[Anterior knee pain: a simplified assessment and management algorithm]. / Dolor anterior de rodilla: algoritmo simplificado de estudio y manejo.

Anterior knee pain is a common condition that affects adolescent and young adult patients, being one of the most challenging consultations for a knee surgeon. The large number of distinct diagnoses makes it a peculiar syndrome, the only similarities being the presence of retro or peripatellar pain aggravated by at least one activity that loads the joint in flexion. From a pathophysiological perspective, an overuse injury should be considered, where the structural unit of the tissue is damaged or its capacity for reparative response is exceeded. The diagnosis is clinical. Images should be reserved for a particular group of patients. Early intervention is essential to achieve favorable results. Conservative treatment is the gold standard and it is based on multimodal management validated by international consensus. Based on a categorization by clinic and images, we can have a guide to those etiologies that are susceptible to surgical management. The goal of the intervention is to reduce joint stress. The present review defines a simplified algorithm for the study and management of anterior knee pain.

El dolor anterior de rodilla es una condición que afecta a pacientes adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, siendo una de las consultas más comunes y desafiantes para el cirujano de rodilla. La gran cantidad de diagnósticos diferenciales, lo convierten en un síndrome particular, que solo presentan en común la presencia de dolor retro o peripatelar agravado por al menos una actividad que cargue la articulación en flexión. Desde un punto de vista fisiopatológico, debe considerarse una lesión por sobrecarga, donde la unidad estructural del tejido se encuentra dañada o excedida su capacidad de respuesta reparadora. El diagnóstico es clínico. Las imágenes debiesen reservarse para un grupo particular de pacientes. La intervención precoz es fundamental para lograr resultados favorables. El tratamiento conservador es el estándar de oro y se basa en un manejo multimodal validado por consensos internacionales. Basados en una categorización por clínica e imágenes, podemos tener una guía de aquellos cuadros que son susceptibles de manejo quirúrgico. El objetivo de la intervención es reducir el estrés articular. La presente revisión define un algoritmo simplificado de estudio y manejo en dolor anterior de rodilla.

Dolor anterior de rodilla: algoritmo simplificado de estudio y manejo / Anterior knee pain: a simplified assessment and management algorithm

Resumen: El dolor anterior de rodilla es una condición que afecta a pacientes adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, siendo una de las consultas más comunes y desafiantes para el cirujano de rodilla. La gran cantidad de diagnósticos diferenciales, lo convierten en un síndrome particular, que solo presentan en común la presencia de dolor retro o peripatelar agravado por al menos una actividad que cargue la articulación en flexión. Desde un punto de vista fisiopatológico, debe considerarse una lesión por sobrecarga, donde la unidad estructural del tejido se encuentra dañada o excedida su capacidad de respuesta reparadora. El diagnóstico es clínico. Las imágenes debiesen reservarse para un grupo particular de pacientes. La intervención precoz es fundamental para lograr resultados favorables. El tratamiento conservador es el estándar de oro y se basa en un manejo multimodal validado por consensos internacionales. Basados en una categorización por clínica e imágenes, podemos tener una guía de aquellos cuadros que son susceptibles de manejo quirúrgico. El objetivo de la intervención es reducir el estrés articular. La presente revisión define un algoritmo simplificado de estudio y manejo en dolor anterior de rodilla.

Abstract: Anterior knee pain is a common condition that affects adolescent and young adult patients, being one of the most challenging consultations for a knee surgeon. The large number of distinct diagnoses makes it a peculiar syndrome, the only similarities being the presence of retro or peripatellar pain aggravated by at least one activity that loads the joint in flexion. From a pathophysiological perspective, an overuse injury should be considered, where the structural unit of the tissue is damaged or its capacity for reparative response is exceeded. The diagnosis is clinical. Images should be reserved for a particular group of patients. Early intervention is essential to achieve favorable results. Conservative treatment is the gold standard and it is based on multimodal management validated by international consensus. Based on a categorization by clinic and images, we can have a guide to those etiologies that are susceptible to surgical management. The goal of the intervention is to reduce joint stress. The present review defines a simplified algorithm for the study and management of anterior knee pain.

