Stage of colorectal cancer diagnosis for immigrants: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer death in Canada. Immigrants in Ontario, Canada's most populous province, are known to have lower rates of CRC screening, but differences in stage of CRC diagnosis are not known. METHODS: We utilized linked administrative databases to compare early (stage I-II) versus late (stage III-IV) stage of CRC diagnosis for immigrants versus long-term residents among patients diagnosed in Ontario between 2012 and 2017 (n = 37,717) and examined the association of immigration-related, sociodemographic, and healthcare-related factors with stage. RESULTS: Almost 45% of those with CRC were diagnosed at a late stage. Immigrants were slightly more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage than their long-term resident counterparts [Adjusted relative risks (ARRs) 1.06 (95% CI 1.02-1.10)], but after adjusting for age and sex, this difference was no longer significant. In fully adjusted models, we observed a higher likelihood of late-stage diagnosis for people with the fewest co-morbidities (ARR 0.86 [95% CI 0.83-0.89]) and those with no visits to primary care (versus a high level of continuity of care) [ARR 1.07 (95% CI 1.03-1.12)]. CONCLUSION: Immigrants were not more likely to have a late-stage CRC diagnosis after adjusting for relevant factors, but access to primary care and healthcare contact was significantly associated with diagnostic stage. IMPACT: Attachment to a primary care provider who provides regular preventive care may play a role in more favorable stage at diagnosis for CRC and thus should be a healthcare system priority.

Denosumab utilization among older adults in Ontario: patient characteristics, persistence with therapy, and return to therapy after an extended gap.

We studied 46,797 older adults who initiated denosumab in Ontario, Canada. Patient characteristics remained relatively stable over time and aligned with public reimbursement restrictions. Almost half of patients persisted with therapy for at least 3 years. Fifty-nine percent of patients who discontinued denosumab returned to treatment within 3.6 years. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients who initiated denosumab and estimate persistence with therapy. METHODS: We identified older adults (aged ≥ 66 years) in Ontario who initiated denosumab between 2012/02 and 2015/03 and followed them to 2016/03. Patient characteristics were summarized using medical and pharmacy claims in the year before starting denosumab and osteoporosis drug use considered since 1996/10. Persistence with denosumab and return after discontinuation (> 90-day gap) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Analyses were stratified by community and long-term care (LTC) residence. RESULTS: We identified 46,797 patients (monthly mean = 1263, SD = 187); 97% female, 13% LTC. Community-dwelling patients had a higher prevalence of bone mineral density testing (62% vs. 5%), yet were younger (mean age 78.5 vs. 86.6 years) and had lower prevalence of hip fractures (3% vs. 10%) compared to LTC patients. Eighty-two percent of patients had used osteoporosis medications in the past; 99% of whom took an oral bisphosphonate. Persistence was similar between community-dwelling and LTC patients: 59% persisted ≥ 2 years, 48% ≥ 3 years, and 38% ≥ 4 years, yet a larger proportion of LTC patients returned to denosumab after discontinuation (76% vs. 57%). CONCLUSIONS: Denosumab utilization is increasing at a steady rate in Ontario. However, persistence remains a concern given the highly reversible pharmacokinetic profile of denosumab that results in a rapid increased fracture risk following discontinuation. Over 80% of patients had a history of oral bisphosphonate therapy, which may persist in bone despite discontinuing denosumab. Consequently, better understanding of denosumab safety and effectiveness among real-world users is important.

Segmenting women eligible for cervical cancer screening using demographic, behavioural and attitudinal characteristics.

The best ways to communicate effectively to under-screened women about cervical cancer screening are unknown. Segmentation techniques create homogeneous segments of women in the population that are different from one another, and help to determine on whom communication efforts should be focused and how messaging should be tailored. We used segmentation techniques to better understand the demographics, attitudes and behaviours of women eligible for cervical screening. We developed a brief online questionnaire that consisted of demographic characteristics, attitudes toward health, and cervical screening behaviour. Simple descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population and principal components analysis was used to define the segments. The study sample consisted of 615 women living in Ontario, 508 from the general population and 107 from South Asia; 63.1% reported regular screening. We defined four segments that represented the sample: i) Proactive, ii) Family First, iii) Social and Stylish, and iv) Faith-Driven. South Asians were represented in all segments. Women who were in the Family First and Faith-Driven segments were least likely to have regular Pap tests and were least likely to know about human papilloma virus (HPV)'s role in cervical cancer. The Internet was very popular among women in all segments as a source of health information, particularly among Faith-Driven women. Only 69.2% of Family First women listed their family physician as a source of health information vs. 91.1% of Proactive women. Future research should focus on how to most effectively reach women who meet the Family First and Faith-Driven profiles, and through which communication media.

