Experiences of family members of cancer patients in palliative care: a qualitative systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to synthesize the experiences of family members of cancer patients in palliative care. INTRODUCTION: Increasingly, palliative care is the approach advocated when a life-threatening illness has been diagnosed. Cancer patients and their families, when receiving early identification, correct assessment, and treatment of pain and other problems through palliative care, report feeling supported in their illness experience. The patients and their families also describe immediate and personalized symptom management, holistic support, decision-making guidance, and preparation for the future, including the dying process and stages of grief. A growing number of studies address palliative care patients and, in particular, the central role of family in this approach. This review will synthesize qualitative research on this subject, providing recommendations to health professionals to help them better understand the experiences and needs of family members of cancer patients receiving palliative care. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review will consider studies examining experiences of families of cancer patients in palliative care, in all types of settings and contexts. The studies will focus on qualitative data, including, but not limited to, designs such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, qualitative descriptive, and mixed methods studies. METHODS: The review will follow the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence. The search strategy will aim to locate both published and unpublished studies, in any language, with no date restrictions. Methodological quality will be evaluated using the standard JBI critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. The findings will be pooled using the meta-aggregation approach or will be presented in narrative format. The final synthesized findings will be graded according to the ConQual approach. REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022333937.

Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patients With Bacterial Infections: Frequency, Clinical Characteristics, and Prognostic Relevance.

Background/Objectives: Bacterial infections (BIs) are well-recognized precipitants of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Nevertheless, there is a paucity of data in patients with HE associated with BI. Our aim was to describe clinical characteristics, recurrence, and prognosis of HE in patients with BI. Methods: A prospective study with inclusion of hospitalized cirrhotic patients with BI, followed until discharge, death, or liver transplantation. Results: 172 patients (age 57 ± 13, model of end-stage liver disease [MELD]-sodium 22 ± 8) were included. Infections were more commonly due to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and cellulitis (22% and 23%), non-nosocomial (70%), and associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and septic shock in 40% and 9%, respectively. HE was diagnosed in 66 patients (grade ≥2 in 58%). In multivariate analysis, MELD-sodium, albumin, and prior HE were associated with HE at diagnosis of BI. Recurrence of HE was diagnosed in 30 patients (median 13 [interquartile range 5-22] days), more commonly manifested as overt HE (90% vs. 60% at first episode, P = 0.012) and more frequently in patients with hyponatremia (54% vs. 27% for patients without, P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was 34% and was more common for patients with HE (51% vs. 22%, P < 0.001), irrespective of grade, and for those with recurrence (63% vs. 42%, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, HE at diagnosis of infection and MELD-sodium were predictors of mortality. Conclusions: HE is frequent in cirrhotic patients with BI and is associated with severity of liver disease, but not with infection. These patients are at increased risk of short-term HE recurrence, especially those with hyponatremia. The presence and recurrence of HE, independent of severity, are associated with in-hospital mortality.

Natural History of Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis (HSS) Non-Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension (NCPH): Influence of Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Decompensation in Prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) is a peculiar form of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH). Although HSS patients present normal hepatic function, some evolve signs of hepatocellular failure and features of decompensated cirrhosis. The natural history of HSS-NCPH is unknown. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted that evaluated patients who fulfilled clinical-laboratorial criteria for HSS. RESULTS: A total of 105 patients were included. Eleven patients already presented with decompensated disease and had lower transplant-free survival at 5 years than those without (61% vs. 95%, p = 0.015). Among 94 patients without prior decompensation, the median follow-up was 62 months and 44% of them had varicose bleeding (two or more episodes in 27%). Twenty-one patients presented at least one episode of decompensation (10-year probability 38%). Upon multivariate analysis, varicose bleeding and higher bilirubin levels were associated with decompensation. The 10-year probability of survival was 87%. Development of decompensation and age were predictive of mortality. CONCLUSION: HSS is characterized by multiple episodes of GI bleeding, a high probability of decompensation and reduced survival at the end of the first decade. Decompensation is more common in patients with varicose esophageal bleeding and is associated with lower survival.

Frequency and predictive factors of minimal hepatic encephalopathy before and after sustained virological response in HCV cirrhosis.