Consensus-based recommendations on physical activity and exercise in patients with diabetes at risk of foot ulcerations: a Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes mellitus are exposed to important complications. Currently little evidence exist on the guidelines that these patients, at some risk of foot ulceration, should follow for physical exercise. OBJECTIVES: To reach a consensus among multidisciplinary and international experts on physical activity/exercise recommendations for patients with diabetes, according to foot ulcer risk. METHODS: Using a three-round Delphi method, a panel composed of 28 multidisciplinary experts in the management of diabetic foot assessed 109 recommendations on physical activity/exercise for patients with diabetes mellitus, according to their risk of foot ulcer. Consensus was assumed when 80% of responses matched the same category (agreement/disagreement). RESULTS: Twenty-nine experts participated in the first and second rounds of consultation, and twenty-eight did so in the third, reaching final agreement on 86 of the 109 recommendations considered (78.9%). The study, thus, generated a consensus set of recommendations concerning different aspects of diabetic footcare before, during, and after exercise (e.g. when to examine the foot, how to assess it, what type of sock and insole to use, what types of exercise to perform, and when it is advisable to return to activity after an ulceration). CONCLUSION: This Delphi study generated recommendations based on the consensus of international experts on physical activity and exercise by patient with diabetes at risk of ulceration. Recommendations considered the state of the foot and the patient's history and status before physical activity and included information on intensity, duration, frequency, and progressions of physical activity/exercise, and the use of custom-made plantar orthoses, shoe prescription, and the convenience of returning to physical activity after an ulceration.

Trends in premature mortality from diabetes mellitus in Costa Rica in the period 2000-2020.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the temporal trends of premature mortality from diabetes in Costa Rica in the period 2000-2020, at a national level and by province, and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on diabetes mortality during the year 2020. METHODS: We studied the temporal trends of mortality from diabetes in Costa Rica in the period between 2000 and 2020. Age-standardized mortality rates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each year, sex and province. RESULTS: We analyzed the data of 17,968 deceased persons. The mean age was 72.5 years (range 1 to 109 years), and 51.5% of the population (n = 9253) was younger than 75 years. In both men and women, we observed a significant decrease in mortality from 2000 to 2014, followed by the opposite trend from 2014 to 2020, with average yearly increases of 13.9% in men and 11.6% in women. CONCLUSIONS: Premature mortality from diabetes has been growing from 2014. The COVID-19 pandemic changed the mortality pattern, increasing premature diabetes deaths in Costa Rica in 2020.

Measuring patient safety climate in operating rooms: Validation of the Spanish version of the hospital survey on patient safety.

OBJECTIVE: The measurement of patient safety climate within hospitals, and specifically in operating rooms is a basic tool for the development of the patient's safety policy. There are no validated Spanish versions of instruments to measure safety climate. The objective of this research was to validate the Spanish version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety (HSOPS®), with the addition of a module for surgical units, to evaluate the patient safety climate in operating rooms. METHODS: Survey validation study. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety (HSOPS®) was applied to health workers from 6 acute general hospitals, from Medellín (Colombia), with surgical procedures greater than 300 per month, 18 items were added considered specific for Operating Rooms. For construct validation, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used, utilizing principal components as the extraction method. Reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's α. RESULTS: A 10 dimensions model was obtained with EFA, most of the dimensions of the original questionnaire were conserved, although the factorial structure was not reproduced. Two new dimensions emerged from the added items. The Cronbach's α ranged between 0.66 and 0.87. Conclusions: We found the HSOPS questionnaire is valid and reliable for measuring patient safety climate in Spanish speaking Latin American countries. Two additional dimensions are proposed for Operating Rooms.

Maternal periodontitis and preterm birth: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To assess the association between periodontitis and preterm birth in women of childbearing age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review included analytical case-control studies and prospective cohort studies evaluating the association between maternal periodontitis and preterm birth. Of the 3104 screened articles, 31 met the inclusion criteria for the review, and 20 met the quality criteria. The selected studies included a total of 10 215 women. RESULTS: Twenty articles contributed to the meta-analysis; 16 used a case-control design, and 4 were prospective cohort studies. The study heterogeneity was low (Q = 24.2464; P = 0.1869; I2  = 21.63%). A positive association between maternal periodontitis and preterm birth was found in 60% of the studies. Under the random-effects model, meta-analysis gave an odds ratio (OR) of 2.01 (95% CI 1.71, 2.36), representing a significant positive association between the explanatory and outcome variables. CONCLUSION: Pregnant mothers with periodontitis double the risk of preterm birth. There is a lack of international consensus for diagnosing maternal periodontitis.

