The cultural heritage of pastoralism - local knowledge, state identity and the global perspective: the example of local breeds in Morocco. / Le patrimoine culturel du pastoralisme : perspective globale, identité étatique et savoirs locaux au prisme des races locales au Maroc.

Over the past few decades, the heritage designation process has come to impact on the way of life of many nomadic pastoralists across the world. Since the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted in 1972, policies for the conservation of protected areas have been implemented under the aegis of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), especially in countries of the South, with a varying impact on the practices and perceptions of pastoral communities. Heritage policies were further extended by the establishment of the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage (the Convention was adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in October 2003 and came into force in 2006) and the list of Cultural Landscapes (adoption in 1992, with the first site listed in 1993). This enthusiasm for heritage, which is felt by States and local communities alike, provides an opportunity to study the contradictions and changing perceptions of the nomadic and pastoral identity. In this context of wholesale heritage designation, it is interesting to examine how local knowledge - especially that on hardy animal breeds - is promoted and safeguarded. The authors focus on the case of Morocco, where the national association of sheep and goat breeders (ANOC) oversees breed selection and health policy for local breeds, in order to demonstrate that greater recognition of farmers' knowledge and their ability to identify hardy animals can ensure the sustainability of farms in both South and North from a socio-economic, genetic and health standpoint.

Les processus de patrimonialisation ont, depuis plusieurs décennies, affecté le mode de vie de nombreuses populations de pasteurs nomades à travers le monde. Sous l'égide de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO) et depuis l'élaboration de la Convention sur la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel (1972), des politiques de conservation d'aires protégées ont été mises en oeuvre, en particulier dans les pays du Sud, affectant de manière variable les pratiques et représentations de populations pastorales. Ces politiques se sont encore accentuées avec la mise en place de la liste du Patrimoine culturel immatériel (la Convention est adoptée par la Conférence générale de l'UNESCO en octobre 2003, puis mise en vigueur en 2006) et de celle des Paysages culturels (adoption en 1992, premier bien classé en 1993). L'engouement patrimonial, qui touche autant les États que les sociétés locales, permet de sonder les contradictions et les changements de perception qui s'opèrent à propos de l'identité nomade et pastorale. Dans ce contexte de patrimonialisation tous azimuts, il est intéressant de savoir comment sont valorisés et sauvegardés les savoirs locaux, en particulier ceux portant sur les races animales rustiques. Les auteurs s'attardent sur le cas du Maroc où l'Association nationale des éleveurs ovins et caprins encadre la sélection et la politique de santé des races locales afin de montrer en quoi une meilleure prise en compte des connaissances des éleveurs et de leur identification des animaux rustiques peut garantir la durabilité socio-économique, génétique et sanitaire des élevages au Sud comme au Nord.

Hace varios decenios que los procesos de patrimonialización vienen afectando al modo de vida de numerosas poblaciones de pastores nómadas de todo el mundo. Bajo la égida de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), y desde la elaboración de la Convención para la Protección del Patrimonio Mundial Cultural y Natural (1972), se han puesto en marcha políticas de conservación de zonas protegidas, en particular en los países del Sur, que afectan de modo variable a los usos y las representaciones de las poblaciones pastorales. Esas políticas se han acentuado aún más con la creación de la lista del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial (vinculada a la convención del mismo nombre aprobada por la Conferencia General de la UNESCO en octubre de 2003, que entró en vigor en 2006) y la de Paisajes Culturales (aprobada en 1992 e inaugurada con la inscripción de un primer elemento en 1993). El entusiasmo por el patrimonio que se ha apoderado tanto de Estados como de sociedades locales permite indagar en las contradicciones y los cambios de percepción que se operan acerca de la identidad nómada y pastoral. En este contexto de frenesí patrimonializador, es interesante preguntarse cómo se valorizan y salvaguardan los saberes locales, en particular los relativos a las razas animales rústicas. Los autores se detienen en el caso de Marruecos, donde la Asociación Nacional de Productores Ovinos y Caprinos encauza la selección y la política de salud de las razas locales con objeto de demostrar que, teniendo más en cuenta los conocimientos de los productores y su identificación de los animales rústicos, es posible garantizar la sostenibilidad socioeconómica, genética y sanitaria de las explotaciones ganaderas tanto del Sur como del Norte.

