Lesión fibrótica en cicatriz de mastectomía: ¿estamos ante una recidiva? / Fibrotic lesion in a mastectomy scar: is this a recurrence?

El uso de la radioterapia para el cáncer de mama ha mejorado sustancialmente las tasas de supervivencia para esta enfermedad1;sin embargo, una consecuencia de esto son las complicaciones inducidas por el tratamiento en pacientes que cada vez son máslongevas. Décadas después de la irradiación de la pared torácica, puede desarrollarse una osteomielitis inducida por la radiaciónde inicio muy tardío, causada por osteorradionecrosis2. Es una complicación sumamente infrecuente pero descrita en la literatura. (AU)

The use of radiation therapy for breast cancer has substantially improved survival rates for this disease1; however, one consequenceof this is treatment-induced complications in patients who are increasingly living longer. Decades after chest wall irradiation, verylate-onset radiation-induced osteomyelitis, caused by osteoradionecrosis, can develop2. This is a very rare but a described complication in the literature. (AU)

Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura are different nematode species.

In this paper, a morphological and biometrical study by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) of Trichuris suis isolated from different hosts (Sus scrofa domestica and Sus scrofa scrofa) and Trichuris trichiura isolated from chimpanzee, has been carried out. Our results demonstrate the existence of typical pericloacal papillae in both species. Biometrical parameters of T. suis and T. trichiura overlapped but males and females of T. trichiura tended to be shorter and thinner than those of T. suis. Our results suggest that T. suis and T. trichiura cannot be differentiated using standard procedures as morphological and biometrical determinations. Thus, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA was sequenced to allow a differentiation between T. suis and T. trichiura on genetic level. The ITS1 and ITS2 sequences derived from T. trichiura eggs isolated from feces of primates (Colobus guereza kikuyensis and Nomascus gabriellae) showed clear differences to the respective sequences of T. suis derived from eggs of different porcine hosts. The 5.8S gene was similar between the two species. Sequences obtained from different populations of the same species showed no significant differences indicating that the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences reported in this study are representative for T. trichiura and T. suis, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships have been determined attending to the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences from different species of the genus Trichuris. In conclusion, T. trichiura and T. suis are considered to be closely related but genetically different species. Both species can be easily and reliably distinguished by a PCR-RFLP analysis of the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences with different restriction enzymes.

Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences of Trichuris skrjabini (Tricocephalida: Trichuridae).

The partial mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox 1) and partial mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA of Trichuris skrjabini (Baskakov 1924) isolated from Capra hircus have been amplified and sequenced. The analyses of multiple sequence alignments of mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cox 1 of T. skrjabini revealed high homology with those of Trichinella species. For the first time, the mitochondrial DNA gene sequences of one species of trichurid nematode have been cited.

Determination of Trichuris skrjabini by sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 segment of the ribosomal DNA: comparative molecular study of different species of trichurids.

Adults of Trichuris skrjahini have been isolated from the cecum of caprine hosts (Capra hircus), Trichuris ovis and Trichuris globulosa from Ovis aries (sheep) and C. hircus (goats), and Trichuris leporis from Lepus europaeus (rabbits) in Spain. Genomic DNA was isolated and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 segment from the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified and sequenced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The ITS1 of T. skrjabini, T. ovis, T. globulosa, and T. leporis was 495, 757, 757, and 536 nucleotides in length, respectively, and had G + C contents of 59.6, 58.7, 58.7, and 60.8%, respectively. Intraindividual variation was detected in the ITSI sequences of the 4 species. Furthermore, the 5.8S sequences of T. skrjabini, T. ovis, T. globulosa, and T. leporis were compared. A total of 157, 152, 153, and 157 nucleotides in length was observed in the 5.8S sequences of these 4 species, respectively. There were no sequence differences of ITS1 and 5.8S products between T. ovis and T. globulosa. Nevertheless, clear differences were detected between the ITS1 sequences of T. skrjabini, T. ovis, T. leporis, Trichuris muris, and T. arvicolae. The ITS2 fragment from the rDNA of T. skrjabini was sequenced. A comparative study of the ITS2 sequence of T. skrjabini with the previously published ITS2 sequence data of T. ovis, T. leporis, T. muris, and T. arvicolae suggested that the combined use of sequence data from both spacers would be useful in the molecular characterization of trichurid parasites.

Phylogenetic relationships in rhinonyssid mites (Acari: Rhinonyssidae) based on ribosomal DNA sequences: insights for the discrimination of closely related species.