Variability between Clarke's angle and Chippaux-Smirak index for the diagnosis of flat feet.

BACKGROUND: The measurements used in diagnosing biomechanical pathologies vary greatly. The aim of this study was to determine the concordance between Clarke's angle and Chippaux-Smirak index, and to determine the validity of Clarke's angle using the Chippaux-Smirak index as a reference. METHODS: Observational study in a random population sample (n= 1,002) in A Coruña (Spain). After informed patient consent and ethical review approval, a study was conducted of anthropometric variables, Charlson comorbidity score, and podiatric examination (Clarke's angle and Chippaux-Smirak index). Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of flat feet, using a podoscope, was 19.0% for the left foot and 18.9% for the right foot, increasing with age. The prevalence of flat feet according to the Chippaux-Smirak index or Clarke's angle increases significantly, reaching 62.0% and 29.7% respectively. The concordance (kappa I) between the indices according to age groups varied between 0.25-0.33 (left foot) and 0.21-0.30 (right foot). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the Chippaux-Smirak index and Clarke's angle was -0.445 (left foot) and -0.424 (right foot). After adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity score and gender, the only variable with an independent effect to predict discordance was the BMI (OR= 0.969; 95% CI: 0.940-0.998). CONCLUSION: There is little concordance between the indices studied for the purpose of diagnosing foot arch pathologies. In turn, Clarke's angle has a limited sensitivity in diagnosing flat feet, using the Chippaux-Smirak index as a reference. This discordance decreases with higher BMI values.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existe una gran variabilidad en las mediciones para el diagnóstico de la patología biomecánica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la concordancia entre el ángulo de Clarke y el índice de Chippaux-Smirak, para determinar la validez del ángulo de Clarke utilizando como referencia el índice de Chippaux-Smirak. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional en una muestra aleatoriamente seleccionada (n=1,002) en A Coruña (España). Tras el consentimiento informado del paciente y la aprobación del comité de ética, se estudiaron variables, antropométricas, índice de comorbilidad de Charlson y un examen podológico (ángulo de Clarke, índice de Chippaux-Smirak). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y un análisis multivariado de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de pie plano utilizando el podoscopio fue de 19.0% (pie izquierdo) y 18.9% (pie derecho), incrementándose con la edad.La prevalencia de pie plano según el índice Chippaux-Smirak o el ángulo de Clarke se incrementan considerablemente llegando a 62.0% y 29.7%.La concordancia (kappa I) entre los índices según grupos de edad oscila entre 0.25-0.33 (pie izquierdo) y 0.21-0.30 (pie derecho). El coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) entre el índice de Chippaux-Smirak y el ángulo de Clarke es -0.445 (pie izquierdo) y 0.424 (pie derecho). Tras ajustar por edad, índice de masa corporal (IMC), score de comorbilidad y sexo la única variable con un efecto independiente para predecir discordancia es el IMC (OR= 0.969; IC 95%: 0.940-0.998). CONCLUSIONES: La concordancia entre los índices estudiados para el diagnóstico de la patología del arco plantar es reducida. Existe a su vez una reducida sensibilidad del ángulo de Clarke para el diagnóstico de pie plano, utilizando como referencia el índice de Chippaux-Smirak. Esta discordancia disminuye con valores más altos de IMC.

Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Telepathology System.

OBJECTIVE: This work sought to evaluate the precision and repeatability of a telepathology prototype based on open software and hardware. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prototype was designed with application in telepathology and telemicroscopy. Accuracy and prototype precision were evaluated by calculating the mean absolute error and the intraclass and repeatability correlation coefficients for a series of 190 displacements at 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µm. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This work developed a low-cost prototype that is accessible, easily reproducible, implementable, and scalable; based on the use of technology created under principles of open software and hardware. A pathologist reviewed the obtained images and found them to be of diagnostic quality. Its excellent repeatability, coupled with its good accuracy, allows for its application in telemicroscopy and static, dynamic, and whole-slide imaging pathology systems.