Introduction: Data of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) before and after hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment remain scarce. We aimed to describe the prevalence, evolution and predictive factors of MHE before and after a sustained virological response (SVR). Material and methods: It was a prospective study that included adults with cirrhosis due to HCV treated by direct-acting agents (DAA). MHE was assessed using the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES). Results: 104 patients (65% female, age 60 ±10 years; 69% with diabetes, 47% with hypertension; 82% Child-Pugh A) were included. MHE was assessed just before therapy and 12 (IQR 7-15) months after SVR. Prevalence of MHE before HCV treatment and after SVR were 16% and 22%, respectively (p = 0.18). Resolution of MHE after SVR occurred in a few patients (n = 4/17) and 10 of 87 patients (11.5%) without MHE before treatment developed this condition after SVR. MHE after SVR was more common in patients with MHE before treatment (57% vs. 5%, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, older age, hypertension and hypoalbuminemia after treat-ment were predictors of MHE after SVR. In the absence of all these variables, none of the patients had MHE. In contrast, the prevalence of MHE was 42% and 70% in the case of presence of any 2 of these factors and all these conditions, respectively. Conclusions: MHE is frequent in patients with cirrhosis who achieved SVR after DAA. SVR is associated with low probability of resolution of MHE and may not entirely protect patients from developing de novo MHE. Presence of MHE before DAA, older age, hypertension and hypoalbuminemia after SVR were independently associated with this condition.

Liver stiffness regression after sustained virological response by direct-acting antivirals reduces the risk of outcomes.

The role of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) after sustained virological response (SVR) in HCV patients treated by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate LSM regression value after SVR and to identify risk factors associated with liver related complications (LRC) or death. This retrospective study analyzed patients with LSM ≥ 10 kPa with LSM by transient elastography pre-DAAs and post-SVR. Patients with previous hepatic decompensation were excluded. Medical records were reviewed to identify primary outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves and time-to-event Cox proportional-hazard models were performed. 456 patients [65% female, 62 years (IQR 57-68)] were included. During a follow-up of 2.3 years (IQR 1.6-2.7), 28 patients developed 37 outcomes [rate = 29.0 (95% CI 20.0-42.0) per 1000 person-years]. The cumulative incidence of outcomes was significantly lower in patients who regressed LSM ≥ 20% [3.4% (95% CI 1.8-7.0) vs. 9.0% (5.5-14.5), p = 0.028]. In a multivariate Cox-model [HR(95% CI)], male gender [HR = 3.00 (1.30-6.95), p = 0.010], baseline albumin < 3.5 mg/dL [HR = 4.49 (1.95-10.34), p < 0.001] and baseline unfavorable Baveno-VI [HR = 4.72 (1.32-16.83), p = 0.017] were independently associated and LSM regression ≥ 20% after SVR had a trend to reduce the risk of LRC or death [HR = 0.45 (0.21-1.02), p = 0.058]. The use of simple parameters before DAAs and repetition of LSM post-SVR can identify patients with different risks for severe outcome after HCV eradication.

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensation of Cirrhosis.

Background: Although recently challenged, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria are still commonly used in daily practice to define sepsis. However, several factors in liver cirrhosis may negatively impact its prognostic ability. Goals. To investigate the factors associated with the presence of SIRS, the characteristics of SIRS related to infection, and its prognostic value among patients hospitalized for acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Study. In this cohort study from two tertiary hospitals, 543 patients were followed up, up to 90 days. Data collection, including the prognostic models, was within 48 hours of admission. Results: SIRS was present in 42.7% of the sample and was independently associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB), ACLF, infection, and negatively related to beta-blockers. SIRS was associated with mortality in univariate analysis, but not in multiple Cox regression analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival probability of patients without SIRS was 73.0% and for those with SIRS was 64.7%. The presence of SIRS was not significantly associated with mortality when considering patients with or without infection, separately. Infection in SIRS patients was independently associated with Child-Pugh C and inversely related to UGB. Among subjects with SIRS, mortality was independently related to the presence of infection, ACLF, and Child-Pugh C. Conclusions: SIRS was common in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and was of no prognostic value, even in the presence of infection.

