Medial Temporal Lobe Involvement in Human Prion Diseases: Implications for the Study of Focal Non Prion Neurodegenerative Pathology.

Human prion and non-prion neurodegenerative diseases share pathogenic mechanisms and neuropathological features. The lesion profile of a particular entity results from specific involvement of vulnerable neuron populations and connectivity circuits by a pathogenic protein isoform with strain-like properties. The lesion profile of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) was studied in postmortem tissue of 143 patients with human prion disease (HPD) including sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. Most cases (90%) were classified according to PrPres type and/or PRNP codon 129 status, in addition to a full neuropathological profile. Mixed histotypes represented 29.4% of total sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) cases. An intensity score of involvement including spongiosis and astrogliosis was determined for the amygdala, presubiculum, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, CA1 to CA4 sectors of the hippocampal cortex, and dentate gyrus. Connectivity hubs within the MTL presented the highest scores. Diverse lesion profiles were obtained for different types and subtypes of HPD. Impact of mixed PrPres types on the MTL lesion profile was higher for sCJDMV2K cases than in other histotypes. Differences between MTL profiles was globally consistent with current evidence on specific strains in HPD. These results may be relevant for the analysis of possible strain effects in focal non-prion neurodegenerative conditions limited to the MTL.

Concomitant Acute Tubular Necrosis and Acute Interstitial Nephritis Induced by Tipifarnib in a Patient with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.

Tipifarnib is a novel targeted treatment for hematologic malignancies that is being recently studied for the treatment of advanced solid organ tumors with HRAS mutations. There have been scarce reports on kidney adverse events in initial phase I and II trials. We present a case of acute kidney injury in a patient that had started treatment with tipifarnib for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Kidney biopsy revealed acute tubular necrosis together with acute interstitial nephritis. Tipifarnib was discontinued and the patient was started with high-dose corticosteroids with an early taper completing a five-week steroid course, with full recovery of kidney function.

Demencia rápidamente progresiva por virus BK en mujer octogenaria / Rapidly progressive dementia associated with BK virus infection in an octogenarian woman

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Amyloid- and FDG-PET in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Correlation with pathological prion protein in neuropathology.

INTRODUCTION: The role of positron emission tomography (PET) in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is less defined than in other neurodegenerative diseases. We studied the correlation between the uptake of 18F-florbetaben and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose with pathological prion protein deposition in histopathology in a case. METHODS: A patient with 80 y old with a rapid neurological deterioration with a confirmed diagnosis of CJD was studied. PET and MRI studies were performed between 13-20 d before the death. A region of interest analysis was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping. RESULTS: MRI showed atrophy with no other alterations. FDG-PET showed extensive areas of hypometabolism including left frontoparietal lobes as well as bilateral thalamus. Correlation between uptake of 18F-florbetaben and pathological prion protein deposition was r = 0.786 (p < 0.05). Otherwise, correlation between uptake of 18F-FDG and pathological prion protein was r = 0.357 (p = 0.385). Immunohistochemistry with ß-amyloid did not show amyloid deposition or neuritic plaques. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the use of FDG-PET in the assessment of CJD. FDG-PET may be especially useful in cases of suspected CJD and negative MRI. Furthermore, this case report provides more evidence about the behavioral of amyloid tracers, and the possibility of a low-affinity binding to other non-amyloid proteins, such as the pathological prion protein, is discussed.

Epigenetics in Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study of Global DNA Methylation in Different Brain Regions Associated with Higher Cognitive Functions.

Attempts to discover genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders have been frustrating and often fruitless. Concern is building about the need to understand the complex ways in which nature and nurture interact to produce mental illness. We analyze the epigenome in several brain regions from schizophrenic patients with severe cognitive impairment using high-resolution (450K) DNA methylation array. We identified 139 differentially methylated CpG sites included in known and novel candidate genes sequences as well as in and intergenic sequences which functions remain unknown. We found that altered DNA methylation is not restricted to a particular region, but includes others such as CpG shelves and gene bodies, indicating the presence of different DNA methylation signatures depending on the brain area analyzed. Our findings suggest that epimutations are not relatables between different tissues or even between tissues' regions, highlighting the need to adequately study brain samples to obtain reliable data concerning the epigenetics of schizophrenia.