[2014 literature findings in internal general medicine]. / Acquisitions thérapeutiques en médecine ambulatoire en 2014.

The usual treatment of venous ulcers may be associated with statins intake. Antibiotics have only marginal utility in acute bronchitis. The prescription of paracetamol seems to have no benefit in the treatment of acute lower back pain. The absence of antithrombotic prophylaxis for distal fractures of the lower limbs seems to be safe for patients' health. The treatment of atraumatic lesions of the rotator cuff in patients >55 years should remain conservative. Arthroscopic surgery of non-traumatic tear of the medial meniscus seems to have no benefit. The family environment seems to be a protective factor to the mental health of adolescents. Screening for colorectal cancer in patients >75 years would save lives.

[Childrens' chronic cough revisited]. / La toux chronique de l'enfant revisitée.

Chronic cough is a common symptom in childhood and very often the expression of a cold like respiratory tract infection. Chronic cough may follow an acute cough lasting more than 4-8 weeks or may be the primary symptom of an underlying severe respiratory disease. It is important to find out the exact origin of chronic cough to allow accurate investigation steps and treatment. In childhood, adults like diagnostic approach is not appropriate and differential diagnosis must encompass children specific age dependent diagnosis. This article aims to stress a specific paediatric approach in prolonged or chronic cough and emphasizes the role of protracted bacterial bronchitis, a form of airway disease newly described. This entity should be diagnosed and treated adequately to avoid recurrence and development of bronchiectasis.

[How to investigate sleep related breathing disorders in children?]. / Comment investiguer les troubles respiratoires du sommeil chez l'enfant?

Sleep related breathing disorders (SDB) in children has a major negative impact on their neurocognitive development and should be identified and treated early as to decrease morbidity. Children do not usually present daytime fatigue and sleepiness like adults, but rather show abnormal behavior patterns and learning disabilities. The presence of sustained nightime snoring is a good screening toll for SDB. Polysomnography is the gold standard for diagnosis even though nightime oxymetry, with its high positive predictive value, can also be used. The most frequent SDB in childhood is sleep obstructive apnea syndrome (SOAS), which generally requires surgical treatment with adenotonsillectomy. Long term evolution of pediatric SOAS still has to be defined, as the role of other diagnostic tools such as outpatient polygraphy.

[Atypical intratubular germ cells and testicular germ cell tumors in children (author's transl)]. / Cellules germinales atypiques intratubulaires et tumeurs germinales testiculaires de l'enfant.

Intratubular atypical germ cells are quite frequent in seminiferous tubules of tumor-free tissue adjacent to germ cell tumors of the adult testis. Atypical germ cells are considered by several authors to be totipotent stem cells for different types of germ cell tumors. If this theory is correct, atypical germ cells should be demonrable in the vicinity of germ cell tumors of children as well. We reviewed 30 testicular germ cell tumors of children aged 6 months to 6 1/2 years (17 yolk sac tumors and 13 mature teratomas). In five cases no tumor-free testicular tissue was present. In the remaining 25 cases - 15 patients with yolk sac tumors and 10 patients with mature teratomas - no atypical germ cells, neither intra-nor extratubular in location, could be found. The question arises, therefore, whether these so-called atypical germ cells are really the precursor cells of germ cell tumors or if they represent, at least in some cases, a reactive phenomenon due to the presence of a germ cell tumor.

Magnesium ion dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of heavy meromyosin as a function of temperature between +20 and -15 degrees C.