CLIF-C AD Score Predicts Development of Acute Decompensations and Survival in Hospitalized Cirrhotic Patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with decompensated cirrhosis are at increased risk of mortality, even in absence of ACLF. The CLIF-C AD score (CLIF-C ADs) was proposed as a prognostic score but lacks sufficient validation. Our aim was to describe clinical characteristics and hospital evolution according to score groups and evaluate prognostic capability of CLIF-C ADs alone or in combination with other scores. METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-six patients (55 ± 14 years, ascites in 63%, MELD 14 ± 5) were included, and classified as high, intermediate and low CLIF-C ADs in 13, 60 and 27% of cases. Development of new complications of cirrhosis during hospitalization and survival at 3 months were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients with high CLIF-C ADs had more severe systemic inflammation parameters and higher frequency of organ dysfunction. CLIF-C ADs ≥ 60, when compared to intermediate and low groups, was associated with higher incidence of complications of cirrhosis (90% vs 70% and 49%, p < 0.001) and lower survival (93%, 80% and 50%, p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, CLIF-C ADs, ascites and MELD were predictors of survival [(AUROC 0.76 (95% CI 0.69-0.83)]. Absence of ascites or MELD < 14 identified patients with intermediate CLIF-C ADs and good survival (89 and 84%, respectively). CONCLUSION: CLIF-C ADs predicts survival in cirrhotic patients with AD. High CLIF-C ADs is associated with higher frequency of organ dysfunction, increased risk of new complications of cirrhosis and high short-term mortality. On the contrary, individuals with low CLIF-C ADs, as well as those with intermediate score without ascites or with low MELD have excellent prognoses.

I Plano Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e o Bolsa Família em perspectiva intersetorial / First National Plan for Food and Nutrition Security and Bolsa Família under the intersectorial perspective

Resumo: Este artigo, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa de caráter documental, analisou os principais resultados do I Plano Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (I Plansan 2012-2015) tendo como foco as conexões intersetoriais estabelecidas entre o Plano e o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). Adotou-se o conceito de intersetorialidade definido pelo Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (Consea).

Abstract: This article analyzed the main results of the 1. National Plan for Food and Nutrition Security (I Plansan 2012-2015) by means of qualitative documentary research focusing on the connections established between the Plan and the Bolsa Família Program (PBF). The concept of intersectoriality as defined by the National Council of Food and Nutritional Security (Consea) was adopted.

Combination and sequential evaluation of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and hyponatremia and prognosis in cirrhotic patients.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated whether combination and sequential evaluation of ACLF (acute-on-chronic liver failure) and hyponatremia aids prognosis. AIMS: Describe clinical course and determine prognostic capability of assessing ACLF and hyponatremia at specific time-points. METHODS: Prospective study with inclusion of 376 patients. ACLF and hyponatremia were evaluated at days 1 and 7 and classified as persistent, transient, de novo or absent. Follow-up was 90 days. RESULTS: At inclusion, ACLF was diagnosed in 99 patients. Reversal was observed in 57 patients and was associated with lower creatinine and ACLF grade. De novo ACLF developed in 19 patients, and MELD (model of end-stage liver disease) score and lower albumin were predictive factors. Hyponatremia was present in 76 patients (persistent, transient and de novo in 27, 24 and 25 respectively). ACLF at D7 had the lowest survival compared to transient or no ACLF (21, 57 and 80%, p < 0.0001). Hyponatremia at admission was associated with low survival (35%) whereas survival was higher for de novo or absent cases (70%), p < 0.001. In multivariate analysis ACLF at D7 and hyponatremia at D1 were predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: ACLF and hyponatremia are dynamic and evaluation of both conditions at different time-points identifies patients at higher risk of short-term mortality.

Effectiveness of direct-acting agents for hepatitis C and liver stiffness changing after sustained virological response.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Few studies have evaluated sustained virological response (SVR) rates by direct-acting agents (DAAs) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) changing post-SVR in limited-resource settings. We aimed to describe the effectiveness of DAAs for hepatitis C virus treatment and to assess the changing of LSM post-SVR. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed data of consecutive hepatitis C virus-infected patients treated by DAAs from 2015 to 2017 in two tertiary centers in Brazil. SVR rates were reported by intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. LSM by transient elastography performed before treatment and post-SVR was compared, and logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS: Six hundred seventy-one patients (63% female, 62 years [55-68], 89% genotype 1, 8% HIV co-infected, and 64% with cirrhosis) were included. Most patients were treated by sofosbuvir/daclatasvir ± ribavirin (74%) and sofosbuvir/simeprevir ± ribavirin (21%). SVR rates (95% confidence interval [CI]) were 94.6% (92.7-96.1) and 97.8% (96.4-98.7) for intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses, respectively. The leading adverse event was anemia (9.6% [95% CI 7.6-12.1]). Pretreatment and post-SVR12 LSM were available in 400 patients. LSM had significantly decreased after SVR (13.6 kPa [interquartile range, 10.0-21.6] vs 10.2 kPa [7.0-17.6], P < 0.001). A total of 167 patients (42%) decreased at least 30% of LSM post-SVR. The absence of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio = 1.52 [95% CI 1.05-2.21], P = 0.028) and presence of platelet count ≥ 150 × 109 /mm3 (odds ratio = 1.75 [1.23-2.50], P = 0.002) were independently associated with a significant LSM regression (≥ 30%) post-SVR. CONCLUSION: DAAs were highly effective and safe, and LSM significantly decreased after SVR in a real-life cohort in Brazil. The absence of type 2 diabetes and presence of high platelet count were independently associated with LSM decrease post-SVR.