DNA methylation pattern of gene promoters of major neurotransmitter systems in older patients with schizophrenia with severe and mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze, in older patients with schizophrenia, the methylation status of a set of genes associated with the pathophysiology of the disorder but including anatomical, clinical, and cognitive criteria in the experimental design that, in conjunction with the epigenetic status of specific genes, allows us to derive an integrative model. METHOD: This study included 29 human brain samples from older schizophrenic patients with severe and mild cognitive impairment. We administered a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive tests to determine the size of the impairment across different cognitive domains. We focused our study on the analysis of the methylation pattern of 19 genes of major neurotransmitter systems using methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing. RESULTS: Our results highlight an absence of hypermethylation and hypomethylation in older patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls, irrespective of the degree of the cognitive deficit measured in the neuropsychological assessment (Fisher's exact test; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: mRNA or protein expression level differences in genes of major neurotransmitter systems that are known to be altered in schizophrenia must be because of regulatory mechanisms other than the DNA methylation of its promoter regions, although our results highlight the idea that the analysis of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in schizophrenia represents a new approach that has the possibility of uncovering molecular mechanisms of dysregulated gene expression in this complex disorder.

[Rapid progressive dementia with criteria for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a case of cerebral intravascular lymphoma]. / Demencia rápidamente progresiva con criterios de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob: un caso de linfoma intravascular cerebral.

TITLE: Demencia rapidamente progresiva con criterios de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob: un caso de linfoma intravascular cerebral.

Demencia rápidamente progresiva con criterios de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob: un caso de linfoma intravascular cerebral / Rapidly progressive dementia resembling Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a case of cerebral intravascular lymphomatosis

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A histologic scoring system for prognosis of patients with alcoholic hepatitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There is no histologic classification system to determine prognoses of patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH). We identified histologic features associated with disease severity and created a histologic scoring system to predict short-term (90-day) mortality. METHODS: We analyzed data from 121 patients admitted to the Liver Unit (Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain) from January 2000 to January 2008 with features of AH and developed a histologic scoring system to determine the risk of death using logistic regression. The system was tested and updated in a test set of 96 patients from 5 academic centers in the United States and Europe, and a semiquantitative scoring system called the Alcoholic Hepatitis Histologic Score (AHHS) was developed. The system was validated in an independent set of 109 patients. Interobserver agreement was evaluated by weighted κ statistical analysis. RESULTS: The degree of fibrosis, degree of neutrophil infiltration, type of bilirubinostasis, and presence of megamitochondria were independently associated with 90-day mortality. We used these 4 parameters to develop the AHHS to identify patients with a low (0-3 points), moderate (4-5 points), or high (6-9 points) risk of death within 90 days (3%, 19%, and 51%, respectively; P < .0001). The AHHS estimated 90-day mortality in the training and test sets with an area under the receiver operating characteristic value of 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.83). Interrater agreement values were 0.65 for fibrosis, 0.86 for bilirubinostasis, 0.60 for neutrophil infiltration, and 0.46 for megamitochondria. Interestingly, the type of bilirubinostasis predicted the development of bacterial infections. CONCLUSIONS: We identified histologic features associated with the severity of AH and developed a patient classification system that might be used in clinical decision making.

Variante frontal de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Dos casos confirmados anatomopatológicamente y revisión de la bibliografía / Frontal variant of Alzheimer's disease. Two pathologically confirmed cases and a literature review

Introducción. La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la causa más frecuente de demencia en nuestro medio. En la mayoría de los pacientes, las manifestaciones iniciales consisten en una afectación selectiva y progresiva de la memoria. Sin embargo, no se trata de un proceso homogéneo y, en algunos casos, el modo de presentación puede ser atípico. La presentación de la EA en forma de alteración precoz de la personalidad, el comportamiento y las funciones ejecutivas se ha denominadovariante frontal de la EA. En nuestro caso, su diagnóstico definitivo sólo fue posible mediante el estudio histológico, pues los criterios clínicos vigentes resultaron entonces insuficientes para el diagnóstico de esta forma atípica de la EA. Casos clínicos. Dos pacientes, una mujer y un hombre de 60 y 52 años respectivamente, presentaron un cuadro progresivo de deterioro cognitivo con afectación inicial de las funciones ejecutivas y cambio de personalidad, junto con alteraciones del estado de ánimo, por lo que se realizó el diagnóstico inicial de probable demencia frontotemporal. No obstante, en ambos casos, la autopsia reveló datos compatibles con el diagnóstico de EA, con una distribución de la patología que afectaba fundamentalmente a los lóbulos frontales. Conclusiones. La EA tiene una forma heterogénea de presentación, lo que puede originar errores en su diagnóstico inicial, dado que los criterios clínicos actuales no recogen de modo suficiente esta variabilidad clínica. Por ello, consideramos importante prestar atención a las formas atípicas de la EA con el objeto de desarrollar nuevos métodos diagnósticos que permitan diferenciar la EA del resto de procesos degenerativos (AU)

