A Comprehensive Study of Positive Body Image as a Predictor of Psychological Well-Being in Anorexia Nervosa.

Recent data suggest a close association between positive body image (PBI) and eating disorder recovery. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms through which PBI may facilitate recovery from anorexia nervosa (AN) remain unknown. To advance understanding of these mechanisms, this study examined core indices of PBI within AN, exploring its association with emotion regulation and well-being outcomes. Data were collected from 159 female participants, 64 with AN diagnosis and 95 healthy controls (HCs), who completed measures of PBI (body appreciation, functionality appreciation, and body responsiveness), emotion regulation, and psychological well-being (depression, anxiety, stress, and psychological quality of life). The AN group reported lower levels of PBI and psychological well-being, along with greater difficulties in regulating emotions, relative to HCs. PBI variables significantly predicted emotion regulation and psychological well-being in AN, accounting for 36% to 72% of the variance, with body appreciation emerging as the strongest predictor. These findings lend credence to the view that PBI can serve as a catalyst for psychological health. We hypothesize that enhancing PBI can improve interoceptive awareness, which is crucial for emotion regulation and reducing maladaptive food-related coping. Emphasizing a mind-body connection in lifestyle could be a relevant element to consider for both treating and preventing AN.

Psychometric analysis of the body responsiveness questionnaire in the Portuguese population.

Body responsiveness refers to the tendency to be attuned to the body's needs and use interoceptive information to guide behavior. Despite its potential beneficial effect on the development of positive body image, this construct is currently understudied. To boost research in this area, we examined the factor structure, gender invariance, and psychometric properties of a Portuguese translation of the Body Responsiveness Questionnaire (BRQ). A total of 650 men and women (aged 18-80 years) completed the Portuguese BRQ. To assess its convergent validity, participants also completed measures of body appreciation, emotion regulation, depression symptoms, and psychological quality of life. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a two-factor structure of the BRQ, which was upheld using confirmatory factor analysis: "Importance of Interoceptive Awareness" (ω = .85-.87) and "Perceived Connection" between body and mind (ω = .71-.74). BRQ scores had partial scalar invariance across gender, and no significant gender differences. Convergent and known-groups validity was supported. Participants with overweight/obesity (vs. normal weight) and middle-aged adults (vs. young adults) assigned higher importance to body signals to guide behavior. The Portuguese version of the BRQ is a psychometrically sound measure of body responsiveness and it may contribute to a comprehensive assessment of positive body image to guide intervention.

Predictors of Quality of Life in HIV-Infected Persons from Mozambique: The Dual Role of Schooling.

Increasing quality of life (QoL) is both an end in itself and a means to optimize the impact of treatment in HIV-infected persons. Possibly due to cultural and social influences, the predictors of QoL vary across studies, highlighting the importance of studying specific populations. In the present study, we aimed to determine the sociodemographic (age, sex and schooling, or number of years at school) and psychosocial correlates (meaning in life, social support, positive and negative affects) of QoL in HIV-infected persons living in Mozambique, a country with a high prevalence of HIV but also with well-structured strategies to fight the disease. To that end, we made correlational analyses followed by regression models and examined potential mediation processes among predictors. All correlates were relevant except for sex. Meaning in life was the strongest predictor, while social support was the weakest. Schooling was both directly and indirectly related with QoL-in the latter case, it was mediated by meaning in life, social support and positive affect. Our findings suggest that investments in education may be highly rewarding to Mozambicans, and that satisfying needs for self-actualization and purpose may be more urgent than improving social connections.

Biopsychosocial Correlates of Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating chronic disease that has had increasing prevalence over the last years. We have investigated whether the perceived quality of life is reduced in multiple sclerosis patients compared to control participants with a cross-sectional approach, and how it relates to sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables in MS with multiple regression. To that end, a group of MS patients (n = 50) and a control group (n = 50) that was matched for age and education level filled in the WHOQOL-BREF (perceived quality of life across four domains) and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The participants in the MS group also filled in a clinical questionnaire and three instruments measuring psychosocial variables (the DASS-21 for depression, anxiety, and stress, the Brief-COPE for coping skills, and the Meaning in Life Scale). The results showed that the perceived quality of life was lower in the MS group than in the control group. Multiple regression models incorporating the variables that showed significant correlations with the quality of life indicated that age, professional status, recovery from relapses, depression, active coping, and meaning in life predicted at least one domain of the quality of life. Meaning in life predicted the quality of life in all four of the domains. Although the quality of life in MS is linked to multiple biopsychosocial variables, meaning in life seems crucial.

Quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the role of positive psychological factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in quality of life (QoL) of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) between diagnosis (Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis), gender (male and female), treatment condition (with and without surgery), and attachment styles (secure, preoccupied, and disconnected); to examine associations between QoL, sociodemographic, clinical, and positive psychological variables; to determine whether sociodemographic, clinical, and positive psychological variables predict QoL. METHOD: The sample included 70 participants diagnosed with IBD (Mage = 43.37 years, SD = 12.81), of whom 71.4% were females and 67.1% had Crohn's Disease. Positive psychological variables (meaning in life, positive body image, and attachment styles), sociodemographic (age, education, gender) and clinical variables (diagnosis, disease duration, surgery) were assessed as independent variables. QoL was the dependent variable, analyzed through four domains (physical, psychological, social, environment). RESULTS: Participants with a secure attachment style reported higher QoL (physical, psychological, and social) than participants with a preoccupied attachment style. Strong positive correlations were found between positive psychological variables and QoL. Body appreciation was a significant predictor of three QoL domains (physical, psychological, and environment). Meaning in life made a unique contribution to the social QoL regression model, and it was also a significant predictor of psychological QoL. Body acceptance by others was a significant predictor of physical QoL, whereas disease duration and education predicted environment QoL. Attachment styles did not predict any QoL domain. CONCLUSION: The most significant predictors of QoL in patients with IBD were body appreciation and meaning in life. Body acceptance by others and body appreciation were the main predictors of physical QoL. Psychological interventions for patients who suffer from IBD should address body appreciation and meaning in life.

Emotion-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Comorbid Obesity With Binge Eating Disorder: A Pilot Study of Feasibility and Long-Term Outcomes.

Obesity coupled with binge eating disorder (BED) is an increasing problem. Incorporation of treatment strategies that address both problems in people with comorbid symptoms is of major interest. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and preliminary long-term outcomes of a brief emotion-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (EF-CBT) program. Seven out of 10 women with obesity and BED completed the intervention. Standardized outcome measures to assess the intensity of distress caused by complaints, psychological distress, emotional processing, eating behavior, and weight loss were completed at baseline, end-of-treatment, 6- and 18-month follow-ups. Individualized outcome measures were also applied to describe the personal experiences during the intervention. Findings suggest the program's long-term efficacy for improving psychological distress, emotional processing, and alexithymia. Positive reliable changes in emotional processing and alexithymia were observed in almost all participants. The mean intensity of distress caused by complaints also decreased at the end of the intervention, with a large effect size (d = 0.89). Reliable changes in these outcome measures were observed at all time-points, despite the mean scores for the 18-month follow-up suggest a retraction in improvement. Weight loss was below expectations at all time-points, as were changes in emotional and external eating. Restrained eating mean scores remained stable throughout the study. Participants perceived the program to be useful in improving emotional awareness and eating control. Program feasibility was supported by the retention rate (70%) and the average number of attended sessions (M = 9.71; SD = 2.06). Further studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of EF-CBT interventions.

Alexithymia in anorexia nervosa: the mediating role of depression.

The role of depression in the expression of alexithymia in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been controversially explained and several variables that may mask or increase the presence of emotional difficulties have scant examination in previous studies. This study aims to analyze the associations between alexithymia and state variables, such as age, BMI, illness duration, treatment duration, and medication status in AN participants, and to test the mediating role of depression in emotional difficulties. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale were administrated to 160 females: 80 participants with AN and 80 healthy controls. High levels of alexithymia were not a function of state variables. The mediating role of depression differed by the alexithymia dimension, with total mediation found for the TAS-DDF and partial mediation found for the TAS-DIF. Alexithymia is a relevant feature throughout the spectrum of AN and does not seem to be related to developmental maturation and some clinical features. Depression is probably the variable that best accounts for the variance in alexithymia, but is not a complete explanation for the known cognitive-affective disturbances in AN. Specific emotional competencies require scrutiny during psychiatric treatment.