Pomolic acid induces apoptosis and inhibits multidrug resistance protein MRP1 and migration in glioblastoma cells.

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive of primary brain tumors, determine short survival and poor quality of life. Therapies used for its treatment are not effective and chemotherapy failure is partially due to multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms present in the tumor cells. New therapeutic strategies are needed in order to improve survival in GBM. The present study investigated the activity of the pentacyclic triterpene pomolic acid (PA) in GBM. Pomolic acid decreased the viability and induced apoptosis of GBM cells as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation. It also induced uncoupling of mitochondria membrane potential and activation of caspase-3 and -9. Pomolic acid-induced apoptosis is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as it is inhibited by anti-oxidant treatment. Pomolic acid also down-modulated the activity of the multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) and inhibited migration of GBM cells. These results show that PA acts on several pathways of GBM drug resistance and therefore may be of potential interest for the treatment of this tumor.

Apoptosis-inducing effects of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil in glioblastoma multiforme cells.

Current therapies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are not effective. This study investigated the activity of the M. officinalis essential oil (EO) and its major component (citral) in GBM cell lines. Both EO and citral decreased the viability and induced apoptosis of GBM cells as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. Antioxidant prevented citral-induced death, indicating its dependence on the production of reactive oxygen species. Citral downmodulated the activity and inhibited the expression of multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1). These results show that EO, through its major component, citral, may be of potential interest for the treatment of GBM.

A Entrevista Motivacional: conversas sobre mudança / The Motivational Interview: conversations about changes / La Entrevista Motivacional: conversaciones sobre mudanza

Entrevista Motivacional é um estilo de conversa colaborativa que almeja ofortalecimento da motivação do cliente e seu comprometimento com a mudança. Desde1983, quando foi lançada, vem sofrendo modificações, a fim de tentar se adaptar àcomplexidade que pauta a relação profissional-cliente. A partir desta perspectiva, esteartigo é desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar a proposta da Entrevista Motivacional,bem como suas transformações e modificações mais recentes, discorrendo sobre osprincípios, estratégias e armadilhas, com destaque a ideia do “espírito da EntrevistaMotivacional, alicerçado a partir de quatro elementos, sendo eles a parceria, a aceitação,a evocação, a compaixão e atuação profissional com equilíbrio e equanimidade. Apresentaos quatro processos fundamentais para a realização da Entrevista Motivacional que sãodesenvolvidos por meio do engajamento, do foco, da evocação e do planejamento,permeados pela aplicação da metodologia PARR (Perguntas abertas – afirmação- reforçopositivo e reflexões em uma relação de duas estratégias para cada uma pergunta, depreferencia aberta). As pesquisas atuais demonstram evidencias positivas quando aEntrevista Motivacional é utilizada no início do tratamento; além disso, pode-se perceberque seus efeitos surgem rapidamente, mas tendem a diminuir após 12 meses, sendo esteúltimo aspecto uma das razões de sucessivas modificações nesta abordagem. A EntrevistaMotivacional é trabalhada atualmente enquanto uma abordagem que, por meio de testese adaptações com rigor científico, visa estabilizar a ambivalência e agregar uma visãohumanista e construtivista nas modificações de comportamentos de risco(AU)

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a collaborative type of conversation focusedon strengthening the motivation and commitment to change. Launched in 1983, it hasundergone changes aimed at adapting to the complexity inherent to the professionalclientrelationship. From this perspective, this article was written so as to present MI’sproposal and its most recent transformations. It describes its principles, strategies andtraps, and also introduces the “MI’s spirit” idea, based on four elements, namely partnership, acceptance, evocation and compassion. The article also presents MI’sbasic premises and processes, which are developed by means of engagement, focus,evocation and planning. It displays the positive evidences seen when MI is utilized in thebeginning of the treatment. In addition, its effects are quickly noticed, but yet tend todecrease after a period of 12 months, and this latter aspect is one of the reasons whyMI has undergone successive modifications. MI is currently developed as an approachthat, by means of tests and adaptations following scientific rigor, aims at stabilizingambivalence and add a humanist and constructivist vision to changes to be made to riskbehavior(AU)

