Raman Spectroscopy of Blood Serum for Essential Thrombocythemia Diagnosis: Correlation with Genetic Mutations and Optimization of Laser Wavelengths.

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm that increases the risk of thrombosis. To diagnose this disease, the analysis of mutations in the Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), thrombopoietin receptor (MPL), or calreticulin (CALR) gene is recommended. Disease poses diagnostic challenges due to overlapping mutations with other neoplasms and the presence of triple-negative cases. This study explores the potential of Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning for ET diagnosis. We assessed two laser wavelengths (785, 1064 nm) to differentiate between ET patients and healthy controls. The PCR results indicate that approximately 50% of patients in our group have a mutation in the JAK2 gene, while only 5% of patients harbor a mutation in the ASXL1 gene. Additionally, only one patient had a mutation in the IDH1 and one had a mutation in IDH2 gene. Consequently, patients having no mutations were also observed in our group, making diagnosis challenging. Raman spectra at 1064 nm showed lower amide, polysaccharide, and lipid vibrations in ET patients, while 785 nm spectra indicated significant decreases in amide II and C-H lipid vibrations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed that both wavelengths could distinguish ET from healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine (SVM) analysis revealed that the 800-1800 cm-1 range provided the highest diagnostic accuracy, with 89% for 785 nm and 72% for 1064 nm. These findings suggest that FT-Raman spectroscopy, paired with multivariate and machine learning analyses, offers a promising method for diagnosing ET with high accuracy by detecting specific molecular changes in serum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed that both wavelengths could distinguish ET from healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine (SVM) analysis revealed that the 800-1800 cm-1 range provided the highest diagnostic accuracy, with 89% for 785 nm and 72% for 1064 nm. These findings suggest that FT-Raman spectroscopy, paired with multivariate and machine learning analyses, offers a promising method for diagnosing ET with high accuracy by detecting specific molecular changes in serum.

Investigation of the structural changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex using FTIR spectroscopy in sleep deprived mice.

Sleep is a basic, physiological requirement for living things to survive and is a process that covers one third of our lives. Melatonin is a hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of sleep. Sleep deprivation affect brain structures and functions. Sleep deprivation causes a decrease in brain activity, with particularly negative effects on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Despite the essential role of protein and lipids vibrations, polysaccharides, fatty acid side chains functional groups, and ratios between amides in brain structures and functions, the brain chemical profile exposed to gentle handling sleep deprivation model versus Melatonin exposure remains unexplored. Therefore, the present study, aims to investigate a molecular profile of these regions using FTIR spectroscopy measurement's analysis based on lipidomic approach with chemometrics and multivariate analysis to evaluate changes in lipid composition in the hippocampus, prefrontal regions of the brain. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to either the control or sleep deprivation group, resulting in four experimental groups: Control (C) (n = 6), Control + Melatonin (C + M) (n = 6), Sleep Deprivation (S) (n = 6), and Sleep Deprivation + Melatonin (S + M) (n = 6). Interventions were administered each morning via intraperitoneal injections of melatonin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle solution (%1 ethanol + saline), while the S and S + M groups underwent 6 h of daily sleep deprivation from using the Gentle Handling method. All mice were individually housed in cages with ad libitum access to food and water within a 12-hour light-dark cycle. Results presented that the brain regions affected by insomnia. The structure of phospholipids, changed. Yet, not only changes in lipids but also in amides were noticed in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tissues. Additionally, FTIR results showed that melatonin affected the lipids as well as the amides fraction in cortex and hippocampus collected from both control and sleep deprivation groups.

Quantitative or qualitative biomolecular changes in blood serum composition induced by childhood obesity: A Fourier transform infrared examination.

