantenimiento y gestión del autocuidado) todos los participantes diligenciaron la escala Self-Care of Heart Failure Index v6.2 versión español validada en población colombiana, al ingresar al estudio (línea base) y posterior a la intervención (al primer mes y al finalizar la intervención al tercer mes). Los datos se analizaron mediante ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Resultados: hubo una diferencia significativa en el grupo de intervención en comparación con el grupo control tanto en mantenimiento del autocuidado [F (1,103) = 719,6 p = 0,000 (eta cuadrado parcial 𝜂𝑝2= 0,88 (f de Cohen's = 2,6] como en gestión del autocuidado [F (1,74) = 2351,07 p = 0,000 (eta cuadrado parcial 𝜂𝑝2= 0,97 (f de Cohen's = 5,6). Conclusiones: La intervención toma de decisiones para el manejo de los síntomas es efectiva para mejorar el autocuidado en personas con falla cardíaca. Se necesita replicar la intervención en otras poblaciones.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the nursing intervention, decision-making for symptom management to improve self-care in people with heart failure (HF). Materials and methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted. From a population of 176 people with HF from Monteria - Colombia, a sample of 114 participants was taken who were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 57) and the control group (n = 57). The intervention protocol and the educational material were designed and validated according to the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index scale v6.2, Spanish version, validated in the Colombian population, upon entering the study (baseline) and after the intervention (at the first month and at the end of the intervention in the third month). Data were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures. Results: There was a significant difference in the intervention group compared to the control group in both maintenance of self-care [F (1,103) = 719.6 p = 0.000 (partial eta squared 𝜂𝑝2 = 0.88 (Cohen's f = 2.6] and in self-care management [F (1.74) = 2351.07 p = 0.000 (partial eta squared 𝜂𝑝2 = 0.97 (Cohen's f = 5.6). Conclusions: The intervention decision-making for symptom management is effective to improve self-care in people with heart failure, and the intervention needs to be replicated in other populations.

Resumo Objetivo: determinar a efetividade da intervenção da enfermagem toma de decisões para manejo dos sintomas, para melhorar o autocuidado em pessoas com falha cardíaca. Materiais e métodos: Foi feito um ensaio controlado aleatório. De uma população de 176 pessoas com FC de Montería, Colômbia, se tomou uma amostragem de 114 participantes que foram assignados aleatoriamente ao grupo de intervenção (n = 57) e grupo controle (n = 57). O protocolo de intervenção e o material educativo se desenharam e validaram segundo a teoria de situação específica autocuidado em falha cardíaca. Para medir as consequências (manutenção e gestão do autocuidado) todos os participantes preencheram a escada Self-Care of Heart Failure Index v6.2 versão espanhol validada em população colombiana, ao ingressar o estudo (línea base) e posterior à intervenção (ao primeiro mês e ao finalizar a intervenção ao terceiro mês). Os dados se analisaram mediante ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Resultados: houve uma diferença significativa no grupo de intervenção em comparação com o grupo controle tanto em manutenção do autocuidado [F (1,103) = 719,6 p = 0,000 (eta quadrado parcial 𝜂𝑝2= 0,88 (f de Cohen's = 2,6] como em gestão do autocuidado [F (1,74) = 2351,07 p = 0,000 (eta quadrado parcial 𝜂𝑝2= 0,97 (f de Cohen's = 5,6). Conclusões: A intervenção toma de decisões para o manejo dos sintomas é efetiva para melhorar o autocuidado em pessoas com falha cardíaca. Precisa-se replicar a intervenção em outras populações.

Validez y confiabilidad del Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire en pacientes hipertensos colombianos / Validity and reliability of the Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire in Colombian hypertensive patients