Direct costs of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in Ontario.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective economic analysis. OBJECTIVES: To determine the total direct costs of publicly funded health care utilization for the three fiscal years 2003/04 to 2005/06 (1 April 2003 to 31 March 2004 to 1 April 2005 to 31 March 2006), from the time of initial hospitalization to 1 year after initial acute discharge among individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Health system costs were calculated for 559 individuals with traumatic SCI (C1-T12 AIS A-D) for acute inpatient, emergency department, inpatient rehabilitation (that is, short-stay inpatient rehabilitation), complex continuing care (CCC) (i.e., long-stay inpatient rehabilitation), home care services, and physician visits in the year after index hospitalization. All care costs were calculated from the government payer's perspective, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. RESULTS: Total direct costs of health care utilization in this traumatic SCI population (including the acute care costs of the index event and inpatient readmission in the following year after the index discharge) were substantial: $102 900 per person in 2003/04, $100 476 in 2004/05 and $123 674 in 2005/06 Canadian Dollars (2005 CDN $). The largest cost driver to the health care system was inpatient rehabilitation care. From 2003/04 to 2005/06, the average per person cost of rehabilitation was approximately three times the average per person costs of inpatient acute care. CONCLUSION: The high costs and long length of stay in inpatient rehabilitation are important system cost drivers, emphasizing the need to evaluate treatment efficacy and subsequent health outcomes in the inpatient rehabilitation setting.

Is the emergency department an appropriate substitute for primary care for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury?

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort with linkage of administrative data sets. OBJECTIVES: To describe the patterns (for example, number of visits by year post-injury) and characteristics of the emergency department (ED) visits (for example, acuity level, timing of visits, reasons for visits) made by persons with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) over a 6-year period following injury. SETTINGS: Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Rates of ED utilization and reasons for ED visits were calculated between the fiscal years 2003-2009. Reasons for visits were categorized by acuity level: potentially preventable visits were defined as visits related to ambulatory sensitive conditions; low acuity and high acuity visits were defined by the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale. RESULTS: The total number of ED visits for the 6-year period is 4403 (n=1217). Of these visits, 752 (17%) were classified as potentially preventable, 1443 (33%) as low acuity and 2208 (50%) as high acuity. The majority of patients, regardless of acuity level, did not see a primary care practitioner on the day of the ED visit and most visits occurred during the weekday (Mon-Fri 0700-1659 hours). ED use was highest in the first year but remained high over the subsequent years. For potentially preventable visits, the majority of visits were related to urinary tract infections (n=385 visits, 51.2%), followed by pneumonia (n=91, 12.1%). CONCLUSION: Given the high rates of ED use for low acuity and potentially preventable conditions, these results suggest that the ED is being used as an inappropriate substitute for primary care for individuals with TSCI 50% of the time.

Characteristics of adults with incident traumatic spinal cord injury in Ontario, Canada.

STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To provide recent estimates of the incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in adults living in Ontario. SETTING: Ontario, Canada. METHODS: The study included all men and women aged 18 years and older living in Ontario. The two primary data sources used for this study were the census data provided by Statistics Canada and the hospital Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) provided by the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Incidence was estimated for the fiscal years 2003/04-2006/07, and examined by age, gender, mechanism and seasonality of injury, the level of injury, the presence of comorbidity and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The incident cases had a mean age of 51.3 years (s.d. 20.1). The majority of the cases was male (74.1%) and had a cervical SCI caused by falls (49.5%). The age-adjusted incidence rate was stable over the 4-year study period, from 24.2 per million (95% CI: 21.2-27.6) in 2003 to 23.1 per million (95% CI: 20.2-26.3) in 2006. CONCLUSION: Despite worldwide trends that have indicated motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) as the leading cause of injury, falls emerged as the leading cause of traumatic SCI in this study. This finding, and the fact that the number of fall-induced injuries increased steadily with age, may indicate that there is growing concern for the consequences of falls in the elderly. Further work is needed to understand this trend in age and gender and the causes of falls to develop effective fall prevention strategies.