Introduction. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent degenerative dementia in our setting. In most patients the initial manifestations of the disease consist in a selective and progressive compromise of memory. Yet, it is not a homogeneous process and in some cases the mode of presentation can be atypical. The presentation of AD in the form of anearly disorder affecting personality, behaviour and the executive functions has been called the frontal variant of AD. In our case, its definitive diagnosis was only possible by means of a histological analysis, given the fact that the applicable clinical criteria were then insufficient to reach a diagnosis of this atypical form of AD. Case reports. We report the cases of two patients, one female and one male aged 60 and 52 respectively, who presented a progressive picture of cognitive impairment with initial involvement of the executive functions and personality changes, together with mood disorders. As a result, the initial diagnosis was one of probable frontotemporal dementia. However, in both cases, the autopsy revealed data consistent with a diagnosis of AD, with a distribution of the pathology that essentially affected the frontal lobes. Conclusions. AD has a heterogeneous form of presentation, which can give rise to errors in its initial diagnosis, since current clinical criteria do not take this clinical variability sufficiently into account. We therefore consider it important to pay attention to the atypical forms of AD with the aim of developing new diagnostic methods that allow AD to be distinguished from other degenerative processes (AU)

[Frontal variant of Alzheimer's disease. Two pathologically confirmed cases and a literature review]. / Variante frontal de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Dos casos confirmados anatomopatologicamente y revision de la bibliografia.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent degenerative dementia in our setting. In most patients the initial manifestations of the disease consist in a selective and progressive compromise of memory. Yet, it is not a homogeneous process and in some cases the mode of presentation can be atypical. The presentation of AD in the form of an early disorder affecting personality, behaviour and the executive functions has been called the frontal variant of AD. In our case, its definitive diagnosis was only possible by means of a histological analysis, given the fact that the applicable clinical criteria were then insufficient to reach a diagnosis of this atypical form of AD. CASE REPORTS: We report the cases of two patients, one female and one male aged 60 and 52 respectively, who presented a progressive picture of cognitive impairment with initial involvement of the executive functions and personality changes, together with mood disorders. As a result, the initial diagnosis was one of probable frontotemporal dementia. However, in both cases, the autopsy revealed data consistent with a diagnosis of AD, with a distribution of the pathology that essentially affected the frontal lobes. CONCLUSIONS: AD has a heterogeneous form of presentation, which can give rise to errors in its initial diagnosis, since current clinical criteria do not take this clinical variability sufficiently into account. We therefore consider it important to pay attention to the atypical forms of AD with the aim of developing new diagnostic methods that allow AD to be distinguished from other degenerative processes.

TITLE: Variante frontal de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Dos casos confirmados anatomopatologicamente y revision de la bibliografia.Introduccion. La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la causa mas frecuente de demencia en nuestro medio. En la mayoria de los pacientes, las manifestaciones iniciales consisten en una afectacion selectiva y progresiva de la memoria. Sin embargo, no se trata de un proceso homogeneo y, en algunos casos, el modo de presentacion puede ser atipico. La presentacion de la EA en forma de alteracion precoz de la personalidad, el comportamiento y las funciones ejecutivas se ha denominado variante frontal de la EA. En nuestro caso, su diagnostico definitivo solo fue posible mediante el estudio histologico, pues los criterios clinicos vigentes resultaron entonces insuficientes para el diagnostico de esta forma atipica de la EA. Casos clinicos. Dos pacientes, una mujer y un hombre de 60 y 52 años respectivamente, presentaron un cuadro progresivo de deterioro cognitivo con afectacion inicial de las funciones ejecutivas y cambio de personalidad, junto con alteraciones del estado de animo, por lo que se realizo el diagnostico inicial de probable demencia frontotemporal. No obstante, en ambos casos, la autopsia revelo datos compatibles con el diagnostico de EA, con una distribucion de la patologia que afectaba fundamentalmente a los lobulos frontales. Conclusiones. La EA tiene una forma heterogenea de presentacion, lo que puede originar errores en su diagnostico inicial, dado que los criterios clinicos actuales no recogen de modo suficiente esta variabilidad clinica. Por ello, consideramos importante prestar atencion a las formas atipicas de la EA con el objeto de desarrollar nuevos metodos diagnosticos que permitan diferenciar la EA del resto de procesos degenerativos.