Introducción. El Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) permite valorar las representaciones cognitivas que engloban las creencias sobre la medicación de los pacientes, sobre tomar medicamentos para su enfermedad en diferentes culturas. Objetivo. Determinar la validez de constructo y confiabilidad del cuestionario BMQ adaptado a pacientes hipertensos colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio psicométrico de tipo instrumental, realizado en una muestra de 238 pacientes hipertensos en edad promedio de 65 años (DE= 11,4) con predominio del sexo femenino (70%). La validez de constructo se evaluó mediante Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio. Se calculó la confiabilidad utilizando el método coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Se obtuvo una versión reducida de 16 ítems; en la sección BMQ-General los 7 ítems se agruparon en dos factores que explicó el 64% de la varianza común y buen ajuste (χ2= 61.46; gl = 13; p = 0.000; CFI = 0.917; NNFI = 0.89; CFI=0.917; SRMR=0.054; RMSEA = 0.125; IC 90% [0,10, 0,16]). En el BMQ-Específico los 9 ítems agrupados en dos factores que explicaron el 63,17% de la varianza común con un ajuste aceptable (χ2 = 122.4; gl = 26; p = 0.000; CFI = 0.88; NNFI = 0.84; CFI=0.88; SRMR=0.106; RMSEA = 0.125; IC 90% [0.10, 0.15]). La confiabilidad por alfa de Cronbach para el BMQ-General y Específico fue de 0.82 y 0.78 respectivamente. Discusión y conclusiones. La versión del BMQ adaptada a pacientes hipertensos colombianos, poseen características psicométricas adecuadas, su uso es recomendado en la investigación.

Introduction. The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) allows the assessment of cognitive representations encompassing patients' medication beliefs about taking medication for their disease in different cultures. Objective. To determine the construct validity and reliability of the BMQ questionnaire adapted to Colombian hypertensive patients. Materials and methods. An instrumental psychometric study was carried out in a sample of 238 hypertensive patients with an average age of 65 years (SD= 11.4), with a predominance of women (70%). Construct validity was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient method. Results. A reduced version of 16 items was obtained; in the BMQ-General section the 7 items were grouped into two factors that explained 64% of the common variance and good fit (χ2= 61.46; gl = 13; p = 0.000; CFI = 0.917; NNFI = 0.89; CFI=0.917; SRMR=0.054; RMSEA = 0.125; IC 90% [0,10, 0,16]). In the BMQ-Specific the 9 items grouped into two factors explained 63.17% of the common variance with an acceptable fit (χ2 = 122.4; gl = 26; p = 0.000; CFI = 0.88; NNFI = 0.84; CFI=0.88; SRMR=0.106; RMSEA = 0.125; IC 90% [0.10, 0.15]). The Cronbach's alpha reliability for the BMQ-General and Specific was 0.82 and 0.78, respectively. Discussion and conclusions. The version of the BMQ adapted to Colombian hypertensive patients has adequate psychometric characteristics and its use is recommended in research.

Introdução. O Beliefs About Nedicines Questionnaire (BMQ) permite a avaliação de representações cognitivas abrangendo as crenças dos pacientes sobre os de medicamentos e seu uso para suas doenças em diferentes culturas. Objetivo. Determinar a validade de constructo e a confiabilidade do questionário BMQ adaptado a pacientes hipertensos colombianos. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo psicométrico instrumental em uma amostra de 238 pacientes hipertensos com idade média de 65 anos (DE = 11,4), com predominância de mulheres (70%). A validade de constructo foi avaliada mediante Análise Fatorial Exploratória e Confirmatória de Fatores. A confiabilidade foi calculada usando o método do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Uma versão reduzida de 16 itens foi obtida; na seção BMQ-General os 7 itens foram agrupados em dois fatores que explicaram 64% da variância comum e bom ajuste (χ2= 61.46; gl = 13; p = 0.000; CFI = 0.917; NNFI = 0.89; CFI=0.917; SRMR=0.054; RMSEA = 0.125; IC 90% [0,10, 0,16]). No BMQ-Específico os 9 itens agrupados em dois fatores explicaram 63,17% da variância comum com um ajuste aceitável (χ2 = 122.4; gl = 26; p = 0.000; CFI = 0.88; NNFI = 0.84; CFI=0.88; SRMR=0.106; RMSEA = 0.125; IC 90% [0.10, 0.15]).. A confiabilidade alfa de Cronbach para o BMQ-General e Específico foi de 0,82 e 0,78 respectivamente. Discussão e conclusões. A versão do BMQ adaptada aos pacientes hipertensos colombianos tem características psicométricas adequadas e seu uso é recomendado na pesquisa.