The complete internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA from 11 species of rhinonyssid mites ( Tinaminyssus columbae, T. minisetosum, T. sartbaevi, T. bubulci, T. melloi, T. streptopelioides, Sternostoma fulicae, S. boydi, S. strandtmanni, S. turdi, Rhinonyssus tringae) were sequenced to assess the utility of this genomic region in resolving taxonomic questions in this group and to estimate phylogenetic relationships between species. Two different geographic locations of T. melloi and T. streptopelioides were analyzed to detect intraspecies variation. Our study shows that ribosomal sequences can help to discriminate between T. melloi and T. sartbaevi, which are morphologically very close and difficult to separate by classic methods. The resulting phylogenetic tree shows some differences from the current taxonomy of the family Rhinonyssidae. This study appeals for the revision of the taxonomic status of S. boydi and closely related species which parasitize aquatic birds and suggests the synonymy of S. boydi and S. strandtmanni, despite the different hosts of the two mites.

Determination of Trichuris muris from murid hosts and T. arvicolae (Nematoda) from arvicolid rodents by amplification and sequentiation of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 segment of the ribosomal DNA.

Trichuris muris has been isolated from murid hosts ( Apodemus sylvaticus and Mus musculus) and Trichuris arvicolae from arvicolid rodents in Barcelona, Spain. Genomic DNA was isolated and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 segment from the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified and sequenced using polymerase chain reaction techniques. The ITS2 of both populations isolated from Apodemus and Mus was 382 nucleotides in length and had a GC content of about 60.73%, while the ITS2 of T. arvicolae was 442 nucleotides in length and had a GC content of about 59.8%. Furthermore, the ITS1 of Trichuris from murids was 448 nucleotides in length and had a GC content of about 56.47%, while T. arvicolae was 446 nucleotides in length and had 57.62% of GC content. A total of 161 and 173 nucleotides were observed along the 5.8S gene of T. murisand T. arvicolae, respectively; This difference in nucleotides was due to the insertion of a DNA segment (transposon) in the 5.8S sequence of the latter species. Slight intraindividual and intraspecific variations were detected in the rDNA of both species. The presence of microsatellites was observed in all of the individuals assayed. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S gene demonstrated no sequence differences between T. muris isolated from both of its murid hosts. Nevertheless, clear differences were detected between the ITS2, ITS1 and 5.8S gene of T. muris and T. arvicolae. This corroborates the existence of two separate Trichuris species in murid and arvicolid hosts. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis was carried out and endonucleases restriction maps were elaborated for both species.

Phylogenetic relationships in rhinonyssid mites (Acari: Rhinonyssidae) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences.

A 390 bp region of the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced from six species of rhinonyssid mites (Tinaminyssus columbae, T. minisetosum, Sternostoma turdi, S. sternahirundo, S. fulicae and Ptilonyssus euroturdi) and two subspecies (Tinaminyssus melloi melloi and Tinaminyssus melloi streptopeliae) to examine the level of sequence variation and the taxonomic levels to show utility in phylogeny estimation. Furthermore, two different geographic locations of T. m. melloi and T. m. streptopeliae were analyzed to detect variation between populations. Molecular data revealed the existence of two distinct groups in the genus Tinaminyssus parasitic on columbiform birds. These results are in agreement with those reported by some authors using morphological characters. Sternostoma turdi parasitizing aerial birds appeared to be phylogenetically separated from other species of this genus isolated from aquatic birds. Moreover, our study addresses the validity of the subspecies status of T. melloi streptopeliae. This region of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene is a useful marker for inferring phylogenetic relationships among closely related rhinonyssid species, but not for more distantly related taxa.

Characterization of Chabertia ovina by isoenzyme gel electrophoresis: comparative study with Oesophagostomum venulosum.

The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, EC.1.1.1.49), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI, EC.5.3.1.9), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC.1.1.1.37) isoenzymatic patterns of Chabertia ovina were determined by starch-gel electrophoresis. The G6PD and GPI isoenzymatic patterns were characterized by the existence of three phenotypes: (1) a single and slow anodic band, (2) a single and fast anodic band, and (3) a large spot matching its migration with bands 1 and 2. These three phenotypes may be explained as the existence of only one gene locus for the G6PD and GPI in C. ovina. Allelic frequencies and the Hardy-Weinberg test were determined. This test indicated that the population was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The MDH isoenzymatic pattern of C. ovina was characterized by the presence of two bands with anodic and cathodic migration. Furthermore, comparative isoenzyme studies were carried out between Oesophagostomum venulosum and C. ovina. The different G6PD, GPI, and MDH isoenzymatic patterns observed for the two species allowed us to distinguish them and, therefore, to use isoenzymatic patterns as a diagnostic tool to discriminate these species.

Characterization of porcine and ovine Oesophagostomum spp. by isoenzymatic patterns and restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs).