Childhood obesity (CO) negatively affects one in three children and stands as the fourth most common risk factor of health and well-being. Clarifying the molecular and structural modifications that transpire during the development of obesity is crucial for understanding its progression and devising effective therapies. The study was indeed conducted as part of an ongoing CO treatment trial, where data were collected from children diagnosed with CO before the initiation of non-drug treatment interventions. Our primary aim was to analyze the biochemical changes associated with childhood obesity, specifically focusing on concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, insulin, and glucose. By comparing these parameters between the CO group (n = 60) and a control group of healthy children (n = 43), we sought to elucidate the metabolic differences present in individuals with CO. Our biochemical analyses unveiled lower LDL (low-density lipoproteins) levels and higher HDL (high-density lipoproteins), cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, and glucose levels in CO individuals compared to controls. To scrutinize these changes in more detail, we employed Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy on the serum samples. Our results indicated elevated levels of lipids and proteins in the serum of CO, compared to controls. Additionally, we noted structural changes in the vibrations of glucose, ß-sheet, and lipids in CO group. The FTIR technique, coupled with principal component analysis (PCA), demonstrated a marked differentiation between CO and controls, particularly in the FTIR region corresponding to amide and lipids. The Pearson test revealed a stronger correlation between biochemical data and FTIR spectra than between 2nd derivative FTIR spectra. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the molecular and structural changes occurring in CO.

Detection of primary myelofibrosis in blood serum via Raman spectroscopy assisted by machine learning approaches; correlation with clinical diagnosis.

Primary myelofibrosis (PM) is one of the myeloproliferative neoplasm, where stem cell-derived clonal neoplasms was noticed. Diagnosis of this disease is based on: physical examination, peripheral blood findings, bone marrow morphology, cytogenetics, and molecular markers. However, the molecular marker of PM, which is a mutation in the JAK2V617F gene, was observed also in other myeloproliferative neoplasms such as polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Therefore, there is a need to find methods that provide a marker unique to PM and allow for higher accuracy of PM diagnosis and consequently the treatment of the disease. Continuing, in this study, we used Raman spectroscopy, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis as helpful diagnostic tools for PM. Consequently, we used serum collected from PM patients, which were classified using clinical parameters of PM such as the dynamic international prognostic scoring system (DIPSS) for primary myelofibrosis plus score, the JAK2V617F mutation, spleen size, bone marrow reticulin fibrosis degree and use of hydroxyurea drug features. Raman spectra showed higher amounts of C-H, C-C and C-C/C-N and amide II and lower amounts of amide I and vibrations of CH3 groups in PM patients than in healthy ones. Furthermore, shifts of amides II and I vibrations in PM patients were noticed. Machine learning methods were used to analyze Raman regions: (i) 800 cm-1 and 1800 cm-1, (ii) 1600 cm-1-1700 cm-1, and (iii) 2700 cm-1-3000 cm-1 showed 100 % accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Differences in the spectral dynamic showed that differences in the amide II and amide I regions were the most significant in distinguishing between PM and healthy subjects. Importantly, until now, the efficacy of Raman spectroscopy has not been established in clinical diagnostics of PM disease using the correlation between Raman spectra and PM clinical prognostic scoring. Continuing, our results showed the correlation between Raman signals and bone marrow fibrosis, as well as JAKV617F. Consequently, the results revealed that Raman spectroscopy has a high potential for use in medical laboratory diagnostics to quantify multiple biomarkers simultaneously, especially in the selected Raman regions.

Application of Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy of machine learning with Support Vector Machine and principal components analysis to detect biochemical changes in dried serum of patients with primary myelofibrosis.

Primary myelofibrosis (PM) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by stem cell-derived clonal neoplasms. Several factors are involved in diagnosing PM, including physical examination, peripheral blood findings, bone marrow morphology, cytogenetics, and molecular markers. Commonly gene mutations are used. Also, these gene mutations exist in other diseases, such as polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanism and finding disease-related biomarker characteristics only for PM is crucial for the treatment and survival rate. For this purpose, blood samples of PM (n = 85) vs. healthy controls (n = 45) were collected for biochemical analysis, and, for the first time, Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy measurement of dried PM and healthy patients' blood serum was analyzed. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) model with optimized hyperparameters was constructed using the grid search (GS) method. Then, the FTIR spectra of the biomolecular components of blood serum from PM patients were compared to those from healthy individuals using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Also, an analysis of the rate of change of FTIR spectra absorption was studied. The results showed that PM patients have higher amounts of phospholipids and proteins and a lower amount of H-O=H vibrations which was visible. The PCA results indicated that it is possible to differentiate between dried blood serum samples collected from PM patients and healthy individuals. The Grid Search Support Vector Machine (GS-SVM) model showed that the prediction accuracy ranged from 0.923 to 1.00 depending on the FTIR range analyzed. Furthermore, it was shown that the ratio between α-helix and ß-sheet structures in proteins is 1.5 times higher in PM than in control people. The vibrations associated with the CO bond and the amide III region of proteins showed the highest probability value, indicating that these spectral features were significantly altered in PM patients compared to healthy ones' spectra. The results indicate that the FTIR spectroscope may be used as a technique helpful in PM diagnostics. The study also presents preliminary results from the first prospective clinical validation study.

