Effects of different soil tillage-sowing systems on plant development and emergence traits of second crop soybean / Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de semeadura direta no solo e desenvolvimento de plantas e características de emergência de soja segunda safra

Effects of different soil tillage and sowing systems (Conventional Soil Tillage ­ CST: Moldboard plow + gobble disc + disk harrow + harrow + sowing machine; Reduced Soil Tillage ­ RST: rototiller-combined soil tillage machine + sowing machine; Ridge Sowing ­ RS: gobble disc + ridge-sowing machine; Direct Sowing ­ DS ­ no-till) on plant development and emergence traits of second-crop soybean were investigated in this study under Antalya provincial conditions. Experiments were conducted over the experimental fields of the Aksu Branch of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute for 3 years (2013, 2014, 2015) as a fixed experiment. The number of days to 50% emergence, number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of pods per plant, the first pod height, number of plants per m2, 1000-seed weight, and yield were considered as plant development parameters. Mean emergence time, germination rate index, emergence ratio, space ratio, tillering ratio, and acceptable plant spacing ratio were considered as plant emergence parameters. Different soil tillage and sowing systems generally had significant effects on investigated traits at p<0.01 and p<0.05 levels.

Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e de semeadura (preparo convencional do solo - CST: arado de aiveca + disco de pastilha + grade de disco + grade + semeadora; preparo do solo reduzido - RST: máquina de preparo do solo combinada com rototiller + máquina de semeadura; semeadura em crista - RS: disco de gobble + semeadora em crista; semeadura direta - DS - plantio direto) sobre o desenvolvimento da planta e as características de emergência da soja de segunda safra foram investigadas neste estudo nas condições da província de Antalya. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos campos experimentais da filial de Aksu do Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute por 3 anos (2013, 2014, 2015) como um experimento fixo. O número de dias para 50% de emergência, número de dias para 50% de floração, altura da planta, número de vagens por planta, altura da primeira vagem, número de plantas por m2, peso de 1000 sementes e rendimento foram considerados como parâmetros de desenvolvimento da planta. Tempo médio de emergência, índice de taxa de germinação, razão de emergência, razão de espaço, razão de perfilhamento e razão de espaçamento de plantas aceitável foram considerados como parâmetros de emergência das plantas. Diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e de semeadura geralmente tiveram efeitos significativos nas características investigadas nos níveis p <0,01 e p <0,05.

Characterization of Botrytis cinerea isolates collected on pepper in Southern Turkey by using molecular markers, fungicide resistance genes and virulence assay.

Botrytis cinerea is a polyphagous fungal pathogen causing gray mold disease. Moreover, it is one of the most destructive infections of small fruit crops such as pepper (Capsicum annnum L.). C. sativum is a species belonging to the Solanaceae family and Turkey is one of the main producers in the World. In the present work, aiming to obtain information useful for pest management, fifty B. cinerea isolates collected from Turkey and a reference isolate (B05.10) were characterized using molecular markers and fungicide resistance genes. Morphological and molecular (ITS1-ITS4) identification of B. cinerea isolates, the degree of virulence and mating types were determined. Since one or several allelic mutations in the histidine kinase (Bos1) and ß-tubulin genes generally confer the resistance to fungicides, the sequences of these target genes were investigated in the selected isolates, which allowed the identification of two different haplotypes. Mating types were also determined by PCR assays using primer specific for MAT1-1 alpha gene (MAT1-1-1) and MAT1-2 HMG (MAT1-2-1) of B. cinerea. Twenty-two out of 50 isolates (44%) were MAT1-2, while 38% were MAT1-1. Interestingly, out of whole studied samples, 9 isolates (18%) were heterokaryotic or mixed colonies. In addition, cluster and population structure analyses identified five main groups and two genetic pools, respectively, underlining a good level of variability in the analysed panel. The results highlighted the presence of remarkable genetic diversity in B. cinerea isolates collected in a crucial economical area for pepper cultivation in Turkey and the data will be beneficial in view of future gray mold disease management.

Survey of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi and evaluation of their pathogenicity against the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), and the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B.

BACKGROUND: The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, are serious pests of both field- and greenhouse-grown crops in south-western Turkey. Control of these pests has been heavily dependent upon chemical pesticides. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in field populations of T. cinnabarinus and B. tabaci, and to evaluate their pathogenicity against these pests. For this purpose, a survey of EPF isolated from field-collected samples of both pests was carried out in Antalya in 2010 and 2011 using the dilution plating method. RESULTS: Four indigenous Beauveria bassiana isolates (TUR1-B, TUR2-B, FIN1-B, FIN2-B) were recovered. In pathogenicity bioassays with T. cinnabarinus and B. tabaci biotype B, all the isolates tested were pathogenic to some of the biological stages of both pests to varying degrees. FIN1-B and TUR1-B caused mortalities of up to 50 and 45%, respectively, in adults of T. cinnabarinus, and of over 79 and 37%, respectively, in pupae of B. tabaci with 107 conidia mL-1 suspensions under laboratory conditions 10 days after inoculation. FIN2-B and TUR2-B had mortalities of 19.45 and 12.28%, respectively, in adults of T. cinnabarinus, and of 6.78 and 8.18%, respectively, in pupae of B. tabaci. None of the isolates had an effect on eggs of either species and larvae of the mite. CONCLUSION: Overall results suggest that isolates FIN1-B and TUR1-B have potential for management of T. cinnabarinus and B. tabaci. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.