Validez y confiabilidad del Self- Care of Hypertension Inventory, versión español colombiano / Validade e confiabilidade da Escala de Autocuidado de Hipertensão, versão em espanhol colombiano / Validity and reliability of the Self-Care of Hypertension Inventory, Colombian Spanish version

Objetivo: determinar la validez de constructo y la consistencia interna del instrumento Self-Care of Hypertension Inventory (SC-HI v.2.0), traducido al español, en adultos colombianos con hipertensión arterial. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo metodológico en el que se realizó traducción, adaptación cultural y validez de contenido mediante juicio de expertos. Con una muestra de 290 personas hipertensas, se determinó la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (análisis de componentes principales con rotación Varimax con normalización Kaiser) y confirmatorio (análisis de máxima verosimilitud). La consistencia interna se calculó a través del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: en la escala Mantenimiento del autocuidado resultó una estructura de dos factores (varianza acumulada 61 %) con buen ajuste (χ2 = 104,570; p = 0,000; RMSEA = 0,125; SRMR = 0,156; CFI = 0,856; NNFI = 0,767). En Gestión del autocuidado se obtuvo una estructura bifactorial (varianza acumulada 71 %) igualmente con buen ajuste (χ2 = 6,598; p = 0,582; RMSEA = 0,000; SRMR = 0,072; CFI = 1,000; NNFI = 1,032). En Confianza resultó una estructura bifactorial (varianza acumulada 82%) también con buen ajuste (χ2 = 94,991; p = 0,000; RMSEA = 0,194; SRMR = 0,106; CFI = 0,934; NNFI = 0,876). El alfa de Cronbach para mantenimiento (0,64), gestión (0,70) y confianza (0,86) fue aceptable. Conclusiones: el SC-HI v.2.0 versión español colombiano posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas, por lo que su uso es recomendado en la investigación para medir el autocuidado en poblaciones con características similares.

Objetivo: determinar a validade de construto e a consistência interna do instrumento Escala de Autocuidado de Hipertensão (SC-HI v.2.0) traduzido para o espanhol, em adultos colombianos com hipertensão arterial. Materiais e métodos: estudo metodológico em que se realizou tradução, adaptação cultural e validade de conteúdo por meio do julgamento de especialistas. Com uma amostra de 290 hipertensos, a validade de construto foi determinada mediante análise fatorial exploratória (análise de componentes principais com rotação Varimax com normalização Kaiser) e confirmatória (análise de máxima verossimilhança). A consistência interna foi calculada por meio do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: a escala de manutenção do autocuidado resultou em uma estrutura de dois fatores (variância acumulada 61 %), com bom ajuste (χ2 = 104,570; p = 0,000; RMSEA = 0,125; SRMR = 0,156; CFI = 0,856; NNFI = 0,767). Na gestão do autocuidado, foi obtida uma estrutura bifatorial (variância acumulada 71 %), com bom ajuste (χ2 = 6,598; p = 0,582; RMSEA = 0,000; SRMR = 0,072; CFI = 1,000; NNFI = 1,032). Na confiança, resultou uma estrutura bifatorial (variância acumulada 82 %), com bom ajuste (χ2 = 94,991; p = 0,000; RMSEA = 0,194; SRMR = 0,106; CFI = 0,934; NNFI = 0,876). O alfa de Cronbach para manutenção (0,64), gerenciamento (0,70) e confiança (0,86) foi aceitável. Conclusões: o SC-HI v.2.0 versão em espanhol variante colombiana apresenta propriedades psicométricas adequadas, portanto seu uso é recomendado em pesquisas para mensurar o autocuidado em populações com características semelhantes às do presente estudo.

Objective: To determine the construct validity and internal consistency of the instrument Self- Care of Hypertension Inventory (SC-HI v.2.0) translated into Spanish in Colombian adults with arterial hypertension. Materials and methods: Methodological study in which translation, cultural adaptation and content validity were carried out through expert judgment. With a sample of 290 hypertensive individuals, construct validity was determined by exploratory (principal component analysis with Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization) and confirmatory factor analysis (maximum likelihood analysis). Internal consistency was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results:The self-care maintenance scale resulted in a two-factor structure (accumulated variance 61%) with good fit (χ2 = 104.570; p = 0.000; RMSEA = 0.125; SRMR = 0.156; CFI = 0.856; NNFI = 0.767). Self-care management reported a bifactorial structure (accumulated variance 71%) with good fit (χ2 = 6.598; p = 0.582; RMSEA = 0.000; SRMR = 0.072; CFI = 1.000; NNFI = 1.032). Finally, confidence scale also resulted in a bifactorial structure (accumulated variance 82%) with good fit (χ2 = 94.991, p = 0.000; RMSEA = 0.194; SRMR = 0.106; CFI = 0.934; NNFI = 0.876). Cronbach's alpha for maintenance (0.64), management (0.70), and confidence (0.86) was acceptable. Conclusions: The SC-HI v.2.0 in Spanish has adequate psychometric properties. Therefore, its use is recommended in research studies aimed at measuring self-care in populations with similar characteristics to that addressed in this study.