FTIR- based serum structure analysis in molecular diagnostics of essential thrombocythemia disease.

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) reflects the transformation of a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell, but its molecular pathogenesis remains obscure. Nevertheless, tyrosine kinase, especially Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), has been implicated in myeloproliferative disorders other than chronic myeloid leukaemia. FTIR analysis was performed on the blood serum of 86 patients and 45 healthy volunteers as control with FTIR spectra-based machine learning methods and chemometrics. Thus, the study aimed to determine biomolecular changes and separation of ET and healthy control groups illustration by applying chemometrics and ML techniques to spectral data. The FTIR-based results showed that in ET disease with JAK2 mutation, there are alterations in functional groups associated with lipids, proteins and nucleic acids significantly. Moreover, in ET patients the lower amount of proteins with simultaneously higher amount of lipids was noted in comparison with the control one. Furthermore, the SVM-DA model showed 100% accuracy in calibration sets in both spectral regions and 100.0% and 96.43% accuracy in prediction sets for the 800-1800 cm-1 and 2700-3000 cm-1 spectral regions, respectively. While changes in the dynamic spectra showed that CH2 bending, amide II and CO vibrations could be used as a spectroscopy marker of ET. Finally, it was found a positive correlation between FTIR peaks and first bone marrow fibrosis degree, as well as the absence of JAK2 V617F mutation. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of ET and identifying biomolecular changes and may have implications for early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Chemical changes in childhood obesity blood as a marker of the disease. A Raman-based machine learning study.

Obesity in children is a global problem, leading to different medical conditions that may contribute to metabolic syndrome and increase the risk of diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases in future health. Metabolic disorders are the results of the body's chemical process. The changes in the chemical compositions could be determined by Raman spectroscopy. Therefore, in this study, we measured blood collected from children with obesity to show chemical changes caused by obesity disease. Moreover, we will also show characteristic Raman peaks/regions, which could be used as a marker of obesity, not other metabolic syndromes. Children with obesity had higher glucose levels, proteins, and lipids than the control ones. Furthermore, it was noticed that the ratio between CO and C-H is 0.23 in control patients and 0.31 in children with obesity, as well as the ratio between amide II and amide I was 0.72 in control and 1.15 in obesity, which suggests an imbalance in these two fractions in childhood obesity. PCA with discrimination analyses showed that the accuracy, selectivity, and specificity of Raman spectroscopy in differentiation between childhood obesity and healthy children was between 93% and 100%. There is an increased risk of metabolic changes in childhood obesity with higher glucose levels, lipids, and proteins in children with obesity. Also, there were differences in the ratio between proteins and lipids functional groups and glucose, amide II, and amide I vibrations as a marker of obesity. The results of the study offer valuable insights into potential alterations in protein structure and lipid composition in children with obesity, emphasizing the importance of considering metabolic changes beyond traditional anthropometric, measurements.