Maternal Coping Strategies in Response to a Child's Chronic and Oncological Disease: a Cross-Cultural Study in Italy and Portugal.

A child's oncological or chronic disease is a stressful situation for parents. This stress may make it difficult for appropriate management strategies aimed at promoting the child's wellbeing and helping him or her cope with a disease to be adopted. In particular, this study focuses on the possible connections between the variable national cultural influences and the parental strategies used to cope with a child's severe disease by comparing the experiences of Italian and Portuguese mothers. The study investigates differences and cross-cultural elements among the coping strategies used by Italian and Portuguese mothers of children with oncological or chronic disease. Two groups of mothers took part: 59 Italian mothers (average age 37.7 years; SD=4.5) and 36 Portuguese mothers (average age 39.3 years; SD=4.6). The tool used was the Italian and the Portuguese versions of the COPE inventory that measures five coping strategies: Social Support, Avoidance Coping, Positive Aptitude, Religious Faith and Humor, Active Coping. There were statistically significant differences between Portuguese and Italian mothers regarding Social Support (F(3, 94)=6.32, P=0.014, ɳ(2)=0.065), Religious Faith and Humor (F(3, 94)=20.06, P=0.001, ɳ(2)=0.18, higher values for Portuguese mothers) and Avoidance Coping (F(3, 94)=3.30, P=0.06, ɳ(2)=0.035, higher values for Italian mothers). Regarding child's disease, the only statistically significant difference was in Religious Faith and Humor (F(3, 94)=7.49, P=0.007, ɳ(2)=0.076, higher values for mothers of children with chronic disease). The findings of specific cultural transversalities provide the basis for reflection on important factors emerging on the relationship between physicians and parents. In fact, mothers' coping abilities may allow health workers involved in a child's care not only to understand how parents face a distressful event, but also to provide them with professional support.

Cognitive processing of emotions in anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: This study attempts to explore the cognitive processing of emotions in anorexia nervosa (AN), based on the study of emotions felt and the assessment of meta-emotional abilities. METHOD: Eighty patients with AN and a control group of 80 healthy female participants were screened for anxiety, depression and alexithymia and completed an experimental task designed to analyse the emotional experience and meta-emotional abilities. RESULTS: Despite presenting higher levels of alexithymia, participants with AN demonstrated they were able to imagine emotions in hypothetical situations and to identify and label them. The group of patients with AN revealed feeling more intense and internally based negative emotions in comparison with the control group, but this emotional pattern tends to occur in situations associated with food and weight. CONCLUSIONS: Findings on meta-emotional abilities suggested no global deficit in emotional processing, but rather, specific sensitivities pertaining to situations relevant to AN.

Prevalência da alexitimia na anorexia nervosa e sua associação com variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas / Prevalence of alexithymia in anorexia nervosa and its association with clinical and sociodemographic variables