La Entrevista Motivacional (EM) es un estilo de conversación colaborativaorientada para el fortalecimiento y aumento de la motivación y del comprometimientocon el cambio. Desde 1983, cuando fue lanzada, viene sufriendo modificaciones, con elfin de intentar adaptarse a la complejidad que pauta la relación profesional-cliente. Apartir de esta perspectiva, este artículo fue desarrollado con el objetivo de presentar lapropuesta de la EM, sus transformaciones y modificaciones más recientes,extendiéndose hasta sus principios, estrategias y trampas, destacando también la ideadel “espíritu de la EM”, afirmado a partir de cuatro elementos, siendo ellos el trabajoconjunto, la aceptación, la evocación y la compasión. Presenta los cuatro procesosfundamentales para la realización de la EM, que son desarrollados por medio delcompromiso, el foco, la evocación y la planificación, permeados por la aplicación de lametodología de la PARR (Preguntas abiertas – afirmación- refuerzo positivo y reflexiones,en una relación de dos estrategias para cada pregunta de preferencia abierta).Lasinvestigaciones más recientes, muestran evidencias positivas cuando la EM es utilizadaen el inicio del tratamiento; además, se puede percibir que sus efectos surgenrápidamente, pero tienden a disminuir y tras 12 meses, siendo este último aspecto unade las razones de sucesivas modificaciones en este abordaje. La EM es trabajadaactualmente como un abordaje que a través de tests y adaptaciones con rigor científico,busca estabilizar la ambivalencia y agregar una visión humanista y constructivista enlas modificaciones de comportamientos de riesgo(AU)

Cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterápicos: [revisão] / Chemotherapy induced cardiotoxicity: [review]

A sobrevida dos pacientes com câncer aumentou consideravelmente nos últimos 20 anos e, com ela,o número de eventos adversos associados aos quimioterápicos. A cardiotoxicidade crônica induzida pelos agentes antineoplásicos pode comprometer a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, independentemente de seu prognóstico oncológico. Inúmeros fármacos foram associados a eventos adversos cardiovasculares, e até o momento não há protocolos bem estabelecidos para se detectar precocemente a toxicidade cardíaca. Alguns métodos auxiliam o diagnóstico, como o ecocardiograma, a dosagem de marcadores bioquímicos como a troponina I e o peptídeo natriurético, e a biópsia endomiocárdica. A cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterápicos tem se mostrado irreversível e ,uma vez estabelecida a disfunção miocárdica, seu tratamento independe do agente associado à indução da lesão. Estudos recentes sugerem o papel de agentes específicos como o dexrazoxane, a eritropoietina, a trombopoietina e os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina na prevenção do desenvolvimento de cardiotoxicidade relacionada à quimioterapia.

Life expectancy of cancer patients has considerably increased in the last 20 years, but adverseevents associated to chemotherapy have also been more frequent. Chronic cardiactoxicity of antineoplastic agents can compromise survival and quality of life, independentof the oncological prognosis. A wide range of chemotherapy drugs have been associatedto cardiovascular adverse events, and until nowadays there are no well establishedprotocols for early detection of cardiac toxicity. Some methods help in identifying initialcardiomyopathy, such as the echocardiogram, the biochemical markers troponin I andnatriuretic peptide, and endomiocardial biopsy. Chemotherapy induced cardiotoxicityseems to be irreversible, and once myocardial dysfunction is established, the treatmentis not dependent of the causative drug. Recent studies suggest a role for specific agentssuch as dexrazoxan, eritropoietin, thrombopoietin and angiotensin converting enzymeinhibitors in preventing chemotherapy induced cardiotoxicity.

Choque cardiogênico na miocardiopatia induzida por agentes antineoplásicos: relato de caso / Cardiogenic shock in cardiomyopathy induced by antineoplastic agents: a case report

No Brasil, a principal etiologia da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é a cardiopatia isquêmica crônica associada à hipertensão arterial. A IC pode se manifestar como doença crônica estável ou descompensada. A IC descompensada pode se apresentar como edema agudo de pulmão ou choque cardiogênico no atendimento de urgência. Este trabalho descreve a evolução de paciente admitida em unidade de pronto-socorro com choque cardiogênico secundário à miocardiopatia induzida por agentes antineoplásicos, manifesta quatro anos após a quimioterapia para câncer de mama.

The main cause of heart failure (HF) in Brazil is ischemic cardiomyopathy associated to arterial hypertension. HF can present as a chronic stable or as a decompensated disease. Decompensated HF can manifest as acute pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock in the emergency unit. We describe here a patient admitted to an emergency room with cardiogenic shock secondary to cardiomyopathy induced by antineoplastic agents, 4 years after chemotherapy for breast cancer.