Toma de decisiones para el manejo de los síntomas de falla cardíaca protocolo de intervención / Decision-making for managing heart failure symptoms: intervention protocol

Resumen Objetivo: Dar a conocer el diseño, implementación y evaluación de una intervención de enfermería: "Toma de decisiones para el manejo de los síntomas en adultos con falla cardíaca". Métodos: Se realizó un proceso sistemático propuesto por Sidani y Braden que contempla cuatro fases: diseño de la intervención, operacionalización de la intervención en un manual de intervención, estudio de aceptabilidad, viabilidad y efectividad de la intervención y traducción de la intervención. Resultados: Se diseñó la intervención según los postulados de la teoría de situación específica autocuidado en falla cardíaca, centrada en la toma de decisiones para el manejo de los síntomas en adultos con falla cardíaca. Los expertos (n = 5) evaluaron satisfactoriamente el nivel teórico del protocolo (índice de cumplimiento 90 %). La tasa de reclutamiento de los participantes fue exitosa (91,6 %). En una muestra final para el análisis (n = 105) se halló una mejora significativa en el grupo de intervención (n = 53) en el mantenimiento del autocuidado [F (1,103) = 719,6; p = 0,000; η 2 p = 0,88 (f de Cohen's = 2,65)] y en la gestión del autocuidado [F (174) = 23501,07; p = 0,000; η 2 p = 0,97 (f de Cohen's = 5,6)] comparado con el grupo de control (n = 52) que recibió la atención habitual. Conclusiones: Se demuestra la fidelidad teórica y operacional, la factibilidad y efectividad del protocolo de una intervención de enfermería para mejorar el autocuidado en adultos con falla cardíaca con un tamaño de efecto grande.

Resumo Objetivo: Apresentar a criação, a implementação e a avaliação de uma intervenção de enfermagem: "Tomada de decisões para o gerenciamento dos sintomas em adultos com insuficiência cardíaca". Métodos: Realizou-se um processo sistemático proposto por Sidani e Braden que contempla quatro fases: criação da intervenção, operacionalização da intervenção em um manual de intervenção, estudo de aceitabilidade, viabilidade e efetividade da intervenção e tradução da intervenção. Resultados: Criou-se a intervenção segundo os postulados da teoria de situação específica autocuidado em insuficiência cardíaca, centrada na tomada de decisões para o gerenciamento dos sintomas em adultos com insuficiência cardíaca. Os especialistas (n = 5) avaliaram satisfatoriamente o nível teórico do protocolo (índice de cumprimento 90 %). A taxa de recrutamento dos participantes foi bem-sucedida (91,6 %). Em uma amostra final para a análise (n = 105), descobriu-se uma melhora significativa no grupo de intervenção (n = 53) na manutenção do autocuidado [F (1,103) = 719,6; p = 0,000; η 2 p =0,88 (f de Cohen's = 2,65)] e na gestão do auto-cuidado [F (1,74) = 23501,07; p = 0,000; η 2 p =0,97 (f de Cohen's = 5,6)] comparado com o grupo de controle (n = 52) que recebeu atendimento habitual. Conclusões: Demonstra-se a fidelidade teórica e operacional, a facti-bilidade e a efetividade do protocolo de uma intervenção de enfermagem para melhorar o autocuidado em adultos com insuficiência cardíaca com um tamanho de efeito grande.