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência da alexitimia numa amostra de pacientes com anorexia nervosa e sua relação com variáveis do foro clínico e sociodemográfico, em concreto, índice de massa corporal, duração da doença, idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 2 grupos de participantes do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 34 anos. Um grupo foi composto por 80 participantes com anorexia nervosa (Grupo AN) e o outro por 80 participantes saudáveis (Grupo Controle). A versão portuguesa da Toronto Alexithymia Scale - 20 items - foi aplicada a ambos os grupos. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da alexitimia no Grupo AN foi 62,5 por cento e no Grupo Controle, 12,5 por cento. Os valores médios de alexitimia não diferiram significativamente entre os dois subtipos de AN, e ambos apresentaram valores estatisticamente superiores aos do Grupo Controle. A alexitimia não se correlacionou às variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas consideradas, à exceção da escolaridade, cuja associação com a alexitimia foi positiva e baixa. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com anorexia nervosa apresentaram, com elevada frequência, dificuldades na regulação dos afetos, independentemente de seu peso, tempo de evolução da doença, idade e nível socioeconômico. O tratamento deve privilegiar uma intervenção sistematizada no domínio das emoções.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of alexithymia in anorexia nervosa and its relationship with clinical and sociodemographic variables, such as, body mass index, anorexia nervosa duration, age, years of education and socioeconomic status. METHODS: Two groups of female participants, between the ages of 13 and 34 years, were recruited. One group was composed of 80 participants with anorexia nervosa (AN Group) and the other consisted of 80 healthy participants (Control Group). The Portuguese version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale - 20 items - was applied to both groups. RESULTS: The prevalence of alexithymia in the AN Group was 62.5 percent and 12.5 percent in the Control Group. The mean values of alexithymia (total score and factors) did not significantly differ between the two AN subtypes, and both subtypes presented higher statistical values when compared to the Control Group. Alexithymia did not correlate with clinical and sociodemographic variables, with the exception of years of education, which had a positive and low association with alexithymia. CONCLUSION: Patients with anorexia nervosa revealed a high prevalence of affect regulation deficits regardless of their weight, duration of the disease, age and socioeconomic status. Therapy should focus on a systematic intervention in the domain of emotional regulation.

Dependência tabágica, assertividade e alexitimia em doentes cardíacos / Tobacco dependence, assertiveness and alexithymia in cardiac patients / Tabaquismo, asertividad y alexitimia en pacientes cardíacos

O tabagismo é uma das principais causas evitáveis de morte, aumentando acentuadamente o risco de infarto do miocárdio. Este último está associado a certas variáveis psicossociais relacionadas com o tabagismo, nomeadamente a alexitimia e a falta de assertividade. O objetivo do presente artigo foi caracterizar os dois tipos de dependência tabágica (fisiológica e comportamental), a assertividade e a alexitimia, e avaliar a relação das variáveis entre si, em 30 doentes homens internados com infarto. Foram aplicados o Teste de Fagerstrõm, o Questionário de Glover-Nilsson, a Escala de "Rathus" e a TAS-20. Os resultados indicam que a alexitimia encontra-se relacionada com a dependência comportamental e com a assertividade, sugerindo que os sujeitos menos assertivos e com dificuldade em gerir afetos negativos e situações de estresse, podem recorrer ao tabagismo como mecanismo de enfrentamento. Nas intervenções voltadas à interrupção do hábito de fumar em doentes infartados deve-se enfatizar as competências sociais e de regulação emocional.

Smoking is a major cause of preventable death, which greatly increases the risk of suffering a myocardial infarction. This cardiac event is associated with certain psychosocial variables which have been related to smoking, such as alexithymia and non assertiveness. The general purpose of this study is to evaluate both types of tobacco dependence (physiological and behavioural), assertiveness and alexithymia, as well as the relation established between them in 30 male patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction. The Fagerstrõm Test, the Glover-Nilsson Questionnaire, the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and TAS-20 were used. The results point out that alexithymia is related with behavioural dependence and assertiveness, which suggest that cigarette smoking is used by the subjects as a coping mechanism, due to their difficulties in expressing emotions assertively, regulating negative affects and dealing properly with stressful events. Social skills and emotional regulation should be emphasized in psychological interventions for smoking cessation with cardiac patients.

Fumar es una causa importante de muertes evitables, aumentando el riesgo de infarto de miocardio. Esto se asocia con determinadas variables psicosociales relacionadas con el tabaquismo, como la alexitimia y la falta de asertividad. El objetivo consiste en la valoración de los dos tipos de dependencia al tabaco (fisiológica y comportamental), la asertividad y alexitimia, y evaluar la relación entre las variables en 30 pacientes masculinos hospitalizados con infarto. Fueron realizados el Test de Fagerstrõm, el Cuestionario de Glover-Nilsson, la Escala de Asertividad de Rathus y la TAS-20. Los resultados indican que la alexitimia está relacionada con la dependencia comportamental y con la asertividad, lo que sugiere que la gente recurre al tabaquismo como mecanismo de enfrentamiento, debido a que no son capaces de expresar asertivamente sus emociones y de controlar sentimientos negativos y situaciones de estrés. Por eso, se debe incidir en que estos pacientes dejen de fumar, a nivel de competencias sociales y de regulación emocional.