Variability between Clarke's angle and Chippaux-Smirak index for the diagnosis of flat feet / Variabilidad entre el ángulo de Clarke y el índice de Chippaux- Smirak para el diagnóstico de pie plano

Abstract Background: The measurements used in diagnosing biomechanical pathologies vary greatly. The aim of this study was to determine the concordance between Clarke's angle and Chippaux-Smirak index, and to determine the validity of Clarke's angle using the Chippaux-Smirak index as a reference. Methods: Observational study in a random population sample (n= 1,002) in A Coruña (Spain). After informed patient consent and ethical review approval, a study was conducted of anthropometric variables, Charlson comorbidity score, and podiatric examination (Clarke's angle and Chippaux-Smirak index). Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results: The prevalence of flat feet, using a podoscope, was 19.0% for the left foot and 18.9% for the right foot, increasing with age. The prevalence of flat feet according to the Chippaux-Smirak index or Clarke's angle increases significantly, reaching 62.0% and 29.7% respectively. The concordance (kappa I) between the indices according to age groups varied between 0.25-0.33 (left foot) and 0.21-0.30 (right foot). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the Chippaux-Smirak index and Clarke's angle was -0.445 (left foot) and -0.424 (right foot). After adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity score and gender, the only variable with an independent effect to predict discordance was the BMI (OR= 0.969; 95% CI: 0.940-0.998). Conclusion: There is little concordance between the indices studied for the purpose of diagnosing foot arch pathologies. In turn, Clarke's angle has a limited sensitivity in diagnosing flat feet, using the Chippaux-Smirak index as a reference. This discordance decreases with higher BMI values.

Resumen Introducción: Existe una gran variabilidad en las mediciones para el diagnóstico de la patología biomecánica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la concordancia entre el ángulo de Clarke y el índice de Chippaux-Smirak, para determinar la validez del ángulo de Clarke utilizando como referencia el índice de Chippaux-Smirak. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional en una muestra aleatoriamente seleccionada (n= 1,002) en A Coruña (España). Tras el consentimiento informado del paciente y la aprobación del comité de ética, se estudiaron variables, antropométricas, índice de comorbilidad de Charlson y un examen podológico (ángulo de Clarke, índice de Chippaux-Smirak). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y un análisis multivariado de regresión logística. Resultados: La prevalencia de pie plano utilizando el podoscopio fue de 19.0% (pie izquierdo) y 18.9% (pie derecho), incrementándose con la edad. La prevalencia de pie plano según el índice Chippaux-Smirak o el ángulo de Clarke se incrementan considerablemente llegando a 62.0% y 29.7%. La concordancia (kappa I) entre los índices según grupos de edad oscila entre 0.25-0.33 (pie izquierdo) y 0.21-0.30 (pie derecho). El coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) entre el índice de Chippaux-Smirak y el ángulo de Clarke es -0.445 (pie izquierdo) y 0.424 (pie derecho). Tras ajustar por edad, índice de masa corporal (IMC), score de comorbilidad y sexo la única variable con un efecto independiente para predecir discordancia es el IMC (OR= 0.969; IC 95%: 0.940-0.998). Conclusiones: La concordancia entre los índices estudiados para el diagnóstico de la patología del arco plantar es reducida. Existe a su vez una reducida sensibilidad del ángulo de Clarke para el diagnóstico de pie plano, utilizando como referencia el índice de Chippaux-Smirak. Esta discordancia disminuye con valores más altos de IMC.

Six simple questions to detect malnutrition or malnutrition risk in elderly women.

UNLABELLED: Of the numerous instruments available to detect nutritional risk, the most widely used is the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), but it takes 15-20 min to complete and its systematic administration in primary care units is not feasible in practice. We developed a tool to evaluate malnutrition risk that can be completed more rapidly using just clinical variables. Between 2008 and 2013, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 418 women aged ≥60 years from Mexico. Our outcome was positive MNA and our secondary variables included were: physical activity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, educational level, dentition, psychological problems, living arrangements, history of falls, age and the number of tablets taken daily. The sample was divided randomly into two groups: construction and validation. Construction: a risk table was constructed to estimate the likelihood of the outcome, and risk groups were formed. VALIDATION: the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated and we compared the expected and the observed outcomes. The following risk factors were identified: physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, dentition, psychological problems and living with the family. The AUC was 0.77 (95% CI [0.68-0.86], p < 0.001). No differences were found between the expected and the observed outcomes (p = 0.902). This study presents a new malnutrition screening test for use in elderly women. The test is based on six very simple, quick and easy-to-evaluate questions, enabling the MNA to be reserved for confirmation. However, it should be used with caution until validation studies have been performed in other geographical areas.