Four different morphological and biometrical populations of Oesophagostomum have been identified, using classical taxonomy methods, from Sus scrofa domestica (pigs): O. dentatum (Od), O. quadrispinulatum (Oq), O. granatensis (Og), and a fourth population, including individuals with morphological and biometric parameters overlapping these three species that were clasified as Oesophagostomum sp. The G6PD and MDH isoenzymatic patterns did not discriminate between the three species, while GPI showed a diagnostic isoenzymatic pattern for Oq. Og showed identical G6PD, GPI and MDH isoenzymatic pattern as Od. Furthermore, after rDNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the uncut PCR product showed that the ITS2 of these three species had a similar size of 320 base pairs (bp). Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLP) were analyzed after digestion of the ITS2 with 13 different restriction enzymes. After electrophoretic separation of the digested PCR products, only one unique differentiating pattern of bands was observed for Od and Oq. This was when Sau3AI was used, while Og showed an identical band pattern to Od. Thus, our studies provided no evidence for the existence of Og and Od as differentiated populations. O. venulosum was isolated from sheep and goat; G6PD and MDH isoenzymatic patterns discriminated this species from porcine species of Oesophagostomum. The ITS2 region appeared as a different band of 380 bp from those observed for porcine Oesophagostomum species.

Isoenzymatic pattern and structure of glutamate dehydrogenase from Ascaris suum.

The isoenzymatic pattern of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has been described for Ascaris suum a parasite of Sus scrofa domestica. Only one band of activity has been revealed, suggesting a monomorphic condition for this enzyme. Also, the structure of GDH has been assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and silver staining. Only one subunit was present with a molecular weight of about 55,000. A hexameric structure for GDH of A. suum is suggested.

Chromosome C-banding techniques in Dictyocaulus filaria (Rudolphi, 1809) Railliet and Henry, 1907.

C-banding has been performed on Dictyocaulus filaria using both original and modified techniques. The karyotype is reported based on C band observations. The existence of large heterochromatic blocks appears to be the cause of the low chiasmata frequency.

Description of four species of the genus Vannella isolated from freshwater.

Four species of the genus Vannella have been isolated and identified from samples of different freshwater habitats. The present work is an attempt to bring up to date the descriptions of V. simplex, V. platypodia, V. mira and V. miroides.

[Blood transfusion from cadavers]. / Transfusión de sangre de cadáver.

Most of the transplant programs in our days are based on cadaveric donation; blood has been not recovered from dead bodies, except by some Soviet groups. We selected 16 subjects, eight with brain death and eight with "biological" death (heart arrest) that were considered as ideal donors. From them we obtained 23 units of whole blood, either by surgical dissection of the internal jugular vein, by puncture of the femoral artery or by puncture of a peripheral arm vein. Twelve were not used due to bacterial growth, HBsAg positivity or hemolysis. Of the remaining, we obtained 10 packed red cells and 10 units of plasma, one unit was transfused as whole blood. Three plasma units were discharged due to "turbidity". Sixteen patients for whom it was difficult to get a voluntary donor were transfused with some of the products and followed for as long as they remained in hospital. None showed adverse reactions due to the procedure. We conclude that the organization of any program related to the transplantation of organs is not a simple matter, but that blood is easily recovered and that this should be done always as part of the "total use" of a donating body; cadaveric blood transfusion is harmless provided donors are carefully selected and that the sterility of the product is confirmed by culture.

Protostrongylus rufescens: a cytogenetic study.

The diploid chromosome number of Protostrongylus rufescens is 2n = 11 for males and 2n = 12 for females. So, the sex determinism mechanism is XO/XX. The study of the genetic behaviour of this species has been made. In diakinesis stage the bivalents show typical tetrads with cross, phi, and lineal configurations. The division of the sexual chromosome is prereductional for the first meiotic division.

Cytogenetics of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (Cobbod, 1884) Railliet and Henry, 1907.

A cytogenetic study of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi was made for the first time. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 11 for males and 2n = 12 for females; there was an XO/XX sex determinism mechanism. Diplotene stage showed bivalents with 3, 2 or 1 chiasmata. The possible differences in the evolution of D. arnfieldi and Dictyocaulus filaria are discussed.

The spermatogenesis of Dictyocaulus filaria (Nematoda, Trichostrongyloidea).

A cytological study was carried out, using male Dictyocaulus filaria, that revealed the diploid number of chromosomes was 2n = 11 and the sex determining mechanism was XO. The behaviour of the chromosomes in the different stages of meiosis was also investigated. Cross, open ring and rod bivalents were observed in diakinesis. The chromosomes appeared to be acrocentric since they acquired a radial disposition in Metaphase-II. The chiasma frequency was 1 and the nucleolus-organizing region was located at the ends of the chromosomes.

Trypanosoma cruzi induces changes in the nucleic acids content of host Hela cells "in vitro".

The nucleic acid content of parasitized, non-parasitized Hela, cells, infected with metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, was measured during 7 days of parasitization by means of histochemical techniques. Hela cells were first exposed to the parasite for 12 hrs. and then parasites were removed from the culture medium. Measurements of nuclear RNA + DNA content indicate that the three types of cells behave during 7 days of subsequent culture as three different populations. Similar results were obtained when only nuclear DNA was determined. DNA of parasitized cells increased dramatically compared to control and non-parasitized cells. This increase however was not observed in cells derived from non-parasitized cells, which were infected with trypomastigotes from the first parasitization cycle.