Dependência tabágica, assertividade e alexitimia em doentes cardíacos / Tobacco dependence, assertiveness and alexithymia in cardiac patients / Tabaquismo, asertividad y alexitimia en pacientes cardíacos

O tabagismo é uma das principais causas evitáveis de morte, aumentando acentuadamente o risco de infarto do miocárdio. Este último está associado a certas variáveis psicossociais relacionadas com o tabagismo, nomeadamente a alexitimia e a falta de assertividade. O objetivo do presente artigo foi caracterizar os dois tipos de dependência tabágica (fisiológica e comportamental), a assertividade e a alexitimia, e avaliar a relação das variáveis entre si, em 30 doentes homens internados com infarto. Foram aplicados o Teste de Fagerstrõm, o Questionário de Glover-Nilsson, a Escala de "Rathus" e a TAS-20. Os resultados indicam que a alexitimia encontra-se relacionada com a dependência comportamental e com a assertividade, sugerindo que os sujeitos menos assertivos e com dificuldade em gerir afetos negativos e situações de estresse, podem recorrer ao tabagismo como mecanismo de enfrentamento. Nas intervenções voltadas à interrupção do hábito de fumar em doentes infartados deve-se enfatizar as competências sociais e de regulação emocional.(AU)

Smoking is a major cause of preventable death, which greatly increases the risk of suffering a myocardial infarction. This cardiac event is associated with certain psychosocial variables which have been related to smoking, such as alexithymia and non assertiveness. The general purpose of this study is to evaluate both types of tobacco dependence (physiological and behavioural), assertiveness and alexithymia, as well as the relation established between them in 30 male patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction. The Fagerstrõm Test, the Glover-Nilsson Questionnaire, the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and TAS-20 were used. The results point out that alexithymia is related with behavioural dependence and assertiveness, which suggest that cigarette smoking is used by the subjects as a coping mechanism, due to their difficulties in expressing emotions assertively, regulating negative affects and dealing properly with stressful events. Social skills and emotional regulation should be emphasized in psychological interventions for smoking cessation with cardiac patients.(AU)

Fumar es una causa importante de muertes evitables, aumentando el riesgo de infarto de miocardio. Esto se asocia con determinadas variables psicosociales relacionadas con el tabaquismo, como la alexitimia y la falta de asertividad. El objetivo consiste en la valoración de los dos tipos de dependencia al tabaco (fisiológica y comportamental), la asertividad y alexitimia, y evaluar la relación entre las variables en 30 pacientes masculinos hospitalizados con infarto. Fueron realizados el Test de Fagerstrõm, el Cuestionario de Glover-Nilsson, la Escala de Asertividad de Rathus y la TAS-20. Los resultados indican que la alexitimia está relacionada con la dependencia comportamental y con la asertividad, lo que sugiere que la gente recurre al tabaquismo como mecanismo de enfrentamiento, debido a que no son capaces de expresar asertivamente sus emociones y de controlar sentimientos negativos y situaciones de estrés. Por eso, se debe incidir en que estos pacientes dejen de fumar, a nivel de competencias sociales y de regulación emocional.(AU)

The psychological adjustment of children with asthma: study of associated variables.

As part of a larger research project aimed to understand the impact of asthma in the psychological adjustment of children, this study focuses in the identification of factors associated with this process. The sample of this study consisted of 89 children, aged 8 to 12 with physician diagnosed asthma. To assess children's adjustment, the Portuguese versions of the following instruments were used: School-age Temperament Inventory (McClowry, 1995) Schoolagers Coping Strategies Inventory (Ryan-Wenger, 1990); Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory - PedsQL (Varni, Seid & Kurtin, 2001); The Self-perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985), Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991); Social Skills Rating System (Gresham & Elliot, 1990). The results revealed that negative reactivity predicts the level of anxiety/depression, task persistence and perceived coping efficacy predicts social skills and that self-esteem is a significant predictor of the perceived quality of life. A significant proportion of shared variance was also found what seems to confirm the existence of multi-determination in the process of adjustment. The main conclusion is that two dimensions of temperament (negative reactivity and task persistence), as well as perceived coping efficacy and self-esteem, play a significant role in influencing the psychological adjustment of children with asthma.