An application of raman spectroscopy in combination with machine learning to determine gastric cancer spectroscopy marker.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Globally, gastric carcinoma (Gca) ranks fifth in terms of incidence and third in terms of mortality. Higher serum tumor markers (TMs) than those from healthy individuals, led to TMs clinical application as diagnostic biomarkers for Gca. Actually, there is no accurate blood test to diagnose Gca. METHODS: Raman spectroscopy is applied as an efficient, credible, minimally invasive technique to evaluate the serum TMs levels in blood samples. After curative gastrectomy, serum TMs levels are important in predicting the recurrence of gastric cancer, which must be detected early. The experimentally assesed TMs levels using Raman measurements and ELISA test were used to develop a prediction model based on machine learning techniques. A total of 70 participants diagnosed with gastric cancer after surgery (n = 26) and healthy (n = 44) were comrpised in this study. RESULTS: In the Raman spectra of gastric cancer patients, an additional peak at 1182 cm-1 was observed and, the Raman intensity of amide III, II, I, and CH2 proteins as well as lipids functional group was higher. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed, that it is possible to distinguish between the control and Gca groups using the Raman range between 800 and 1800 cm-1, as well as between 2700 and 3000 cm-1. The analysis of Raman spectra dynamics in gastric cancer and healthy patients showed, that the vibrations at 1302 and 1306 cm-1 were characteristic for cancer patients. In addition, the selected machine learning methods showed classification accuracy of more than 95%, while obtaining an AUROC of 0.98. Such results were obtained using Deep Neural Networks and the XGBoost algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results suggest, that Raman shifts at 1302 and 1306 cm-1 could be spectroscopic markers of gastric cancer.

Raman spectroscopy-based biomarker screening by studying the fingerprint and lipid characteristics of Polycythem..a Vera cases blood serum.

This study aimed to develop a novel approach for diagnosing Polycythemia Vera (PV), a stem cell-derived neoplasm of the myeloid lineage. The approach utilized Raman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis to analyze blood serum samples collected from PV patients. The results showed that PV serum exhibited lower protein and lipid levels and structural changes in the functional groups that comprise proteins and lipids. The study also demonstrated differences in lipid biosynthesis and protein levels in PV serum. Using the Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) model, Raman-based multivariate analysis achieved high accuracy rates of 96.49 and 93.04% in the training sets and 93.10% and 89.66% in the test sets for the 800-1800 cm-1 and 2700-3000 cm-1 ranges, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) values of the test datasets were calculated as 0.92 and 0.89 in the 800-1800 cm-1 and 2700-3000 cm-1 spectral regions, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the PLS-DA models for the diagnosis of PV. This study highlights the potential of Raman spectroscopy-based analysis in the early and accurate diagnosis of PV, enabling the application of effective treatment strategies.

Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to detect biochemical changes in blood serum of obese patients.

Obesity is frequently a significant risk factor for multiple obesity-associated diseases that have been increasing in prevalence worldwide. Anthropometric data such as body mass index, fat, and fat mass values are assessed for obesity. Therefore, we aimed to propose two Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral regions, 800-1800 cm-1 and 2700-3000 cm-1 , as sensitive potential band assignments for obesity-related biochemical changes. A total of 134 obese (n = 89) and controls (n = 45) biochemical characteristics and clinical parameters indicative of obesity were evaluated. The FT-IR spectra of dried blood serum were measured. Anthropometric data of the obese have the highest body mass index, %fat, and fat mass values compared to the healthy group (p < 0.01). Also, the triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher than in healthy subjects (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) technique successfully distinguished obese and control groups in the fingerprint, accounting for 98.5% and 99.9% of the total variability (800-1800 cm-1 ) and lipids (2700-3000 cm-1 ) regions presented as 2D and 3D score plots. The loading results indicated that peaks corresponding to phosphonate groups, glucose, amide I, and lipid groups were shifted in the obese group, indicating their potential as biomarkers of obesity. This study suggests that FTIR analysis based on PCA can provide a detailed and reliable method for the analysis of blood serum in obese patients.

Correlation between human colon cancer specific antigens and Raman spectra. Attempting to use Raman spectroscopy in the determination of tumor markers for colon cancer.

Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. To follow up on the progression of the disease, tumor markers are commonly used. Here, we report serum analysis based on Raman spectroscopy to provide a rapid cancer diagnosis with tumor markers and two new cell adhesion molecules measured using the ELISA method. Raman spectra showed higher Raman intensities at 1447 cm-1 1560 cm-1, 1665 cm-1, and 1769 cm-1, which originated from CH2 proteins and lipids, amide II and amide I, and CO lipids vibrations. Furthermore, the correlation test showed, that only the CEA colon cancer marker correlated with the Raman spectra. Importantly, machine learning methods showed, that the accuracy of the Raman method in the detection of colon cancer was around 95 %. Obtained results suggest, that Raman shifts at 1302 cm-1 and 1306 cm-1 can be used as spectroscopy markers of colon cancer.

