[Perceived emotional intelligence and consumption of psychoactive substances in scholarshiped adolescents of Montería, Colombia]. / Inteligencia emocional percibida y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en adolescentes escolarizados de Montería, Colombia.

It was compared the level of perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) with prevalence or not prevalence of life of use of psychoactive substances (PLU-PS or n-PLU-PS) in 559 school adolescents in the city of Monteria, Colombia [men 49.69%, women 50.4%, average age 15 and range 12-18 years]. In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, an ad hoc questionnaire was applied to obtain socio-demographic and clinical data that evaluate the PLU-PS and the TMMS-24 questionnaire for the PEI. It appears with a higher prevalence of life of use alcohol, followed by cannabis and tobacco. When the groups were compared according to their PLU-PS or n-PLU-PS, in relation to the dimensions of the PEI, it was found that those who never used alcohol presented a better emotional clarity. The women with not prevalence of life of use of alcohol, perceived their emotions more clearly and those of others, but no significant differences were found in the groups and the other substances against the PEI. This would be a protective factor for the drug use, particularly alcohol and avoid the early appearance of PLU-PS. A low PEI can lead to consumption of alcohol, but its consumption would also affect the abilities of PEI. It is recommended the development of investigations the measuring the skills of emotional intelligence (EI), transcending only its perception. Likewise, the design of psychoeducational programs in EI for the prevention of psychoactive substances use.

[RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BULLYING AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS IN ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW]. / Relación entre bullying y conductas suicidas en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática.

Introduction: The relationship between bullying and adolescent suicidal behavior (SB) is manifested by high rates of attempted or committed suicide in victims of abuse. In spite of the importance of the topic, there are few studies that explain the details of the relationship between these variables, which makes it difficult to create effective interventions. The objective of this study was to provide a more detailed view about the relationship between bullying and SB. Method: Systematic review of literature including publications of bibliographic indexes, ScienceDirect and Pubmed using the terms "bullying" AND "suicidal behavior" AND "ado-lescents" AND "school harassment" AND "school mistreatment" and their corresponding in Spanish published from 2012 to 2018. Results: 21 articles of 272 initials that show the details of the relationship between bullying and suicidal behavior were included: age, gender, types and frequencies of victimization (verbal, physical, relational, cyberbullying, sexual and poly-victimization) and their relationship with variables of SB (ideation, planning, attempts and consummate suicide). Conclusions: Communicate that only receiving bullying results in SB minimizes the existence of other modulating factors and worsens the understanding of the relationship between phenomena leading to negligence in potential actions that could be carried out in intervention.

[Impulsivity and gender in adolescents who use psychoactive substances of higher prevalence (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis)]. / Impulsividad y género en adolescentes usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas de mayor prevalencia (alcohol, tabaco y cannabis).

The purpose of the study was to describe the relationship between substance use and impulsivity according to gender as a moderating variable in a sample of Argentine students. Three hundred ninety students were evaluated using a sociodemographic and clinical ad hoc questionnaire; the ASSIST test and the Barratt scale were used to detect substance use and impulsiveness levels respectively. Equal percentages of men and women use alcohol and tobacco; a greater proportion of men use cannabis. Impulsivity levels are higher among teenagers who use substances. Women who use substances (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) are more impulsive than male users, specifically from the motor point of view. The relationship between impulsivity and substance use is confirmed, gender issues could mediate this relationship and underlying biological mechanisms; these findings will allow a differential gender approach to be established regarding drug prevention and treatment.

Validación de un instrumento para medir el desarrollo moral en el contexto de situaciones relacionadas con la corrupción / Validation of an instrument for measuring moral development in the context of situations related to corruption

Resumen Objetivo: Este artículo presenta la validación de una adaptación del Defining Issues Test, versión corta (DIT-SF) para medir el desarrollo moral en torno a la corrupción. Método: La muestra fue de 232 estudiantes universitarios de varias profesiones y niveles con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 33 años de ambos géneros. El instrumento validado (DIT-C) tiene 3 subescalas donde cada una corresponde con un dilema y unos ítems asociados de la cual se obtiene una puntuación. Resultados: 1. Existen correlaciones significativas entre las 3 subescalas del DIT-C. 2. Todas las subescalas explican un porcentaje de la varianza y, 3. La validación externa con otro instrumento de desarrollo moral presentó correlaciones estadísticamente significativas. El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0.809. Conclusiones: el DIT-C es un instrumento para medir la expectativa individual propia de la corrupción que cumple con varias de las condiciones mínimas de confiabilidad y validez para medir el desarrollo moral en torno a la corrupción.