The hydrolysis of Mg2+-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) by heavy meromyosin has been studied between +20 and -15 degrees C, especially in the low-temperature range, in a medium containing 30% (v/v) ethylene glycol by fluorometric, spectrophotometric, and potentiometric measurements. The time course of the fluorescence changes of the enzyme during the reaction depends markedly on the temperature in consequence of large differences between the activation energies of the various steps. The observed kinetics have been analyzed according to the simplified scheme of Bagshaw & Trentham [Bagshaw, C. R., & Trentham, D. R. (1974) Biochem. J. 141, 331-349]. The following results have been obtained. (1) The rate-limiting step of the reaction changes in this temperature range; at 20 degrees C M**.ADP.Pi is the predominant steady-state complex, and M*.ADP predominates at -15 degrees C, with a half-life of approximately 10 min. (2) As expected, on the basis that it is the dissociation of the M*.ADP complex which becomes rate limiting at low temperature, one observes, in the pre-steady-state below 0 degrees C, both a proton burst and a lag phase in ADP release. (3) At low temperature, the equilibrium M*.ATP in equilibrium M**.ADP.Pi is displaced to the left All the kinetic data obtained in this study are compatible with a simple pathway for the Mg2+-ATP hydrolysis by myosin and with sequential release of the reaction products.

[Model of the interaction between trypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin of porcine serum]. / Modèle d'interaction entre la trypsine et la alpha2-macroglobuline du sérum de Porc.

A comparative study of the dissociation into subunits of Porcine alpha2 M, either native or bound to trypsin (Tn), has been carried out in order to determine the modifications of the alpha2 M structure due to the formation of the Tn-alpha2 M complex. Analytical ultra-centrifugation at pH 3.5 shows that the dissociation is smaller when alpha 2 M is bound to trypsin. Electrophoresis in 4% polyacrylamide gels, in presence of 0.1% SDS, of alpha2 M and Tn-alpha2 M incubated in 1% SDS leads to the same conclusion; the enzyme must stabilize the quaternay structure of alpha2 M. In presence of SDS + beta-mercaptoethanol, only a molecular weight (M.W.) 200,000 band is revealed in electrophoresis pattern of native alpha2 M. In the case of reduced Tn-alpha2 M, some other bands of M.W. 100,000, 50,000, 30,000 appear. When trypsin is inactivated by TLCK 100,000 M.W. band is present, accompanied by the 200,000 M.W. band whose intensity is function of the alpha2 M concentration. The 100,000 M.W. band appears therefore characteristic of the formation of the complex which must imply a proteolytic cleavage in the middle of the 100,000 polypeptidic chain of alpha2 M. A model of the complex is proposed in which the enzyme forms a proteic bridge between the two halves of the alpha2 M molecule.

[Study of the complex between porcine plasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin (author's transl)]. / Etude du complexe plasmine-alpha2-macroglobuline de porc

Porcine plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) is obtained from plasminogen activated by human urokinase. This enzyme can bind, in an equimolecular ratio, to an alpha2-macroglobulin isolated from porcine serum. The number of active sites of plasmin has been determined through a burst titration of nitroaniline during the presteady-state hydrolysis of an amide substrate (N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide). The kinetic constants relative to a very sensitive ester substrate (N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine nitrophenylester) hydrolysis have been measured. The binding of plasmin to alpha2-macroglobulin results in a complete inhibition of proteolytic activity, a reduction of active sites number and a decrease of esterolytic activity towards this substrate. In the complex, the residual activity (about 60%) is protected from protein inhibitors. Absorbance difference spectra show that 1 mol of alpha2-macroglobulin binds 1 mol of plasmin and 2 mol of trypsin. When plasmin is first bound to alpha2-macroglobulin, only 1 mol of trypsin can gain access tothe second site without removing the plasmin, showing that a steric hindrance is implicated in the inhibition performed by alpha2-macroglobulin binding.