Increased levels of nerve growth factor accompany oxidative load in recurrent pregnancy loss. Machine learning applied to FT-Raman spectra study.

The presented article is focused on developing and validating an efficient, credible, minimally invasive technique based on spectral signatures of blood serum samples in patients with diagnosed recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) versus healthy individuals who were followed at the Gynecology department. A total of 120 participants, RPL disease (n = 60) and healthy individuals (n = 60), participated in the study. First, we investigated the effect of circulating nerve growth factor (NGF) in RPL and healthy groups. To show NGF's effect, we measured the level of oxidative loads such as Total Antioxidant Level (TAS), Total Oxidant Level (TOS), and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) with Beckman Coulter AU system and biochemical assays. We find a correlation between oxidative load and NGF level. Oxidative load mainly causes structural changes in the blood. Therefore, we obtained Raman measurements of the participant's serum. Then we selected two Raman regions, 800 and 1800 cm-1, and between 2700 cm-1 and 3000 cm-1, to see chemical changes. We noted that Raman spectra obtained for RPL and healthy women differed. The findings confirm that the imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants has important implications for the pathogenesis of RPL and that NGF levels accompany the level of oxidative load in the RPL state. Biomolecular structure and composition were determined using Raman spectroscopy and machine learning methods, and the correlation of these parameters was studied alongside machine learning technologies to advance toward clinical translation. Here we determined and validated the development of instrumentation for the Analysis of RPL patients' serum that can differentiate from control individuals with an accuracy of 100% using the Raman region corresponding to structural changes. Furthermore, this study found a correlation between traditional biochemical parameters and Raman data. This suggests that Raman spectroscopy is a sensitive tool for detecting biochemical changes in serum caused by RPL or other diseases.

Comparative and Predictive Analysis of Clinical and Metabolic Features of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.

Background: Eating disorders have become increasingly prevalent over the years; the age at which they appear has decreased, and they can lead to serious illness or death. Therefore, the number of studies on the matter has increased. Eating disorders like anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are affected by many factors including mental illnesses that can have serious physical and psychological consequences. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the clinical and metabolic features of patients with AN and BN and identify potential biomarkers for distinguishing between the two disorders. Methods: Clinical data of 41 participants who sought treatment for eating disorders between 2012 and 2022, including 29 AN patients and 12 BN patients, were obtained from NPIstanbul Brain Hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. The study included the clinical variables of both outpatient and inpatient treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to gain insights into differentiating AN and BN patients based on clinical characteristics, while machine learning techniques were applied to identify eating disorders. Findings: The study found that thyroid hormone levels in patients with AN and BN were influenced by non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), which could be attributed to various factors, including psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and medication use. Lipid profile comparisons revealed higher triglyceride levels in the BN group (P<0.05), indicating increased triglyceride synthesis and storage as an energy source. Liver function tests showed lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in BN patients (P<0.05), while higher prolactin levels (P<0.05) suggested an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Imbalances in minerals such as calcium and magnesium (P<0.05) were observed in individuals with eating disorders. PCA effectively differentiated AN and BN patients based on clinical features, and the Naïve Bayes (NB) model showed promising results in identifying eating disorders. Conclusion: The findings of the study provide important insights into AN and BN patients' clinical features and may help guide future research and treatment strategies for these conditions.

Blood serum lipid profiling may improve the management of recurrent miscarriage: a combination of machine learning of mid-infrared spectra and biochemical assays.

The present article is focused on developing and validating an efficient, credible, minimally invasive technique based on spectral signatures of blood samples of women with recurrent miscarriage vs. those of healthy individuals who were followed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for 2 years. For this purpose, blood samples from a total of 120 participants, including healthy women (n=60) and women with diagnosed recurrent miscarriage (n=60), were obtained. The lipid profile (high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and glutathione levels) were evaluated with a Beckman Coulter analyzer system for chemical analysis. Biomolecular structure and composition were determined using an attenuated total reflectance sampling methodology with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy alongside machine learning technology to advance toward clinical translation. Here, we developed and validated instrumentation for the analysis of recurrent miscarriage patient serum that was able to differentiate recurrent miscarriage and control patients with an accuracy of 100% using a Fourier transform infrared region corresponding to lipids. We found that predictors of lipid profile abnormalities in maternal serum could significantly improve this patient pathway. The study also presents preliminary results from the first prospective clinical validation study of its kind.