Abstract Objective: This paper presents the validation of an adaptation of the Defining Issues Test, short version (DIT-SF), to measure the moral development around corruption. Method: The sample was 232 university students of various professions and levels between the ages of 15 and 33 of both genders. The validated instrument (DIT-C) has 3 subscales where each one corresponds with a dilemma and associated items from which a score is obtained. Results: The results indicate that: 1There are significant correlations between the 3 subscales of the DIT-C, 2All subscales explain a percentage of the variance and, 3External validation with another instrument of moral development presented statistically significant correlations. Cronbach's alpha was 0.809. Conclusions: The DIT-C is an instrument to measure the individual expectation of corruption that meets several of the minimum conditions of reliability and validity to measure the moral development around corruption.

[Validation of Q-PAD: Questionnaire for the assessment of psychopathology in adolescent colombian sample]. / Validación del Q-PAD: cuestionario para la evaluación de psicopatología en adolescentes.

The main objective of this study was to contribute to the validation of the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Psychopathology in Adolescents (Q-PAD) in a nonclinical sample of Colombian adolescents. The sample consisted of 559 students of a center of public secondary education. Correlations between 9 Q-PAD subscales were significant and positive, except for the self-esteem subscale. The internal structure of each scale showed an essentially unidimensional structure, except for the Psychosocial Risk subscale. The internal consistency for the subscales ranged between 0.78 and 0.91 (McDonald's omega). The exploratory factor analysis yielded a solution of 6 factors. A good external validity between the Q-PAD Family Problems subscale and the three subscales of Interpersonal Relations Scale (ERI) was observed. The results indicate that scores of Q-PAD have an appropriate psychometric support and this instrument would allow screening for psychosocial and mental health problems in Colombian adolescents in an efficient, easy, fast and non-invasive way.

Cannabis: A cognitive illusion / Cannabis: una ilusión cognitiva

Abstract Introduction: The vision of cannabis as a soft drug is due to the low risk perception that young and old people have of the drug. This perception is based on erroneous beliefs that people have about the drug. Objective: To compare the beliefs of cannabis use and consequences among adolescents with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and those without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use. Method: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 156 high school students who completed an ad-hoc questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and 22 questions about the beliefs that young people had about cannabis use and its consequences. Results : The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 13.5%. The prevalence group consisted mostly of males. Statistically significant differences between different groups and different beliefs were found. The group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived higher risk as regards the damage that cannabis can cause to memory, other cognitive functions, neurons, mental health, and general health. The group with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived a lower risk as regards the use of cannabis, and think that intelligent people smoke cannabis, and that cannabis has positive effects on the brain, increasing creativity and is used to cure mental diseases. Conclusions: Those who used cannabis once in their life perceive the use of the substance as less harmful or less potential danger to health compared to those who never consumed. In fact those who consumed at some time even have beliefs that suggest positive effects in those people that consume it.

Resumen Introducción: La visión del cannabis como una droga blanda responde a una baja percepción de riesgo que jóvenes y adultos tienen de la droga; esta percepción se funda en creencias erróneas acerca de la droga. Objetivo: Comparar las creencias acerca del cannabis, su uso y sus consecuencias en adolescentes con prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis y aquellos sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal que evaluó una muestra probabilística de 156 estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria con un instrumento ad-hoc que incluyó datos sociodemográficos y 22 preguntas acerca de las creencias que tienen los jóvenes sobre cannabis, su uso y sus consecuencias. Resultados: Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diferentes grupos y las diferentes creencias. El grupo sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe mayor riesgo del daño que puede ocasionar el cannabis en la memoria, otras funciones cognitivas, las neuronas, la salud mental y la salud general. El grupo de prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe menos riesgo del uso de cannabis y piensa que la gente inteligente fuma cannabis, que el cannabis tiene efectos positivos para el cerebro, que aumenta la creatividad y que se utiliza para curar enfermedades mentales. Conclusiones: Quienes consumieron cannabis alguna vez en la vida perciben el uso de la sustancia como menos nocivo o con menor potencial de peligrosidad para la salud que quienes nunca consumieron. De hecho quienes consumieron alguna vez incluso tienen creencias que sugieren efectos positivos en los seres humanos que consumen.