Abstract Objective: To expose the design, implementation, and evaluation of a nursing intervention: "Decision-making for the management of symptoms in adults with heart failure". Methods: We realized a systematic process proposed by Sidani and Braden that contemplates four phases: design of the intervention, operationalization of the intervention in an intervention manual, study of acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of the intervention and translation of the intervention. Results: The intervention was designed according to the postulates of the specific situation theory self-care in heart failure, focused on decision-making for the management of symptoms in adults with heart failure. Experts (n = 5) successfully assessed the theoretical level of the protocol (compliance rate 90 %). The recruitment rate of the participants was successful (91.6 %). In a final sample for the analysis (n = 105), a significant improvement was found in the intervention group (n = 53) in the maintenance of self-care [F (1.103) = 719.6; p = 0.000; η 2 p = 0.88 (Cohen's f = 2.65)] and in the management of self-care [F (174) = 23501.07; p = 0.000; η 2 p = 0.97 (Cohen's f = 5.6)] compared to the control group (n = 52) that received the usual attention. Conclusions: It demonstrates the theoretical and operational fidelity, feasibility, and effectiveness of the protocol of a nursing intervention to improve self-care in adults with heart failure with a large effect size.

Design and validation of educational material aimed at adults with Heart Failure / Diseño y validación de material educativo dirigido a adultos con Falla Cardíaca / Desenho e validação do material educativo dirigido a adultos com insuficiência cardíaca

Objective: Design and validate educational material aimed at adults with heart failure as an intervention of the disease centered on the decision making for the management of the symptoms. Materials and methods: Methodological study made following the Guide for the design, use and evaluation of educational material about health and the instrument of Specific Guidelines for the Evaluation of printed education materials developed by the Pan American Health Organization. For the design a group of 2 adults with heart failure, 2 caregivers, 2 nurses and 1 cardiologist participated. The educational material in its preliminary design was subject of evaluation by experts (n=7= and by adults with heart failure (n=10). Results: The design of educational material (pamphlet) is supported by the Situation-specific Theory of heart failure self-care and its empirical indicator is the scale of Self-care of Heart Failure Index. The experts and adults with heart failure who participated on this study agreed that the pamphlet meets the criteria of potential effectiveness on all the educational material. The scores obtained in the specific guidelines indicated that it should be used as designed and some evaluators indicated that the design should have some changes from the preliminary version. The production of the final version was made considering the observations of the evaluators. Conclusions: The steps for the design and validation of educational material are explained in detail and supported by the nursing theory and is made available to be used in the practice and research.

Objetivo: Diseñar y validar material educativo dirigido a adultos con Falla Cardíaca para una intervención de enfermería centrada en la toma de decisiones para el manejo de los síntomas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio metodológico realizado siguiendo la Guía para el diseño, utilización y evaluación de material educativo en Salud y el instrumento de Pautas Específicas para Evaluación de material educativo impreso, desarrollados por la Organización Panamericana para la Salud. En el diseño participó un grupo conformado por 2 adultos con Falla Cardíaca, 2 cuidadores, 2 enfermeras y un 1 cardiólogo. El material educativo en su diseño preliminar fue sometido a prueba por expertos (n=7) y por adultos con Falla Cardíaca (n=10). Resultados: El diseño del material educativo tipo folleto está sustentado en la Teoría de Situación Especifica Autocuidado en Falla Cardíaca y su indicador empírico es la escala Self-care Heart Failure Índex. Los expertos y los adultos con Falla Cardíaca que participaron en el estudio convinieron en que el folleto cumple con los criterios de efectividad potencial de todo material educativo. Los puntajes obtenidos en las pautas específicas indicaron que se debe usar como está diseñado y algunos evaluadores indicaron algunas reformas a la versión preliminar. La producción de la versión definitiva se realizó atendiendo las observaciones de los evaluadores. Conclusiones: Se detallan los pasos para el diseño y validación de un material educativo sustentado en una teoría de enfermería y se pone a disposición para ser utilizado en la práctica y la investigación.