Neurobiological and neuropharmacological aspects of food addiction.

This review aims to draw attention to current studies on syndromes related to food eating behavior, including food addiction, and to highlight the neurobiological and neuropharmacological aspects of food addiction toward the development of new therapies. Food addiction and eating disorders are influenced by several neurobiological factors. Changes in feeding behavior, food addiction, and its pharmacological therapy are related to complex neurobiological processes in the brain. Thus, it is not surprising that there is inconsistency among various individual studies. In this review, we assessed literature including both experimental and clinical studies regarding food addiction as a feeding disorder. We selected articles from animal studies, randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, narrative, and systemic reviews given that, crucial quantitative data with a measure of neurobiological, neuropharmacological aspects and current therapies of food addiction as an outcome. Thus, the main goal to outline here is to investigate and discuss the association between the brain reward system and feeding behavior in the frame of food addiction in the light of current literature.

Apocynin reduces cytotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate in the brain: A spectroscopic, oxidative load, and machine learning study.

Herein, we examined the modulatory effects ofApocynum (APO) on Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)-induced oxidative damage on the brain tissue of rats after long-term consumption of blood serum components by biochemical assays, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and machine learning methods. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into the Control, Control + APO, MSG, and MSG + APO groups (n = 8 per group). All administrations were made by oral gavage saline, MSG, or APO and they were repeated for 28 days of the experiments. Brain tissue and blood serum samples were collected and analyzed for measurement levels ofmalondialdehyde (MDA),glutathione (GSH),myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and Spectroscopic analysis. After 29 days, the results were evaluated using machine learning (ML). The levels of MDA and MPO showed changes in the MSG and MSG + APO groups, respectively. Changes in the proteins and lipids were observed in the FTIR spectra of the MSG groups. Additionally, APO in these animals improved the FTIR spectra to be similar to those in the Control group. The accuracy of the FTIR results calculated by ML was 100%. The findings of this study demonstrate that Apocynin treatment protectsagainst MSG-induced oxidative damage by inhibitingreactive oxygen speciesand upregulatingantioxidant capacity, indicating its potential in alleviatingthe toxic effects of MSG.

Applying spectrochemical analyses on venous disease patients treated by N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Ablation Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The venous disease of the legs is a common disease among adults that may lead to a deterioration in the structure and concentration of biomolecules. N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Ablation Surgery (NBCA) or cyanoacrylate embolization (CAE) technique to adhesive the saphenous vein is an alternative method for the treatment of venous disease. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to show what kind of changes occurs after CAE surgery using FTIR spectroscopy combined chemometrics. We compared before and after surgery blood sera of patients to find whether a correlation between spectral data and laboratory indexes. We studied the blood sera of those who suffered from varicose veins and treated them by CAE technique. METHODS: In order to examine the molecular profiles in blood sera who underwent the CAE technique of the great saphenous vein for the treatment we used Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy of blood samples of patients before and after surgery as a fast diagnostic technique. To obtain information about the spectra variation among the types of samples Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for fingerprint, amide II with amide I regions. To find normality among variations Partial Least Square P-P plot of residual was performed. RESULTS: Absorbance values were statistically significant only in amide II, amide I, and OH vibrations. In the blood collected before surgery, higher peaks area of α-helix and ß-harmonica were noticed. However, in both groups of samples, a higher amount of ß-harmonica was visible. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the value of white blood cells (WBC) correlate with absorbance at 2858 cm-1 wavenumber. Moreover, a correlation between neutrophil (NEU) and OH vibrations, and between hematocrit (HCT) and 1082 cm-1, were found. Furthermore, a high correlation Platelets (PLT) and FTIR peak at 1165 cm-1, was noticed. CONCLUSIONS: This methodology suggests with PCA analysis CAE caused structural and quantitative chemical changes in blood samples of patients.

Development of novel spectroscopic and machine learning methods for the measurement of periodic changes in COVID-19 antibody level.