[Cannabis: A Cognitive Illusion]. / Cannabis: una ilusión cognitiva.

INTRODUCTION: The vision of cannabis as a soft drug is due to the low risk perception that young and old people have of the drug. This perception is based on erroneous beliefs that people have about the drug. OBJECTIVE: To compare the beliefs of cannabis use and consequences among adolescents with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and those without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use. METHOD: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 156 high school students who completed an ad-hoc questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and 22 questions about the beliefs that young people had about cannabis use and its consequences. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 13.5%. The prevalence group consisted mostly of males. Statistically significant differences between different groups and different beliefs were found. The group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived higher risk as regards the damage that cannabis can cause to memory, other cognitive functions, neurons, mental health, and general health. The group with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived a lower risk as regards the use of cannabis, and think that intelligent people smoke cannabis, and that cannabis has positive effects on the brain, increasing creativity. and is used to cure mental diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Those who used cannabis once in their life perceive the use of the substance as less harmful or less potential danger to health compared to those who never consumed. In fact those who consumed at some time even have beliefs that suggest positive effects in those people that consume it.

[Belief system regarding Cannabis, its use and consequences: Users versus non-users in colombian university students]. / Sistema de creencias en relación al cannabis, su uso y consecuencias: consumidores versus no consumidores de una población de universitarios colombianos.

Descriptive and comparative study of cross-sectional that had as objective to evaluate and compare the beliefs about cannabis, its use and potential consequences between two groups of Colombian university students, matched by gender and age. The frst group consisted of ordinary consumers of cannabis (n=35) the second group consisted of students that have never tried cannabis (n=35). The results showed that the group of consumers presents a moderate risk of abuse and only the 20% fulflled dependence criteria. Furthermore, the non-consumers group was mostly agree about that the marijuana use: damages the memory, deteriorates the cognitive functions, creates dependency, can affect the neurons and mental health. Also, it can lead to legal problems, it is a harmful drug for the health, it affects the academic performance, it creates problems with the family, friends, couple and the like, it reduces the driving ability, and, that the marijuana that is sold in the street is always pure. The consumer group, instead, agreed that smoking tobacco affects the lungs more than smoking marijuana. Marijuana has a positive in?uence on the brain, it increases the creativity, and it is less damaging than alcohol and tobacco. Smart people smoke marijuana and it has medicinal effects. In conclusion, according to the kind of beliefs that they have about this drug, the cannabis consumers would have a decreased perception of risk in relation to the potential risk that the consumption brings from two points of view: a. They minimize the real risks of consuming and, b. They attribute some benefts and virtues to the cannabis. The kind of beliefs that the consumer have are maybe in?uenced, at least, in part, for experiences of family and other consumers and, furthermore, the reinforcement of the same consume.

Prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis y rendimiento académico en adolescentes / Lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and academic performance in adolescents

Objetivo: Esta investigación compara y establece las diferencias en la prevalencia de vida (consumo alguna vez en la vida) y no prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis sobre el rendimiento académico en adolescentes escolarizados. Método: En este estudio descriptivo de corte transversal se seleccionó una muestra probabilística de 156 estudiantes y fueron evaluados con una prueba ad hoc de autopercepción. Las técnicas estadísticas utilizadas fueron análisis de frecuencia, descriptivos, t- student, U de Mann Whitney y Chi². Resultados: Los resultados señalan diferencias entre los grupos de prevalencia de uso de cannabis y no prevalencia de uso de cannabis en el número de cursos repetidos, días castigados en el último mes, la nota promedio del último mes, problemas escolares y la preocupación por estos, y dificultades para controlar el comportamiento en los últimos seis meses. No hubo diferencias en la comparación entre hombres y mujeres del grupo de prevalencia de uso de cannabis. Se confirma que el cannabis afecta el rendimiento académico desde algunos factores específicos que afectan por igual a hombres y mujeres. Conclusión: Se concluye que entre el grupo de prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis hay más repetidores, a su vez, han repetido más cursos, han recibido más castigo en el colegio, tienen calificaciones más bajas, han tenido más problemas escolares y han estado más preocupados respecto a estos, y una mayor dificultad en controlar el comportamiento. En relación con el género no hay diferencias en las consecuencias sobre el rendimiento académico después de probar cannabis.