Objetivo: Desenhar e validar material educativo dirigido a adultos com insuficiência cardíaca para uma intervenção de enfermagem centrada na toma de decisões para o manejo dos sintomas. Materiais e métodos: Estudo metodológico realizado seguindo a Guia para o Desenho, Utilização e avaliação de Material Educativo em Saúde e o instrumento Pautas Específicas para a Avaliação de Material Educativo Impresso, ambos desenvolvidos pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. No desenho participaram um grupo que contava com 2 adultos com insuficiência cardíaca, 2 cuidadores, 2 enfermeiras e 1 cardiologista. O material educativo prelimitar submeteu-se a provas por expertos (n=7) e por adultos com insuficiência cardíaca (n=10). Resultados: O material desenhado fundamentou-se na teoria de situação específica "Autocuidado em Insuficiência Cardíaca" e o seu indicador empírico foi a escala Self-care Heart Failure Index. Os expertos e os adultos com insuficiência cardíaca que participaram no estudo concordaram na determinação que o material educativo cumpre com critérios de efetividade potencial de todo material educativo. As pontuações obtidas nas pautas específicas indicaram que deve empregar-se como foi desenhado e alguns dos avaliadores sugeriram algumas modificações na versão preliminar. A produção da versão definitiva realizou-se atendendo as recomendações dos avaliadores. Conclusão: Foram descritos em detalhe as etapas para o desenho e validação do material educativo sustentado na teoria de enfermagem e se põe a disposição para ser utilizado na prática e em pesquisa.

Body-decorating products: Ingredients of permanent and temporary tattoos from analytical and european regulatory perspectives.

This review summarizes the current regulatory status of tattoos in all their versions in the European Union framework, as well as the analytical approaches developed so far to control the safety of this type of products. Publications from the last two decades (2000-2019) have been reviewed in which body-decorating products have become more and more popular. Tattoo inks, permanent make-up, sticker tattoos, and henna-based products are covered. The report highlights that there is no unique regulation for body art products, conforming a complex legislative framework even within the European community. The labelling of tattoo related products is generally non-existent or incorrect. It is therefore very difficult to know their chemical composition in detail. Pigments are ingredients common to all types of tattoos, so they are the most covered compounds in this review, along with their impurities and degradation products, including aromatic amines, metals or PAH. Other types of undesirable compounds are also included, such as plasticizers or para-phenylenediamine. Although the development of methods of analysis has increased in recent times, there is still margin for improvement in the analytical coverage of this topic. The challenge is, indeed, a systematic analytical approach to control body-decorating products, but ideally within a clear and common harmonised regulatory framework. Finally, tattoo-based sensors for biomonitoring have also been included in this review, since although its purpose is not decorative; its clinical importance is very relevant.

Determinantes sociales en el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes universitarios en 2016 / Determinantes sociais no consumo de substâncias psicoativas em estudantes universitários 2016 / Social determinants in the consumption of psychoactive substances in university students in 2016

Resumen: En este artículo se dan a conocer los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo describir los determinantes sociales asociados al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en estudiantes de una universidad pública de Colombia, modalidad presencial diurna. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, transversal, con una muestra de n= 341 estudiantes; se realizó muestreo estratificado, con selección aleatoria y se aplicó el cuestionario utilizado en el II Estudio Epidemiológico Andino sobre Consumo de Drogas en la Población Universitaria, Proyecto PRADICAN (Programa Antidrogas Ilícitas en la Comunidad Andina), previa autorización de los participantes de estudio. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se calcularon frecuencias relativas. Los resultados mostraron que el 61% de los encuestados pertenecen al estrato socioeconómico 1, el más bajo; el 77,4% se dedica exclusivamente a sus estudios; el 22,6% trabaja además de estudiar. La relación con sus padres es buena (90%). 56% tienen amigos consumidores y el 20,5% tienen familiares cercanos consumidores de SPA ilegales. Los resultados permitieron establecer que se debe aumentar la cobertura de los programas de apoyo que ofrece la universidad a través de Bienestar Universitario para intervenir positivamente los determinantes identificados, diseñar y desarrollar estrategias que permitan generar cultura de autocuidado y prevención del consumo de SPA.

Resumo: Este artigo divulgou os resultados de uma investigação que teve como objetivo descrever os determinantes sociais associados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) em estudantes de uma universidade pública, modalidade dia. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, quantitativo, transversal, com uma amostra de n = 341 alunos; amostragem estratificada foi realizada com seleção aleatória, foi aplicado o questionário do Estudo Epidemiológico II Andino sobre Uso de Drogas na Cidade Universitária, Projeto PRADICAN (Programa de Combate às Drogas ilegal na Comunidade Andina), a aprovação prévia dos participantes do estudo. Uma análise descritiva foi realizada, as frequências relativas foram calculadas. Os resultados mostraram que 61% dos respondentes pertencem ao estrato socioeconômico 1; 77,4% são dedicados exclusivamente a seus estudos; 22,6% trabalham além de estudar. O relacionamento com os pais é bom (90%). 56% têm amigos do consumidor e 20,5% têm parentes próximos que usam SPA ilegal. Os resultados permitiram estabelecer que a cobertura dos programas de apoio oferecidos pela universidade através do Bem-Estar Universitário deve ser ampliada para intervir positivamente nos determinantes identificados; conceber e desenvolver estratégias para gerar uma cultura de autocuidado e prevenção do consumo de SPA.

