Compliance and leadership: the susceptibility of leaders to the risk of corruption in organizations.

In the field of organizational management, the term "compliance" designates the set of actions to mitigate risk and prevent corruption. Programs are composed by formal control systems, codes of ethics, educational actions, ombudsmen, and reporting channels--to mention the most recurrent, which vary according to the sector, the institutional culture, and the strategy. Leadership has a fundamental role in the process of compliance, not only due to its power to implement it, but precisely because it exercises this power, in itself, the object of reflections on ethics. The goal of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility of leaders to the risk of breaching organizational rules that involve ethical aspects. For quantitative investigation, we used social and descriptive statistical analysis of secondary data provided by ICTS Global, a company specialized in risk reduction. The study analyzed deals with non-probabilistic sampling by convenience, carried out between the years 2004 and 2008 with employees and candidates of 74 private companies located in Brazil. The final number of individuals studied is 7,267. The indicators analyzed are contained in the index of moral perception of comprehension of individual vision of the concerning hypotheses of ethical conflicts. According to the information obtained in the investigation, leaders are more willing to fail to comply. Paradoxically, the data also show that leaders are more loyal to organizations, raising the hypothesis that the bent toward moral integrity and loyalty to the organization are not necessarily simultaneous behaviors (it is possible that, motivated by loyalty, a leader might break away from individual principles). Based on the data and on bibliographic references, our final considerations point to the importance of considering systems from which leadership is recruited, compensated, promoted, developed, etc., in the prevention of corruption. Our data do not show that leaders are more corrupt, but that they have a greater disposition towards relaxing principles in professional circumstances.

Compliance and leadership: the susceptibility of leaders to the risk of corruption in organizations / Compliance e liderança: a suscetibilidade dos líderes ao risco de corrupção nas organizações

In the of organizational management, the term "compliance" designates the set of actions to mitigate risk and prevent corruption. Programs are composed by formal control systems, codes of ethics, educational actions, ombudsmen, and reporting channels - to mention the most recurrent, which vary according to the sector, the institutional culture, and the strategy. Leadership has a fundamental role in the process of compliance, not only due to its power to implement it, but precisely because it exercises this power, in itself, the object of reflections on ethics. The goal of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility of leaders to the risk of breaching organizational rules that involve ethical aspects. For quantitative investigation, we used social and descriptive statistical analysis of secondary data provided by ICTS Global, a company specialized in risk reduction. The study analyzed deals with non-probabilistic sampling by convenience, carried out between the years 2004 and 2008 with employees and candidates of 74 private companies located in Brazil. The final number of individuals studied is 7,267. The indicators analyzed are contained in the index of moral perception of comprehension of individual vision of the concerning hypotheses of ethical conflicts. According to the information obtained in the investigation, leaders are more willing to fail to comply. Paradoxically, the data also show that leaders are more loyal to organizations, raising the hypothesis that the bent toward moral integrity and loyalty to the organization are not necessarily simultaneous behaviors (it is possible that, motivated by loyalty, a leader might break away from individual principles). Based on the data and on bibliographic references, our final considerations point to the importance of considering systems from which leadership is recruited, compensated, promoted, developed, etc., in the prevention of corruption. Our data do not show that leaders are more corrupt, but that they have a greater disposition towards relaxing principles in professional circumstances.

No campo da gestão organizacional, o termo "compliance" designa o conjunto de ações para mitigar o risco e prevenir corrupção. Os programas são compostos por sistemas de controles formais, códigos de ética, ações educativas, ouvidorias e canais de denúncia - para citar os mais recorrentes, que variam de acordo com o setor, a cultura institucional e a estratégia. A liderança tem papel fundamental no processo de compliance, não apenas pelo poder de implementá-lo, mas precisamente por exercer o poder, em si, objeto das reflexões sobre ética. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a suscetibilidade dos líderes ao risco de descumprimento das regras organizacionais que envolvem aspectos éticos. Para a pesquisa quantitativa, utilizamos análise estatística social e descritiva de dados secundários cedidos pela ICTS Global, empresa especializada na redução de riscos. A pesquisa analisada trata de amostra não probabilística por conveniência, realizada entre os anos de 2004 e 2008, com funcionários e candidatos de 74 empresas privadas situadas no Brasil. O número final de indivíduos pesquisados totalizou 7.267. Os indicadores analisados estão contidos no índice de percepção moral de entendimento da visão do indivíduo frente a hipóteses de conflitos éticos. De acordo com as informações obtidas pela pesquisa, os líderes são mais dispostos à quebra do compliance. Paradoxalmente, os dados também mostram que líderes têm maior lealdade às organizações, levantando a hipótese de que disposição à integridade moral e lealdade à organização não são condutas simultâneas, necessariamente (é possível que, motivado pela lealdade, um líder rompa com princípios individuais). Apoiados nos dados e nas referências bibliográficas, nossas considerações finais apontam para a importância de serem considerados os sistemas a partir dos quais a liderança é recrutada, remunerada, promovida, desenvolvida etc., quando da prevenção da corrupção. Nossos dados não mostram que líderes sejam mais corruptos, mas que apresentam maior disposição à flexibilizar princípios nas circunstâncias profissionais.

Financial incentives for generic drugs: case study on a reimbursement program.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the use of financial incentives in choice of medication and to assess the economic results concerning the use of financial incentives to promote the use of genetic medication in lieu of reference drugs in a company with a reimbursement program. METHODS: A case study was carried out in a large supermarket. The data was obtained in the company responsible for managing medication. The study reached 83,625 users between August 2005 and July 2007. The data was submitted to regressions in order to analyze trends and hypothesis tests to assess differences in medication consumption. The results were compared with general data regarding medication consumption of five other organizations and also with data about the national consumption of generic medication in Brazil. RESULTS: The use of financial incentives to replace brand medications for generics, in the company studied, increased the consumption of generic drugs without reducing the company expenses with the reimbursement programs. CONCLUSIONS: This study show the occurrence of unplanned results (increase in the consumption of medications) and the positive consequences of the reimbursement program concerning access to medication.