Objective: This research compares and establishes the differences in the prevalence of life (consumption ever in life) and no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use on academic performance in school adolescents. Method: In this descriptive and cross sectional study 156 students were probabilistically selected and evaluated with an ad-hoc auto-perception test. The techniques used were frequency analysis, descriptive, student t, Mann Whitney and Chi2. Results: The results show differences between groups in the prevalence of cannabis use and no prevalence of cannabis in the number of repeated courses, days punished in the past month, the average of the last month note, school problems and concern for these and difficulty controlling behavior in the past six months. There were no differences in the comparison between men and women in the group prevalence of cannabis use. It confirms that cannabis affects academic performance from some specific factors that affect both men and women. Conclusion: It is concluded that the group of lifetime prevalence of cannabis use more repeaters in turn have repeated more courses, have received more punishment in school, they have lower grades, have more problems in school and have been more worried about these, and greater difficulty in controlling behavior, and that there are no gender-related differences in the effects on academic performance after trying cannabis.

Prevalencia de uso de cannabis: perfil familiar y social de una muestra adolescente / Prevalence of Cannabis Use: Familiar and Social Profile of a Teen Sample

Este estudio describió y estableció diferencias del perfil estructural/dinámico familiar y social de adolescentes de acuerdo a la prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis. Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo transversal. Muestra no probabilística de 156 adolescentes incluidos en educación secundaria. Menor apoyo familiar, menor grado de confianza y consumo de sustancias ilegales caracterizó la dinámica de familias de quienes han probado cannabis al menos una vez en la vida. Una mayor cantidad de amigos de quienes han probado cannabis alguna vez consumen cannabis, alcohol, tabaco y otras sustancias. Las parejas de quienes han consumido cannabis no funcionan como factor de protección ya que consumen más sustancias que parejas de quienes nunca han probado cannabis. Los programas de prevención en uso de cannabis deben hacer mayor hincapié en el trabajo del aspecto dinámico de las familias y de los adolescentes en relación con sus pares incluyendo sus parejas.

This study described and established differences in the structural/dynamic family and social profile of adolescents according to the lifetime prevalence of cannabis. Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Non-random sample of 156 adolescents included in secondary education. Low family support, less confidence and consumption of illegal substances characterized the dynamics of families of who have tried cannabis at least once in life. A greater number of friends of who have ever used cannabis use more cannabis, alcohol, tobacco and other substances. Couples of who have used cannabis not function as a protective factor as they consume more substances that couples who have never tried cannabis. Cannabis prevention programs have to do a greater emphasis on the work of the dynamic aspects of families and relationships of adolescents with their peers including their partners.

Relación entre Autoestima y Autonomía Funcional en Función del Apoyo Social en Adultos Institucionalizados de la Tercera Edad / Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Functional Autonomy in Elderly Adults in Vulnerable Conditions

En este artículo se establece la relación entre autoestima y autonomía funcional en una muestra de ancianos institucionalizados en función del apoyo social externo. Los participantes fueron 30 ancianos entre 67 y 93 años de ambos géneros, que en promedio llevan cinco años viviendo en un asilo de ancianos. Para medir la autoestima, se utilizó la escala de Rosenberg (2007) y para medir la autonomía funcional, el índice de Barthel (1993). Los resultados confirman que existe una relación entre la autoestima y autonomía funcional, y que la capacidad de desplazamiento sin ayuda externa es un factor determinante de la autoestima. Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la autoestima en lo que respecta al apoyo social representado en visitas externas. Se concluyó que el factor determinante de la autoestima en ancianos institucionalizados es la autonomía funcional relacionada con el desplazamiento sin ayuda antes que el apoyo social externo.

This paper aims to establish a relationship between self-esteem and functional autonomy. 30 elderly participants between 67 and 93 years old of both sexes who spent 5 years living in a nursing home were sampled. To measure their functional autonomy, the Rosenber Scale (2007) was used self-esteem, the Barthel index (1993). The results confirm that there is a relationship between self-esteem and functional autonomy, and the ability to move without external assistance is a determinant factor of self-esteem. Conversely, significant differences were not found in self-esteem related to the social support represented by outpatient visits. It was concluded that the determinant factor for elderly self-esteem is their functional autonomy related to movement without help, rather than external social support.