Abstract: In this article we present the results of an investigation aimed to describe the social determinants associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances (SPA) in students of a public university in Colombia, in face-to-face modality. A descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of n = 341 students; stratified sampling was used, with random selection, applying the questionnaire used in the II Andean Epidemiological Study on Drug Use in the University Population, Project PRADICAN (Illicit Anti-Drug Program in the Andean Community), with prior authorization of the study participants. A descriptive analysis was carried out and the relative frequencies were calculated. The results showed that 61% of the respondents belong to the socioeconomic stratum 1, the lowest one; 77.4% are dedicated exclusively to their studies and 22.6% work in addition to studying. The relationship with their parents is good (90%). 56% have substance consuming friends and 20.5% have close relatives who use illegal SPA. The results allowed to establish that the coverage of the support programs offered by the university through University Welfare should be increased in order to positively intervene the identified determinants, design and develop strategies to generate a culture of self-care and prevention of SPA consumption.

Simultaneous determination of preservatives and synthetic dyes in cosmetics by single-step vortex extraction and clean-up followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

A simple methodology based on vortex extraction (VE) followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of 22 regulated preservatives and synthetic dyes in cosmetics. The extraction procedure was performed in an Eppendorf tube allowing both extraction and clean-up in a single step, reducing sample and reagents consumption, and resulting in an effective and quick extraction. The method exhibited good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9918) and intra and inter-day precision (%RSD ≤ 13) with LOQs lower than 0.587 µg g-1 for preservatives and 3.437 µg g-1 for synthetic dyes. Quantitative recoveries were obtained at four concentration levels in the range 2-100 µg g-1 in the cosmetic matrices. The method was successfully applied to a broad range of cosmetics, including both leave-on and rinse-off products in which 13 of the target compounds could be quantified at concentrations ranging from 0.39 to 442 µg g-1 in the case of dyes, and from 1.89 to 1335 µg g-1 for the preservatives. It can be highlighted the presence of parabens in 24 out of the 35 analyzed samples at concentrations higher than 1000 µg g-1 in a toothpaste.

Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of synthetic dyes in cosmetics and foodstuffs used or consumed by children.

Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been proposed for the simultaneous analysis of different classes of synthetic dyes in confectionery and cosmetics intended for or mostly consumed by children. Selected compounds include most of the permitted dyes as food additives as well as some of the most frequently used to color cosmetic products in accordance with the respective European directives. MSPD procedure was optimized by means of experimental design, allowing an effective, rapid and simple extraction of dyes with low sample and reagents consumption (0.1g of sample and 2mL of elution solvent). LC-MS/MS was optimized for good resolution, selectivity and sensitivity using a low ionic strength mobile phase (3mM NH4Ac-methanol). Method performance was demonstrated in real samples showing good linearity (R≥0.9928) and intra- and inter-day precision (%RSD≤15%). Method LODs were ≤0.952µgg-1 and ≤0.476µgg-1 for confectionery and cosmetic samples, respectively. Recoveries of compounds from nine different matrices were quantitative. The validated method was successfully applied to 24 commercial samples (14 cosmetics and 10 foods) in which 9 of the selected dyes were found at concentrations up to 989µgg-1, exceeding in some cases the regulated maximum permitted limits. A non-permitted dye, Acid Orange 7, was found in one candy.

Positive lists of cosmetic ingredients: Analytical methodology for regulatory and safety controls - A review.