In this research, blood samples of 47 patients infected by COVID were analyzed. The samples were taken on the 1st, 3rd and 6th month after the detection of COVID infection. Total antibody levels were measured against the SARS-CoV-2 N antigen and surrogate virus neutralization by serological methods. To differentiate COVID patients with different antibody levels, Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy methods were used. The spectroscopy data were analyzed by multivariate analysis, machine learning and neural network methods. It was shown, that analysis of serum using the above-mentioned spectroscopy methods allows to differentiate antibody levels between 1 and 6 months via spectral biomarkers of amides II and I. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed, that using Raman spectroscopy in the range between 1317 cm-1 and 1432 cm-1, 2840 cm-1 and 2956 cm-1 it is possible to distinguish patients after 1, 3, and 6 months from COVID with a sensitivity close to 100%.

Determination of idiopathic female infertility from infrared spectra of follicle fluid combined with gonadotrophin levels, multivariate analysis and machine learning methods.

By in vitro fertilization, oocytes can be removed and the embryo can be cultured, and then trans cervically replaced when they reach cleavage or at the blastocyst stage. The characterization of the follicular fluid is important for the treatment process. Women who applied to the Academic Hospital in vitro fertilization (IVF) Center diagnosed with idiopathic female infertility (IFI) were sought in the patient group. Demographics and clinical gonadotropin measurements of the study population were recorded. Of the 116 follicular fluid samples (n=58 male-induced infertility; n=58 control) were analyzed using the FTIR system. To identify FTIR spectral characteristics of follicular fluids associated with an ovarian reserve and reproductive hormone levels from control and IFI, six machine learning methods and multivariate analysis were used. To assess the quantitative information about the total biochemical composition of a follicular fluid across various diagnoses. FTIR spectra showed a higher level of vibrations corresponding to lipids and a lower level of amide vibrations in the IFI group. Furthermore, the T square plot from Partial Last Square (PLS) analysis showed, that these vibrations can be used to distinguish IFI from the control group which was obtained by principal component analysis (PCA). Proteins and lipids play an important role in the development of IFI. The absorption dynamics of FTIR spectra showed wavenumbers with around 100% discrimination probability, which means, that the presented wavenumbers can be used as a spectroscopic marker of IFI. Also, six machine learning methods showed, that classification accuracy for the original set was from 93.75% to 100% depending on the learning algorithm used. These results can inform about IFI women's follicular fluid has biomacromolecular differentiation in their follicular fluid. By using a safe and effective tool for the characterization of changes in follicular fluid during in vitro fertilization, this study builds upon a comprehensive examination of the idiopathic female infertility remodeling process in human studies. We anticipate that this technology will be a valuable adjunct for clinical studies.

Correlation between endometriomas volume and Raman spectra. Attempting to use Raman spectroscopy in the diagnosis of endometrioma.

The formation of the uterus lining, i.e. the endometrium, outside the uterus (ex. in the abdominal cavity,ovaries,or anywhere in the body) is called endometriosis. The presence of endometrial tissue present in the ovaries, thickens after menstruation, leading to menstrual-like bleeding and to the formation of chocolate cyst (Endometrioma) because of the accumulation of old, brown blood in the ovary. It is still unknown, what triggers the development ofendometrioma. However,it leads to excessive bleeding during menstrual periods or abnormal bleeding between periods and infertility. Endometriosis is often first diagnosed in those who seek medical attention for infertility. Therefore, new markers of endometrioma as well as new methods of its diagnosis are sought. In this study we used Raman spectra of serum collected from 50 healthy women and 50 women suffering from endometriosis. The obtained Raman data were used in multivariateanalysis to determine the Raman range, which can be used for endometriomadiagnostics. Partial Least Square (PLS), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Component Analysis (HCA) showed, that it is possible to distinguish between the serum collected from healthy and un-healthy women using the Raman range between 800 cm-1 and 1800 cm-1 and between 2956 cm-1 and 2840 cm-1, while the first range corresponds to the fingerprint region and the second one to lipids vibrations. Consequently, the Pearson correlation test showeda significantpositive correlation betweenvaluesoflipidintensity in Raman spectra and volume of endometriomas. Summarizing, Raman spectroscopy can be a helpful tool in endometrioma diagnosis and the lipid vibrations are candidates for being a spectroscopic marker of the disease being studied.