Relação entre sintomatologia psicopatológica, adesão ao tratamento e qualidade de vida na infecção HIV e AIDS / Relationship among psychopathological symptoms, treatment adherence and quality of life in HIV/AIDS infection

O presente estudo observou a existência de relações significativas entre sintomatologia psicopatológica (BSI), adesão ao tratamento (CEAT-VIH) e qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-Bref) em 125 pessoas HIV-positivo/AIDS em tratamento antirretroviral, atendidos em um hospital do Porto (Portugal). A sintomatologia psicopatológica correlacionou-se negativamente com adesão ao tratamento e qualidade de vida, e a adesão ao tratamento associou-se positivamente com a qualidade de vida. O modelo preditor de adesão ao tratamento, mediante análise de regressão múltipla, incluiu a ausência de sintomatologia psicopatológica, o comportamento de retirada dos medicamentos na farmácia hospitalar e a presença de efeitos colaterais do tratamento (R² =0,30). Ademais, observou-se um efeito mediador de sintomatologia psicopatológica entre a adesão ao tratamento e a qualidade de vida das pessoas com HIV/AIDS.

The study shows evidence of statistical association among psychopathological symptoms (BSI), treatment adherence (CEAT-VIH) and quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref) in 125 HIV-positive/AIDS patients followed at Porto Hospital (Portugal). The psychopathological symptoms present a negative correlation with treatment adherence and quality of life. On the other hand, adherence was positively correlated with quality of life. The model of adherence to the antiretroviral treatment using multiple regression analysis includes absence of psychopathological symptoms, an adherence behavior (i.e. to get the medication at the hospital's pharmacy) and the experience of side effects because of medication (R² = 0.30). Besides, psychopathological symptoms have a mediation effect between adherence and quality of life in people with HIV/AIDS.

Relação entre sintomatologia psicopatológica, adesão ao tratamento e qualidade de vida na infecção HIV e AIDS / Relationship among psychopathological symptoms, treatment adherence and quality of life in HIV/AIDS infection

O presente estudo observou a existência de relações significativas entre sintomatologia psicopatológica (BSI), adesão ao tratamento (CEAT-VIH) e qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-Bref) em 125 pessoas HIV-positivo/AIDS em tratamento antirretroviral, atendidos em um hospital do Porto (Portugal). A sintomatologia psicopatológica correlacionou-se negativamente com adesão ao tratamento e qualidade de vida, e a adesão ao tratamento associou-se positivamente com a qualidade de vida. O modelo preditor de adesão ao tratamento, mediante análise de regressão múltipla, incluiu a ausência de sintomatologia psicopatológica, o comportamento de retirada dos medicamentos na farmácia hospitalar e a presença de efeitos colaterais do tratamento (R² =0,30). Ademais, observou-se um efeito mediador de sintomatologia psicopatológica entre a adesão ao tratamento e a qualidade de vida das pessoas com HIV/AIDS.(AU)

The study shows evidence of statistical association among psychopathological symptoms (BSI), treatment adherence (CEAT-VIH) and quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref) in 125 HIV-positive/AIDS patients followed at Porto Hospital (Portugal). The psychopathological symptoms present a negative correlation with treatment adherence and quality of life. On the other hand, adherence was positively correlated with quality of life. The model of adherence to the antiretroviral treatment using multiple regression analysis includes absence of psychopathological symptoms, an adherence behavior (i.e. to get the medication at the hospital's pharmacy) and the experience of side effects because of medication (R² = 0.30). Besides, psychopathological symptoms have a mediation effect between adherence and quality of life in people with HIV/AIDS.(AU)