Cosmetic products placed on the market and their ingredients, must be safe under reasonable conditions of use, in accordance to the current legislation. Therefore, regulated and allowed chemical substances must meet the regulatory criteria to be used as ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and adequate analytical methodology is needed to evaluate the degree of compliance. This article reviews the most recent methods (2005-2015) used for the extraction and the analytical determination of the ingredients included in the positive lists of the European Regulation of Cosmetic Products (EC 1223/2009): comprising colorants, preservatives and UV filters. It summarizes the analytical properties of the most relevant analytical methods along with the possibilities of fulfilment of the current regulatory issues. The cosmetic legislation is frequently being updated; consequently, the analytical methodology must be constantly revised and improved to meet safety requirements. The article highlights the most important advances in analytical methodology for cosmetics control, both in relation to the sample pretreatment and extraction and the different instrumental approaches developed to solve this challenge. Cosmetics are complex samples, and most of them require a sample pretreatment before analysis. In the last times, the research conducted covering this aspect, tended to the use of green extraction and microextraction techniques. Analytical methods were generally based on liquid chromatography with UV detection, and gas and liquid chromatographic techniques hyphenated with single or tandem mass spectrometry; but some interesting proposals based on electrophoresis have also been reported, together with some electroanalytical approaches. Regarding the number of ingredients considered for analytical control, single analyte methods have been proposed, although the most useful ones in the real life cosmetic analysis are the multianalyte approaches.

Determination of dyes in cosmetic products by micro-matrix solid phase dispersion and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

A simple method based on micro-matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the rapid and simultaneous determination of nine regulated water-soluble dyes in personal care and decorative products. The proposed miniaturized extraction procedure was optimized by means of experimental designs in order to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. Under the optimal selected conditions, the method was validated showing satisfactory performance in terms of linearity, sensitivity, and intra-day and inter-day precision. Recoveries were evaluated in different cosmetic matrices and they can be considered quantitative with average values between 70 and 120% with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 15%. Finally, the validated method was applied to 24 samples of cosmetic and personal care products, including decorative makeup, lipsticks, lip gloss, toothpastes, regenerating creams, shampoos, and eye shadows, among others, to cover a broad range of commercial real samples. Seven of the analyzed dyes were detected, being declared all of them in the label list of ingredients. More than 50% of the samples contained at least two dyes. Tartrazine was the most frequently found (50% of the samples) at concentration levels of 0.243-79.9µgg(-1). Other targets were found in 1-9 samples, highlighting the presence of Quinoline at high concentration (>500µgg(-1)) in a toothpaste sample.

Development of a multianalyte method based on micro-matrix-solid-phase dispersion for the analysis of fragrance allergens and preservatives in personal care products.

An effective, simple and low cost sample preparation method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or gas chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been developed for the rapid simultaneous determination of 38 cosmetic ingredients, 25 fragrance allergens and 13 preservatives. All target substances are frequently used in cosmetics and personal care products and they are subjected to use restrictions or labeling requirements according to the EU Cosmetic Directive. The extraction procedure was optimized on real non-spiked rinse-off and leave-on cosmetic products by means of experimental designs. The final miniaturized process required the use of only 0.1g of sample and 1 mL of organic solvent, obtaining a final extract ready for analysis. The micro-MSPD method was validated showing satisfactory performance by GC-MS and GC-MS/MS analysis. The use of GC coupled to triple quadrupole mass detection allowed to reach very low detection limits (low ng g(-1)) improving, at the same time, method selectivity. In an attempt to improve the chromatographic analysis of preservatives, the inclusion of a derivatization step was also assessed. The proposed method was applied to a broad range of cosmetics and personal care products (shampoos, body milk, moisturizing milk, toothpaste, hand creams, gloss lipstick, sunblock, deodorants and liquid soaps among others), demonstrating the extended use of these substances. The concentration levels were ranging from the sub parts per million to the parts per mill. The number of target fragrance allergens per samples was quite high (up to 16). Several fragrances (linalool, farnesol, hexylcinnamal, and benzyl benzoate) have been detected at levels >0.1% (1,000 µg g(-1)). As regards preservatives, phenoxyethanol was the most frequently found additive reaching quite high concentration (>1,500 µg g(-1)) in five cosmetic products. BHT was detected in eight samples, in two of them (a baby care product and a lipstick) at high concentrations (>1,000 µg g(-1)). Methyl paraben was also found at high levels (>1,700 µg g(-1)) in three leave-on samples. Finally, triclosan was found at the maximum concentration limit (0.3%) laid down by the European regulation in two deodorant samples, and the total paraben concentration was close to the maximum concentration permitted (0.8%) in one leave-on sample (body milk).