Health care utilization in non-traumatic and traumatic spinal cord injury: a population-based study.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort design. OBJECTIVES: To compare socio-demographic, impairment characteristics and utilization (physician and emergency department (ED) visits) for non-traumatic (NTSCI) and traumatic (TSCI) spinal cord injury 1 year post inpatient rehabilitation. SETTING: Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Inpatient stays (2003-2006) were identified from the National Rehabilitation Registry System. Exclusions were: in-hospital mortality; discharge after 31 March 2006; death within 1 year after discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors predicting high utilization. RESULTS: NTSCI cases (n=1002) were greater than TSCI (n=560). NTSCIs were older (mean=61.6, s.d.=15.8) with more co-morbidities, paraplegic (39.5%) and female (P<0.001). NTSCI had higher FIM admission and discharge scores but lower change scores. Mean number of physician visits for NTSCI and TSCI were 31.2 (median=24) and 29.7 (median=22), with no significant differences in mean specialist visits (NTSCI 16.5: TSCI 17.0). Factors predicting 30 or more physician visits included age 60 years or above (OR=1.5; 95% CI=1.2-1.9), urban living (OR=1.59; 95% CI=1.12-2.22) and lowest quartile (18-88) discharge FIM (OR=1.8; 95% CI=1.4-2.3). Charlson score of 3 or more (OR=2.1; 95% CI=1.3-3.2), urban living (OR=1.92; 95% CI=1.3-2.86) and lowest quartile discharge FIM (OR=1.5; 95% CI=1.2-2.0) were associated with 20 or more specialist visits. Factors for high ED use were: rurality (OR=1.5; 95% CI=1.1-2.1), low income (OR=1.4; 95% CI=1.1-1.9) and low (18-88) discharge FIM (OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.3-2.2). CONCLUSION: Both demonstrated significant health care utilization requiring attention to health care needs; particularly for those living in rural settings, with low income and/or low functional ability.

Health system factors associated with rehospitalizations after traumatic spinal cord injury: a population-based study.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a cohort study with 1-year follow-up. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine 1-year rehospitalization rates following spinal cord injury (SCI) onset and health system factors affecting rehospitalization. METHODS: All persons who had an acute care hospitalization for traumatic SCI in Ontario between 1 April 2003 and 31 March 2006 were identified according to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes and followed for 1 year following acute care discharge through record linkage of administrative databases. Index cases with an SCI admission the year before 2003 as well as persons who died within 1 year after the index hospitalization were excluded from the analysis. Factors associated with 1-year rehospitalization were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analyses and included age, sex, rurality, length of stay, comorbidity, level of injury, discharge disposition, in-hospital complication, physician visits and specialist visits measure and etiology of injury. RESULTS: A total of 559 individuals met the inclusion criteria and 27.5% (n=154) were rehospitalized 1 year after initial acute care discharge. Factors significantly associated with 1-year rehospitalization were length of stay, rural residence, 50+ outpatient physician visits and 50+ specialists visits following the index admission. The main causes of rehospitalization were musculoskeletal, respiratory, gastrointestinal and urological disorders. CONCLUSION: This study presents recent data on rehospitalization and yet rehospitalization rates continue to remain high. Our findings have significant implications for healthcare policy and planning in Ontario, Canada with respect to the management of SCI to achieve optimal health outcomes, in particular in rural areas.

Physician utilization among adults with traumatic spinal cord injury in Ontario: a population-based study.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To describe the physician utilization patterns (family physicians (FP), specialist and emergency department (ED) visits) of adults with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) 1 year after the initial injury. SETTING: Ontario, Canada. METHODS: A total of 559 individuals with a traumatic SCI were identified. Five administrative databases were linked to examine health-care utilization in acute care, inpatient rehabilitation, chronic care rehabilitation, outpatient physician visits and ED visits. Factors predicting frequent physician, specialist and ED use were identified. RESULTS: The mean number of physician visits for traumatic SCI patients during the first year after their injury onset was 31.7 (median 26). FPs had the greatest number of visits (mean 11.6, median 7) followed by physiatrists (mean 6.1, median 2). Factors predicting 50 or more physician visits included age 70 or above (OR=3.6, 95% CI=2.0-6.5), direct discharge to chronic care (OR=3.6, 95% CI=1.0-13.1) and in-hospital complication (OR=2.34, 95% CI=1.3-4.3). Age 70 or less (OR=0.19, 95% CI=0.0-0.9) and direct discharge to chronic care were associated with 50 or more specialist visits. Only rurality predicted two or more visits to the ED. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with traumatic SCI show significant physician utilization, especially among their FPs and physiatrists. Although the factors predicting higher physician and specialist utilization may reflect individuals with the most severe impairment, comorbid conditions or lack of social support, the model for higher ED visits may point to limited accessibility to/availability of primary care services for SCI patients in rural regions.